共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
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Policies,Political-Economy,and Swidden in Southeast Asia 总被引:7,自引:5,他引:2
Fox Jefferson Fujita Yayoi Ngidang Dimbab Peluso Nancy Potter Lesley Sakuntaladewi Niken Sturgeon Janet Thomas David 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(3):305-322
For centuries swidden was an important farming practice found across the girth of Southeast Asia. Today, however, these systems
are changing and sometimes disappearing at a pace never before experienced. In order to explain the demise or transitioning
of swidden we need to understand the rapid and massive changes that have and are occurring in the political and economic environment
in which these farmers operate. Swidden farming has always been characterized by change, but since the onset of modern independent
nation states, governments and markets in Southeast Asia have transformed the terms of swiddeners’ everyday lives to a degree
that is significantly different from that ever experienced before. In this paper we identified six factors that have contributed
to the demise or transformation of swidden systems, and support these arguments with examples from China (Xishuangbanna),
Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. These trends include classifying swiddeners as ethnic minorities within nation-states,
dividing the landscape into forest and permanent agriculture, expansion of forest departments and the rise of conservation,
resettlement, privatization and commoditization of land and land-based production, and expansion of market infrastructure
and the promotion of industrial agriculture. In addition we note a growing trend toward a transition from rural to urban livelihoods
and expanding urban-labor markets.
相似文献
David ThomasEmail: |
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Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
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Causal Explanation of Indonesian Forest Fires: Concepts, Applications, and Research Priorities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrew P. Vayda 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(5):615-635
Problems with studies, claims, and assumptions that have been made about the causes of fires in Indonesia's tropical moist forests are identified, and the kinds of concepts, methods, prioritizing, and data needed to resolve the problems are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to studying ignitions, studying fire susceptibility and fire behavior, and using the goal of causal explanation to guide interdisciplinary research.
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Andrew P. VaydaEmail: |
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Koen Kusters Manuel Ruiz Pérez Hubert de Foresta Ton Dietz Mirjam Ros-Tonen Brian Belcher Philip Manalu Ani Nawir Eva Wollenberg 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(3):357-370
Resin producing agroforestry in the Krui area of Sumatra in Indonesia is presented as an environmentally friendly, income
generating land-use system which contributes to both development and conservation objectives. We studied the change in household
income portfolios in three communities in the Krui area. The studies revealed that in the period 1995–2004 agroforestry remained
the main source of income. We predict, however, that due to declining resin productivity per hectare, and rising price and
demand for timber, an increasing number of farmers will cut their mature agroforests in the near future. At the same time
our data suggests that farmers will continue tree planting activities. In result old agroforests may vanish while new ones
will be established.
相似文献
Koen KustersEmail: |
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In the Indian state of Goa, communally owned agricultural land has persisted through indigenous state rule, colonial occupation
and postcolonial liberation. We show that in Goa, and indeed elsewhere in the world, communally owned land provides protection
against scarcity, risk, and state revenue demands in wet rice agriculture. When wet rice agriculture is the primary agricultural
activity, communally owned land is an effective way to utilize resources. These findings add to the literature that challenges
the inevitability of the tragedy of commonly owned resources.
相似文献
Paul AxelrodEmail: |
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Overintensification and subsidies have long made American commodity farmers the enemy of conservationists. Yet, environmental
conditions are improving in the Mississippi Delta where farmer-based groups, water management districts and conservation organizations
have improved environmental quality and redefined the role of agriculture in environmental preservation. This work is all
the more remarkable given the region’s deeply conservative politics that discourage regulation. This paper examines this mainstreaming
of environmental values in light of debates on the role of the state in fostering environmental subjectivities. Following
cultural examinations of the state, we caution that the presence or retreat of the state is insufficient to understanding
environmental subjectivities. Instead, an ethnographic focus is necessary to identify connections between the state and particular
human-environment relations. In the Delta, this focus shows that local environmentalism is consonant with a politics of unsustainability,
one that simultaneously advances radical ecological change and defense of the region’s social hierarchies.
相似文献
Eleanor E. ShoremanEmail: |
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The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |
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Terry Harmer 《Cluster computing》2007,10(3):277-285
Gridcast is an R&D project investigating grid ideas and technologies in the broadcasting technical infrastructure. In this
paper I discuss the business and technical issues in building infrastructures to support broadcasters and outline the structure
of the Gridcast grid-based service oriented architecture for broadcasting playout support.
相似文献
Terry HarmerEmail: |
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We develop a formal framework for the optimal allocation of limited resources that includes and clarifies the interplay between
individual optimization and the resulting effects at the population level. As an example, in regard to the evolution of sexual
recombination, the paradox of the twofold cost of sex is avoided by distinguishing between the evolution of recombination
and the subsequent emergence and stability of different mating types as a result of individual optimization within a population
that benefits from recombination.
相似文献
John PepperEmail: |
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Social Capital,Collective Action and Group Formation: Developmental Trajectories in Post-socialist Mongolia 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Caroline Upton 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2008,36(2):175-188
Group formation, social capital and collective action have been the focus of much recent attention amongst donors and policy
makers. Optimistic scenarios highlight their contributions to poverty reduction and effective natural resource management.
However, recent critiques have focused on the exclusionary potential or ‘dark side’ of groups and social capital. Not only
are their longer term livelihood impacts unclear, but lacunae persist in our understanding of how social capital, especially
trust, is built. This paper presents a longitudinal evaluation of trust, collective action and cooperation among herders in
post-Soviet Mongolia in the context of recent donor projects. Results highlight the important catalytic effect of external
interventions in overcoming a lack of trust and promoting formalised collective action, but only in the context of a particular
conjunction of circumstances. Indications for livelihood outcomes confirm the differentiated benefits, exclusionary potential
and fragility of social capital and new institutional forms.
相似文献
Caroline UptonEmail: |
14.
A key point in the analysis of dynamical models of biological systems is to handle systems of relatively high dimensions.
In the present paper we propose a method to hierarchically organize a certain type of piecewise affine (PWA) differential
systems. This specific class of systems has been extensively studied for the past few years, as it provides a good framework
to model gene regulatory networks. The method, shown on several examples, allows a qualitative analysis of the asymptotic
behavior of a PWA system, decomposing it into several smaller subsystems. This technique, based on the well-known strongly
connected components decomposition, is not new. However, its adaptation to the non-smooth PWA differential equations turns
out to be quite relevant because of the strong discrete structure underlying these equations. Its biological relevance is
shown on a 7-dimensional PWA system modeling the gene network responsible for the carbon starvation response in Escherichia coli.
相似文献
Laurent Tournier (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jean-Luc GouzéEmail: |
15.
To our knowledge, this paper is the first record/report of a juvenile light-coloured Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) at Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island in January 1998, determining that it was an albino individual. Based on available literature,
three cases of albino seals have been reported exclusively for Harbour seal pups, and no albino has been reported for Antarctic
pagophilic true seals. Therefore, this is the first confirmed case of albinism in Antarctic pagophilic true seals species,
indicating that this phenomenon is indeed of a rare occurrence.
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Daniel TorresEmail: |
16.
Maria C. Morera Christina H. Gladwin 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(3):355-378
Soil conservation is widely regarded a critical component of sustainable livelihood strategies for the hillsides of Honduras. However, neoliberal polices have reduced economic incentives for agricultural intensification. Recent studies indicate off-farm work opportunities address poverty in a way conservation and development efforts do not. Yet off-farm work may discourage poor farmers from practicing soil conservation. A middle ground is needed. This study indicates micro-credit can substitute for off-farm work and encourage soil conservation practice. Many regions throughout Honduras have had extensive contact with soil conservation programs and would benefit more from credit services than redundant technological extension.
相似文献
Christina H. GladwinEmail: |
17.
Frank R. Thomas 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2007,35(2):179-194
Focusing on contemporary shellfish exploitation among several atoll communities in Kiribati, Micronesia, this paper examines
the relationship between human foragers and their invertebrate prey via the prey choice or diet breadth model derived from
optimal foraging theory. Shellfish, like many other reef organisms, are relatively sedentary and predictable, but these characteristics
make them susceptible to over-harvesting. The research reveals that shellfish gatherers are foraging in a manner that matches
the predictions of optimal foraging theory. The work adds to our understanding of optimal foraging decisions in atoll settings
by critically evaluating the depiction of atoll dwellers as conservationists.
相似文献
Frank R. ThomasEmail: Email: |
18.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
19.
Claire Aubron Hubert Cochet Gilles Brunschwig Charles -Henri Moulin 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2009,37(4):407-419
Globalization induces changes in the combinations of productions and activities within farming systems in all parts of the
world. These changes can only be apprehended through an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms and diversity of these farming
systems. Labor, as a major technical determinant of differences in competitiveness, is central in these transformations. The
technical and economic analysis of labor in Andean dairy production in this paper illustrates this issue. Combining various
scales of analysis of labor and productivity highlights the technical obstacles faced by Andean dairy farmers, demonstrates
the technical and economic principles of these production systems, and puts them in a competitive context. This analysis also
discusses the benefits of a labor-centered approach of farming systems.
相似文献
Charles -Henri MoulinEmail: |
20.
Jane E. Schultz 《Journal of bioethical inquiry》2007,4(2):93-102
In researching the biomedically-engineered drug Neulasta (filgrastim), a breast cancer patient becomes aware of the extent
to which knowledge about the development and marketing of drugs influences her decisions with regard to treatment. Time spent
on understanding the commercial interests of insurers and pharmaceutical companies initially thwarts but ultimately aids the
healing process. This first-person narrative calls for physicians to recognize that the alignment of commercial interests
transgresses the patient’s humanity.
相似文献
Jane E. SchultzEmail: |