Comparison of overwintering survival and fertility of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) flies from native and invaded ranges

Zaprionus indianus is a fly species native to the Afrotropical biogeographic region that invaded the South American continent 20 years ago. Its southernmost record is 34°S in areas with temperate climates with cold winters. To better understand its invasion biology, we investigated physiological responses to winter-like abiotic conditions that may be relevant in Z. indianus geographic expansion. We characterized Z. indianus females reproductive traits (ovarian maturation and fertility) and survival in response to cold treatments with summer-like and winter-like photoperiods. We also compared these traits between native (Yokadouma, Africa) and invasive (Yuto, South America) range wild-derived flies. We showed that Z. indianus females have the ability to arrest ovarian maturation and maintain fertility following recovery from cold stress. The critical temperature for ovarian maturation of this species was estimated at c. 13 °C, an intermediate value between those of tropical and temperate drosophilid species. Wild-derived females from Yuto responded to winter-like photoperiod by slowing down ovarian maturation at low but permissive temperatures of 14 °C and 16 °C and also delayed the start of oviposition after cold treatment. Yuto flies also survived better and recovered 20% faster from chill coma than flies from Yokadouma. These results are consistent with a scenario of local adaptations or phenotypic plasticity in the invaded range, and suggest that photoperiod could act as modulator of ovarian arrest. Conversely, the fact that native range flies showed higher fertility after cold recovery than females from invaded range is not indicative of local adaptation. All in all, our findings report a set of physiological responses that would enable Z. indianus expansion to temperate and cold areas, but also results that are compatible with a limitation to the invasion process.     

DNA barcode discovers two cryptic species and two geographical radiations in the invasive drosophilid Zaprionus indianus

Comparing introduced to ancestral populations within a phylogeographical context is crucial in any study aiming to understand the ecological genetics of an invasive species. Zaprionus indianus is a cosmopolitan drosophilid that has recently succeeded to expand its geographical range upon three continents (Africa, Asia and the Americas). We studied the distribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes for two genes (CO‐I and CO‐II) among 23 geographical populations. mtDNA revealed the presence of two well‐supported phylogenetic lineages (phylads), with bootstrap value of 100%. Phylad I included three African populations, reinforcing the African‐origin hypothesis of the species. Within phylad II, a distinct phylogeographical pattern was discovered: Atlantic populations (from the Americas and Madeira) were closer to the ancestral African populations than to Eastern ones (from Madagascar, Middle East and India). This means that during its passage from endemism to cosmopolitanism, Z. indianus exhibited two independent radiations, the older (the Eastern) to the East, and the younger (the Atlantic) to the West. Discriminant function analysis using 13 morphometrical characters was also able to discriminate between the two molecular phylads (93.34 ± 1.67%), although detailed morphological analysis of male genitalia using scanning electron microscopy showed no significant differences. Finally, crossing experiments revealed the presence of reproductive barrier between populations from the two phylads, and further between populations within phylad I. Hence, a bona species status was assigned to two new, cryptic species: Zaprionus africanus and Zaprionus gabonicus, and both were encompassed along with Z. indianus and Zaprionus megalorchis into the indianus complex. The ecology of these two species reveals that they are forest dwellers, which explains their restricted endemic distribution, in contrast to their relative cosmopolitan Z. indianus, known to be a human‐commensal. Our results reconfirm the great utility of mtDNA at both inter‐ and intraspecific analyses within the frame of an integrated taxonomical project.     

From a non‐target to a target: identification of a fermentation volatile blend attractive to Zaprionus indianus

The African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus Gupta, is rapidly spreading through the New World and is a new potential pest for numerous fruit crops. Methods are needed to detect and monitor Z. indianus. A recent study shows that Z. indianus can be attracted with a mixture of wine and vinegar, but there are no chemical attractants yet identified. This fly was captured incidentally as a non‐target insect in experiments to develop chemical lures, based on wine and vinegar fermentation volatiles, for Drosophila suzukii Matsumura and Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. We then generated testable hypotheses on what combination of these volatiles was involved in Z. indianus attraction to wine and vinegar. We determined through a series of trapping experiments that the blend of ethanol, acetic acid, acetoin, isoamyl acetate, methionol and ethyl hexanoate constitutes a strong attractant for Z. indianus and accounts for its attraction to the combination of wine and vinegar. These results and findings provide the first opportunity to develop a long‐lasting and consistent chemical lure for trapping of Z. indianus. Such a lure in a suitable trap should provide a good means to document the spread of the fly and determine its seasonality and abundance in new areas and crops.     

Global Invasion of Lantana camara: Has the Climatic Niche Been Conserved across Continents?

Lantana camara, a native plant from tropical America, is considered one of the most harmful invasive species worldwide. Several studies have identified potentially invasible areas under scenarios of global change, on the assumption that niche is conserved during the invasion process. Recent studies, however, suggest that many invasive plants do not conserve their niches. Using Principal Components Analyses (PCA), we tested the hypothesis of niche conservatism for L. camara by comparing its native niche in South America with its expressed niche in Africa, Australia and India. Using MaxEnt, the estimated niche for the native region was projected onto each invaded region to generate potential distributions there. Our results demonstrate that while L. camara occupied subsets of its original native niche in Africa and Australia, in India its niche shifted significantly. There, 34% of the occurrences were detected in warmer habitats nonexistent in its native range. The estimated niche for India was also projected onto Africa and Australia to identify other vulnerable areas predicted from the observed niche shift detected in India. As a result, new potentially invasible areas were identified in central Africa and southern Australia. Our findings do not support the hypothesis of niche conservatism for the invasion of L. camara. The mechanisms that allow this species to expand its niche need to be investigated in order to improve our capacity to predict long-term geographic changes in the face of global climatic changes.     

Allozyme variability in an invasive drosophilid,Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae): comparison of a recently introduced Brazilian population with Old World populations

Colonizing species often go through genetic bottlenecks when new territories are invaded. The South American continent has been recently colonized by a generalist African drosophilid, Zaprionus indianus, which has become an agricultural pest in Brazil in the last five years. In this paper we used allozyme electrophoresis to estimate levels of genetic differentiation of Z. indianus collected from sites 4 300 km apart in Brazil. We also compared the level of polymorphism of the Brazilian populations with that found in laboratory strains from Africa and Asia, to verify if a significant decrease in gene variability has taken place during the invasion process. The populations were polymorphic for three out of the 11 loci investigated. Genetic distances and F_ST indices among Brazilian populations were small and generally non significant, suggesting a colonization from one single propagule followed by a rapid demographic expansion. Ancestral and old populations from Africa and Asia were slightly more heterozygous than those from Brazil. Compared to other drosophilids, Z. indianus appears to be characterized by a low proportion (25%) of polymorphic loci. We suggest that the propagule introduced to Brazil had a sufficient size to carry almost all the polymorphism from the (unknown) origin population, although not the precise allelic frequencies.     

Evidence of niche shift and global invasion potential of the Tawny Crazy ant,Nylanderia fulva

Analysis of an invasive species' niche shift between native and introduced ranges, along with potential distribution maps, can provide valuable information about its invasive potential. The tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva, is a rapidly emerging and economically important invasive species in the southern United States. It is originally from east‐central South America and has also invaded Colombia and the Caribbean Islands. Our objectives were to generate a global potential distribution map for N. fulva, identify important climatic drivers associated with its current distribution, and test whether N. fulva's realized climatic niche has shifted across its invasive range. We used MaxEnt niche model to map the potential distribution of N. fulva using its native and invaded range occurrences and climatic variables. We used principal component analysis methods for investigating potential shifts in the realized climatic niche of N. fulva during invasion. We found strong evidence for a shift in the realized climatic niche of N. fulva across its invasive range. Our models predicted potentially suitable habitat for N. fulva in the United States and other parts of the world. Our analyses suggest that the majority of observed occurrences of N. fulva in the United States represent stabilizing populations. Mean diurnal range in temperature, degree days at ≥10°C, and precipitation of driest quarter were the most important variables associated with N. fulva distribution. The climatic niche expansion demonstrated in our study may suggest significant plasticity in the ability of N. fulva to survive in areas with diverse temperature ranges shown by its tolerance for environmental conditions in the southern United States, Caribbean Islands, and Colombia. The risk maps produced in this study can be useful in preventing N. fulva's future spread, and in managing and monitoring currently infested areas.     

Contrasting levels of genotype by environment interaction for life history and morphological traits in invasive populations of Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

It has been demonstrated that phenotypic plasticity and genotype by environment interaction are important for coping with new and heterogeneous environments during invasions. Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an Afrotropical invasive fly species introduced to the South American continent in 1999. This species is generalist and polyphagous, since it develops and feeds in several different fruit species. These characteristics of Z. indianus suggest that phenotypic plasticity and genotype by environment interaction may be important in this species invasion process. In this sense, our aim was to investigate the role of genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity (genotype by environment interaction) in Z. indianus invasion of the South American continent. Specifically, we quantified quantitative genetic variation and genotype by environment interactions of morphological and life history traits in different developmental environments, that is, host fruits. This was done in different populations in the invasive range of Z. indianus in Argentina. Results showed that Z. indianus populations have considerable amounts of quantitative genetic variation. Also, genotype by environment interactions was detected for the different traits analyzed in response to the different developmental environments. Interestingly, the amounts and patterns of these parameters differed between populations. We interpreted these results as the existence of differences in evolutionary potential between populations that have an important role in the short‐ and long‐term success of the Z. indianus invasion process.     

Spermatogenesis of Zaprionus indianus and Zaprionus sepsoides (Diptera,Drosophilidae): Cytochemical,structural and ultrastructural characterization

Zaprionus indianus is a drosophilid native to the Afrotropical region that has colonized South America and exhibits a wide geographical distribution. In contrast, Z. sepsoides is restricted to certain African regions. The two species differ in the size of their testes, which are larger in Z. indianus than in Z. sepsoides. To better understand the biology and the degree of differentiation of these species, the current study evaluated spermatogenesis in males of different ages by conventional staining techniques and ultrastructural analysis. Spermatogenesis and the ultrastructure of spermatozoa were similar in the two species, and the diploid number was confirmed to be 2n = 12. A greater number of spermatozoa were observed in young Z. indianus (1–3 days old) compared to Z. sepsoides males, which showed a higher frequency of cells at the early stages of spermatogenesis. The head of the sperm was strongly marked by silver staining, lacto-acetic orcein and the Feulgen reaction; the P.A.S. reaction revealed glycogen granules in the testes of both species. Both species presented similar arrangement of microtubules (9+9+2), two mitochondrial derivatives of different size and 64 spermatozoa per bundle. Such similarity within the genus Zaprionus with other species of Drosophila, indicates that these structures are conserved in the family Drosophilidae. The differences observed the number and frequency of sperm cells in the early stages of spermatogenesis, between the young males of Z. indianus and Z. sepsoides, are features that may interfere with reproductive success and be related to the invasive potential of Z. indianus.     

Global invasion by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Anthidium manicatum</Emphasis> (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): assessing potential distribution in North America and beyond

The wool carder bee, Anthidium manicatum, is the most widely distributed unmanaged bee in the world. It was unintentionally introduced to North America in the late 1960s from Europe, and subsequently, into South America, New Zealand and the Canary Islands. We provide information on the local distribution, seasonal abundance and sex ratio of A. manicatum from samples collected in an intensive two-year survey across Utah, USA. Anthidium manicatum was detected in 10 of the 29 Utah counties, largely in urban and suburban settings. Combining presence-only and MaxEnt background data from literature, museum databases and new records from Utah, we constructed three species distribution models to examine the potential distribution of A. manicatum in its native Eurasian range as well as invaded ranges of North and South America. The A. manicatum model based on locality and background data from the species’ native range predicted 50% of the invasive records associated with high habitat suitability (HS ≥ 0.90). The invasive North American model predicted a much broader distribution of A. manicatum (214% increase); whereas, the South American model predicted a narrower distribution (88% decrease). The poor predictive power of the latter model in estimating suitable habitats in the invasive South American range of A. manicatum suggests that the bee may still be limited by the bioclimatic constraints associated with a novel environment. Estimates of niche similarity (D) between the native and invasive models find that the North America bioclimatic niche is more similar to the bioclimatic niche of the native model (D = 0.78), whereas the bioclimatic niche of the South America invasion is relatively dissimilar (D = 0.69). We discuss the naturalization of A. manicatum in North America, possibly through punctuated dispersal, the probability of suitable habitats across the globe and the synanthropy exhibited by this invasive species.     

Understanding niche shifts: using current and historical data to model the invasive redlegged earth mite,Halotydeus destructor

Aim Niche conservatism is key to understanding species responses to environmental stress such as climate change or arriving in new geographical space such as biological invasion. Halotydeus destructor is an important agricultural pest in Australia and has been the focus of extensive surveys that suggest this species has undergone a niche shift to expand its invasive range inland to hotter and drier environments. We employ modern correlative modelling methods to examine niche conservatism in H. destructor and highlight ecological differences between historical and current distributions. Location Australia and South Africa. Methods We compile comprehensive distribution data sets for H. destructor, representing the native range in South Africa, its invasive range in Australia in the 1960s (40 yr post‐introduction) and its current range in Australia. Using MAXENT, we build correlative models and reciprocally project them between South Africa and Australia and investigate range expansion with models constructed for historical and current data sets. We use several recently developed model exploration tools to examine the climate similarity between native and invasive ranges and subsequently examine climatic variables that limit distributions. Results The invasive niche of H. destructor in Australia transgresses the native niche in South Africa, and the species has expanded in Australia beyond what is predicted from the native distribution. Our models support the notion that H. destructor has undergone a more recent range shift into hotter and drier inland areas of Australia since establishing a stable distribution in the 1960s. Main conclusions Our use of historical and current data highlights that invasion is an ongoing dynamic process and demonstrates that once a species has reached an established range, it may still expand at a later stage. We also show that model exploration tools help understand factors influencing the range of invasive species. The models generate hypotheses about adaptive shifts in H. destructor.     

Variability of Wing Size and Shape in Three Populations of a Recent Brazilian Invader, Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae), from Different Habitats

Zaprionus indianus (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an African species that was introduced in Brazil near the end of the 1990’s decade. To evaluate the adaptive potential of morphological traits in natural populations of this recently introduced species, we have investigated wing size and shape variation at Rio de Janeiro populations only two years after the first record of Z. indianus in Brazil. Significant genetic differences among populations from three distinct ecological habitats were detected. The heritability and evolvability estimates show that, even with the population bottleneck that should have occurred during the invasion event, an appreciable amount of additive genetic variation for wing size and shape was retained. Our results also indicated a greater influence of environmental variation on wing size than on wing shape. The importance of quantitative genetic variability and plasticity in the successful establishment and dispersal of Z. indianus in the Brazilian territory is then discussed.     

Population genetics and recent colonization history of the invasive drosophilid Zaprionus indianus in Mexico and Central America

Zaprionus indianus, also known as the African fig fly, is an invasive pest of a variety of commercial and native fruit. The species was first reported in Brazil in 1999, but has established itself in much of the New World within the last 10–15 years. We used nucleotide sequences from a segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to examine haplotype relationships, population structure, and infer the colonization history of Z. indianus in Mexico and Panama. Construction of a haplotype network showed that six COI haplotypes, obtained from flies collected at six localities in Mexico and one in Panama, clustered into three distinct clades. Clade composition was generally consistent in flies from Panama to northwestern Mexico, and analysis of molecular variance indicated no significant structure among populations. Three of the six haplotypes from Mexico and Panama were identical to previously reported haplotypes from Brazil. None of the six haplotypes, however, were shared with previously reported haplotypes from potential source populations in the Old World. The results of our genetic analysis suggest that the invasion of Z. indianus into Central America and Mexico most probably includes a northward migration of individuals from Brazil, with the possibility of at least one additional introduction of Z. indianus to the New World. Additional sequence data from potential source populations in the Old World will be required to confidently determine the number of introductions of Z. indianus into the New World, and to identify the geographic source.     

Niche shifts during the global invasion of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus Skuse (Culicidae), revealed by reciprocal distribution models

Aim Niche‐based distribution models are often used to predict the spread of invasive species. These models assume niche conservation during invasion, but invasive species can have different requirements from populations in their native range for many reasons, including niche evolution. I used distribution modelling to investigate niche conservatism for the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus Skuse) during its invasion of three continents. I also used this approach to predict areas at risk of invasion from propagules originating from invasive populations. Location Models were created for Southeast Asia, North and South America, and Europe. Methods I used maximum entropy (Maxent ) to create distribution models using occurrence data and 18 environmental datasets. One native model was created for Southeast Asia; this model was projected onto North America, South America and Europe. Three models were created independently for the non‐native ranges and projected onto the native range. Niche overlap between native and non‐native predictions was evaluated by comparing probability surfaces between models using real data and random models generated using a permutation approach. Results The native model failed to predict an entire region of occurrences in South America, approximately 20% of occurrences in North America and nearly all Italian occurrences of A. albopictus. Non‐native models poorly predict the native range, but predict additional areas at risk for invasion globally. Niche overlap metrics indicate that non‐native distributions are more similar to the native niche than a random prediction, but they are not equivalent. Multivariate analyses support modelled differences in niche characteristics among continents, and reveal important variables explaining these differences. Main conclusions The niche of A. albopictus has shifted on invaded continents relative to its native range (Southeast Asia). Statistical comparisons reveal that the niche for introduced distributions is not equivalent to the native niche. Furthermore, reciprocal models highlight the importance of controlling bi‐directional dispersal between native and non‐native distributions.     

Inversion polymorphism and a new polytene chromosome map of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zaprionus indianus</Emphasis> Gupta (1970) (Diptera: drosophilidae)

Zaprionus indianus is a recent invader in Brazil and was probably introduced from the West Afrotropical zone. So far, studies regarding its chromosomal polymorphism were limited to India. We found that Brazilian populations were very different from Indian ones. Five new inversions have been discovered. In(II)A, already described in India, where it is quite common, has also been found in Brazil, where it is very rare. The X-chromosome has three inversions; In(X)Na, In(X)Ke and In(X)Eg, which are frequent in all Brazilian populations studied. In every case, we observed strong linkage disequilibrium among these gene arrangements. During the primary collection period (2001–2002), we noticed a significant positive correlation between the frequency of these inversions and latitude, but this was not confirmed in later investigations. Rearrangement In(IV)EF was also common in all populations, while inversion In(V)B was only found in southern populations. Our data suggest that the founders that recently invaded Brazil were polymorphic for the six inversions observed. The place of origin might be identified more precisely by investigating West African populations. In order to facilitate further investigations, we present an updated polytene chromosome photomap, locating the breakpoints of every inversion observed in Brazilian populations. Galina Ananina and Cláudia Rohde contributed equally to this work     

Predicting the distribution of non‐vagile taxa: a response to McNyset and Blackburn (2006) and re‐evaluation of Stockman et al. (2006)

This paper addresses the issues raised by McNyset and Blackburn (2006 ) in their response to Stockman et al. (2006 ). Re‐evaluation of our published GARP analyses by McNyset and Blackburn showed that a much improved ecological niche model is obtained for predicting the distribution of the trapdoor spider genus Promyrmekiaphila in central/northern California. The improved niche model results in a substantially reduced omission error rate and a predictive model comparable to models obtained using other methods (GLM and BIOCLIM). However, the improved GARP models have a high commission error rate (> 0.75); consequently, the inferences regarding difficulties in modelling non‐vagile taxa drawn by Stockman et al. remain valid. Finally, we discuss other relatively minor criticisms of our study raised by McNyset and Blackburn and issues related to the peer review of our original paper.     

Predicting the current distribution and potential spread of the exotic grass Eragrostis plana Nees in South America and identifying a bioclimatic niche shift during invasion

Eragrostis plana (Poaceae) is a perennial grass introduced from South Africa to the state of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil. Currently, it is considered an invasive grass in several regions of the world, including South America, where it has caused negative ecological and socio‐economic impacts. Ecological niche models, using bioclimatic variables, are often used to predict the potential distribution of invasive species. In this study we prepared two bioclimatic models for E. plana using the Genetic Algorithm for Rule‐set Production, the first based on data from its native region (South Africa) and the second on data from both the native and invaded (South America) regions. We then projected each model onto South America to identify regions vulnerable to invasion by the species, and compared our results with available records of the species in South America. Finally, we explored the model's predictions for the existence of a bioclimatic niche shift during the invasion process of E. plana in South America, using multivariate statistical analysis. The model created with native distribution data was only able to predict (with highly suitable habitat) the region of introduction of E. plana in South America. However, the current distribution, as well as the region of introduction of the species, was reliably predicted by the model created with data from both native and invaded regions. Our multivariate analysis supports a hypothesis of bioclimatic niche shift during the invasion process of E. plana in South America.     

Towards the top: niche expansion of Taraxacum officinale and Ulex europaeus in mountain regions of South America

In the current context of ongoing global change, the understanding of how the niches of invasive species may change between different geographical areas or time periods is extremely important for the early detection and control of future invasions. We evaluated the effect of climate and non‐climate variables and the sensitivity to various spatial resolutions (i.e. 1 and 20 km) on niche changes during the invasion of Taraxacum officinale and Ulex europaeus in South America. We estimated niche changes using a combination of principal components analyses (PCA) and reciprocal Ecological Niche Modelling (rENM). We further investigated future invasion dynamics under a severe warming scenario for 2050 to unravel the role of niche shifts in the future potential distribution of the species. We observed a clear niche expansion for both species in South America towards higher temperature, precipitation and radiation relative to their native ranges. In contrast, the set of environmental conditions only occupied in the native ranges (i.e. niche unfilling) were less relevant. The magnitude of the niche shifts did not depend on the resolution of the variables. Models calibrated with occurrences from native range predicted large suitable areas in South America (outside of the Andes range) where T. officinale and U. europaeus are currently absent. Additionally, both species could increase their potential distributions by 2050, mostly in the southern part of the continent. In addition, the niche unfilling suggests high potential to invade additional regions in the future, which is extremely relevant considering the current impact of these species in the Southern Hemisphere. These findings confirm that invasive species can occupy new niches that are not predictable from knowledge based only on climate variables or information from the native range.     

Newly invading species exploiting native host-plants: the case of the African Zaprionus indianus (Gupta) in the Brazilian Cerrado (Diptera,Drosophilidae)

The African Zaprionus indianus (Diptera, Drosophilidae) was introduced into the Neotropical Region by the end of the 1990’s, and it became abundant in several types of altered and natural environments. In the Cerrado, the second South American biome in extension, it has been found mainly in open vegetation and during the rainy season. In the current work, we showed that Z. indianus utilizes a major native fruit of the Brazilian Cerrado (Solanum lycocarpum) primarily, all over the fructification period and states of fruit’s decay, confirming the adaptative versatility of this invading fly in new environments.     

Susceptibility and Interactions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila suzukii</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zaprionus indianus</Emphasis> (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Damaging Strawberry

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) has been recently detected causing damage to strawberries in Brazil. Infestation in strawberry culture has often been observed jointly with the presence of Zaprionus indianus Gupta. This study investigated the susceptibility of strawberries at three ripening stages to infestation of D. suzukii and Z. indianus and their interaction. In the laboratory, strawberries cv. Albion at different ripening stages (green, semi-ripe and ripe) were exposed to D. suzukii and Z. indianus for 24 h in choice and no-choice bioassays. Additionally, we evaluated the effects of mechanical damage incurred artificially or by D. suzukii oviposition on Z. indianus infestation. In no-choice bioassay, there were no significant differences in fruit susceptibility to D. suzukii infestation at different ripening stages. However, in choice bioassay, D. suzukii adults preferred to oviposit on R fruit. The presence of mechanical damage did not increase susceptibility of fruit to D. suzukii oviposition. For Z. indianus, there was greater susceptibility of R fruit in relation to SR and G fruit in both the choice and no-choice bioassays. There was a significant and positive interaction of mechanical damage and damage caused by D. suzukii to R fruit and infestation by Z. indianus, which was not observed in SR and G fruit. Although infestation of Z. indianus is related to attack damaged or decaying fruit, this work shows that this species has the ability to oviposit and develop in healthy strawberry fruit with and increased infestation level when the fruit has damage to its epidermis.     

Whole genome sequence resource of Indian Zaprionus indianus

This article documents the whole genome sequence information of the Indian Zaprionus indianus, a member of the fruit fly family Drosophilidae. The sequences were generated on an Illumina platform and reads and whole genome sequence submitted to NCBI to the SRA and BioProject databases, respectively. This is the first Indian Z. indianus whole genome (draft) submitted to the sequence repository with SRA reads. The details of methodology, assembly statistics and functional annotation are presented in this work.