二乙基亚硝胺诱发肝癌的大鼠中维生素K依赖性羧化酶的研究

本文证明DENA诱发的大鼠肝癌结节中维生素K依赖性羧化酶活性显著降低,外源多肽羧化酶活性只有正常大鼠肝脏中的62.6％,而内源蛋白质前体羧化酶活性仅为27％。华法令能在正常大鼠肝脏中诱导羧化酶的合成,而这种诱导能力在诱癌晚期的肝癌大鼠肝脏中明显下降。上述结果说明肝癌细胞中维生素K依赖性羧化酶的合成受阻,造成肝癌组织中羧化酶的缺乏。诱癌过程中大鼠肝脏维生素K依赖性羧化酶活性和血浆异常凝血酶原水平形成良好的对应关系。随着肝癌组织的增大,肝癌细胞分泌入血的异常凝血酶原水平显著升高,诱癌第20周时的大鼠血浆中异常凝血酶原含量为正常大鼠的2.5倍。由此认为,肝癌组织由于不能合成足量的维生素K依赖性羧化酶,导致凝血酶原在成熟过程中羧化受阻,分泌入血形成高水平的异常凝血酶原。     

性激素对大鼠诱发肝癌中胎盘型谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST-P)表达的影响

本实验利用Solt-Farber顺序诱发大鼠肝癌,观察肝组织中GST活性及GST-P含量在化学诱癌中的变化,并观察性激素对大鼠化学诱发肝癌的早期病变中GST-P表达的作用。结果显示无论是GST活性或GST-P的含量,在诱癌至第三周开始升高,第五周升至最高。利用此模式,选择诱癌至第五周,免疫组化法检测各种处理后肝组织中GST-P的表达。发现睾丸假切除的雄性大鼠经化学诱癌后,肝中有高的GST-P表达,睾丸假切除的雄性大鼠诱癌合并雌二醇处理,明显降低肝组织GST-P阳性灶的面积和数量;合并睾丸酮处理,虽减少GST-P阳性灶的面积,但其数量略有升高。与睾丸假切除后诱癌的雄性大鼠相比,切除睾丸的大鼠经诱癌,有更低的GST-P阳性灶的面积;睾丸切除合并雌二醇处理,GST-P阳性灶的面积进一步降低。与仅化学诱癌的卵巢假切除雌性大鼠比,卵巢切除鼠诱癌后,GST-P阳性灶的面积稍有增加;对卵巢切除合用睾丸酮的大鼠诱癌,阳性灶的面积进一部增加。无论性腺切除与否,雄性大鼠比雌性大鼠有更高的GST-P表达。这些结果提示雌激素可抑制而雄激素则可促进化学诱癌大鼠肝中GST-P的表达。这一结果可能与临床上男性较女性易患肝癌有关。     

大鼠肝癌发生过程中增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA／Cyclin）的表达

应用免疫组织化学的ＡＢＣ法,对二乙基亚硝胺（ＤＥＮ）诱发大鼠发生过程中增殖细胞核抗原在肝组织中的表达进行了系统观察。结果显示：正常大鼠肝组织中仅见极少数ＰＣＮＡ阳性肝细胞,阳性率为０．０８％,随着诱癌进程发展,大鼠肝组织中ＰＣＮＡ阳性肝细胞逐渐增多,诱癌第４、８、１２周,大鼠肝组织中ＰＣＮＡ阳性肝细胞百分率分别为１．６％、３．８％、１６．２％,诱癌晚期癌结节内大部分肝癌细胞里ＰＣＮＡ阳性表达,阳性率为８０．６％。本研究结果表明原位检测ＰＣＮＡ表达比传统依据形态学分化程度来判断肿瘤发生可能性更为客观、可靠。     

二乙基亚硝胺诱发大鼠肝脏癌变过程中醛缩酶同功酶基因表达的改变

二乙基亚硝胺诱发大鼠肝脏癌变时,伴随血清AFP浓度的升高,肝脏组织内醛缩酶活力和醛缩酶同功酶谱发生改变。在诱癌的前8周中,以FIP为底物的醛缩酶活力迅速下降,8周以后保持着较低的活力水平,而以FDP为底物的醛缩酶活力在前16周中变化不显著,在16周后迅速增高。所以对两个底物的活力比,正常成年大鼠肝脏是1.03,原发性肝癌是4.53,移植性肝癌BERH-2第71代是7.52。醋酸纤维薄膜电泳显示正常成年肝脏有醛缩酶B_4,B_3A_1区带,诱癌后B型醛缩酶区带减弱,诱癌4周出现醛缩酶A_4区带,诱癌12周出现A_1C_3区带,部分原发性肝癌中还出现醛缩酶C_4区带。实验结果说明肝癌发生过程中,醛缩酶B基因逐渐受到“封闭”,醛缩酶A基因和醛缩酶C基因依次逐渐“开放”。     

大鼠肝癌诱发过程中血粘度及红细胞变形能力的异常改变

为了全面地反映肝癌发生发展整个过程的血液流变性的异常,本实验采用二乙基亚硝胺诱发大鼠肝癌模型,分六个相检测五个切变率下的全血粘度、血浆粘度及红细胞变形能力。结果表明红细胞变形能力随着肿瘤发展逐渐减低,血浆粘度随着诱癌时间延长 渐升高,到肿瘤晚期趋于平缓,而全血粘度先是升高,到诱癌２０周以后反而有下降趋势。     

二乙基亚硝胺诱导大鼠肝癌组织CLDN1基因表达及其甲基化

目的探讨二乙基亚硝胺（diethylnitrosamine,DEN）诱导大鼠肝癌发生中肝癌组织CLDN1基因表达及其启动子甲基化的规律。方法65只雄性Wistar大鼠随机选择40只作为模型组,其余作为正常组。模型组在1-12周饮用含DEN80mg／L的饮水以诱癌（每日8mg／kg）,各组在造模过程的第4周、8周、12周、16周随机5只取肝,第20周剩余大鼠取肝,应用RT-PCR方法检测肝组织CLDN1mRNA的表达,应用MSP法检测肝组织CLDN1启动子甲基化和非甲基化。结果模型大鼠病死率为10％（4／40）,正常组无死亡。至第20周,成瘤率达到100％。RT—PCR显示,与正常组比较,模型组在16周和20周CLDN1 mRNA表达下调（P〈0．05）,其他各周两组差异不显著。MSP结果表明,模型组肝组织CLDN1甲基化率达77．78％,而正常肝组织甲基化率为24％,两者比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论CLDN1启动子甲基化及CLDN1基因表达下调与大鼠肝癌病变相关,对其机制值得进一步深入研究。     

Bax蛋白在大鼠肝癌发生过程中的表达和意义

通过动态观察Bax蛋白在实验性大鼠肝癌发生过程中肝细胞的表达,探讨Bax蛋白与肝癌发生的关系及其生物学意义。用DEN饲喂大鼠,分别于第4、8、12、16、18周处死大鼠,取其肝脏,石蜡切片,ABC法免疫组织化染色。结果显示：正常成年大鼠肝细胞均有中等程度Bax蛋白表达。至诱癌第4周大鼠肝小叶内有少数肝细胞呈Bax蛋白免疫阳性反应,随诱癌发展进程,呈Bax蛋白免疫阳性反应肝细胞进一步减少,第12周,只可见肝细胞增生结节的多数肝细胞呈Bax蛋白免疫阳性反应。诱癌晚期（第18周）,癌结节内肝癌细胞均呈Bax免疫反应阳性,其强度较正常肝细胞明显增强,Bax蛋白免疫反应产物为胞质内粗大的棕褐色颗粒。部争肝细胞胞质和胞膜均呈阳性,肝癌细胞最为常见。结果表明：Bax蛋白表达减少或缺失是肝癌发生过程中的早期事件,可能参与肝癌的启动过程。     

实验性肝癌糖原和癌基因N-ras表达的研究

通过应用原位杂交和组织化学技术,对二乙基亚硝胺诱发的大鼠肝细胞肝癌中糖原和癌基因Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达的研究,发现从诱癌早期到晚期,肝细胞内的糖原由储积而逐渐丧失。Ｎ－ｒａｓ在诱癌的第１～２周即出现阳性表达,随诱癌过程的延长,阳性表达的细胞数和范围逐渐增加,至诱癌晚期甚至在癌结节内均转为阴性。对肝组织连续切片中糖原和Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达的对比观察发现,糖原ＰＡＳ反应与Ｎ－ｒａｓ反应同步,糖原ＰＡＳ反应具有与Ｎ－ｒａｓ一致的异质性,其阳性与阴性病变分布与Ｎ－ｒａｓ表达重叠。提示Ｎ－ｒａｓ基因表达可能在肝癌的启动过程中发挥重要作用,并且可能涉及对糖原基因的调控。     

大鼠肝癌发生过程中p53的突变和甲胎蛋白的表达

采用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ和ＰＡＰ法,对二乙基亚硝胺（ＤＥＮ）诱发大鼠肝癌发生过程中突变型ｐ５３蛋白（ｍｐ５３）和甲胎蛋白（ＡＦＰ）在肝细胞中的表达进行了系统观察。结果显示：（１）ＤＥＮ诱发大鼠肝癌发生率为１００％;（２）正常大鼠及诱癌第４周大鼠的肝细胞均不表达ｍｐ５３,至诱癌第８周,可见少量肝细胞表达ｍｐ５３,诱癌晚期的癌结节内大部分肝癌细胞呈ｍｐ５３阳性表达,ｍｐ５３免疫反应阳性产物为胞核内棕褐色颗粒;（３）正常大鼠肝细胞不表达ＡＦＰ,诱癌早期（４～８周）的大鼠肝小叶内可见少量ＡＦＰ阳性肝细胞,多为小肝细胞,呈散在分布,此后ＡＦＰ阳性肝细胞逐渐增多,晚期的癌结节内大部分癌细胞呈ＡＦＰ阳性,ＡＦＰ免疫反应阳性产物为胞浆内棕褐色颗粒。结果提示,ｍｐ５３和ＡＦＰ可作为分析肝癌进展的病理学指标     

大鼠诱发型肝癌发生发展过程中SonicHedgehog、Ptc和Gli1表达的改变

目的 观察大鼠诱发肝癌过程中Sonic Hedgehog（Shh）信号通路相关基因的表达变化,探讨其在肝癌发生发展过程中的作用.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠48只,随机分成4组,利用二乙基亚硝胺（DEN）制备诱发性大鼠肝癌模型,应用原位核酸杂交技术检测Shh、Ptc、Gli1 mRNA在对照组、模型组（6w）、模型组（14w）、模型组（22w）大鼠肝脏癌变过程中的表达变化.结果 在模型组（6w）大鼠肝脏的肝小叶周边可见嗜酸性、气球样变性等肝细胞损伤的表现,模型组（14w）大鼠肝脏中可见肝假小叶和非典型增生结节,模型组（22w）大鼠肝脏中可见到高分化的肝细胞癌结节.Shh、Ptc、Gli1 mRNA阳性表达细胞主要分布在大鼠肝脏中的肝细胞损伤区、增生结节、癌结节、小叶间胆管上皮和癌旁组织中,Shh、Ptc、Gli1 mRNA在模型组的大鼠肝组织中表达的平均光密度值均高于对照组.结论 Shh信号通路在诱癌过程中异常激活,可能促进肝损伤后的正常修复、异常增殖及肝细胞癌变过程.     

Vitamin K-dependent carboxylase: effect of detergent concentrations, vitamin K status, and added protein precursors on activity

Activity of the rat liver microsomal vitamin K-dependent carboxylase has been studied at various concentrations of detergent. The activity which could be solubilized by 0.25% Triton X-100 was low but could be greatly increased if vitamin K-deficient rats were given vitamin K a few minutes before they were killed. At higher concentrations of Triton, more activity was solubilized and this effect was not seen. In vitro carboxylation of endogenous microsomal proteins was decreased by 80-90% if vitamin K was administered 1 min before rats were killed, but the amount of assayable prothrombin precursor was decreased by only 20%. Decarboxylated vitamin K-dependent rat plasma proteins were not substrates for the carboxylase and did not influence peptide carboxylase activity significantly. Purified microsomal prothrombin precursors did, however, stimulate carboxylation of peptide substrate and were used as a substrate for the carboxylase in a preparation from precursor depleted vitamin K-deficient rats.     

Prothrombin biosynthesis: characterization of processing events in rat liver microsomes

Plasma and hepatic microsomal forms of rat prothrombin have been compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The major prothrombin species that accumulated in the microsomes of rats treated with warfarin had a molecular weight of 78 500 and a pI in 8 M urea of 6.3-6.5. Plasma prothrombin had a molecular weight of 83 500 and a pI of 5.3-5.7. Microsomes from normal rat liver contain a second pool of precursor with a molecular weight of 83 500, and digestion with the glycosidase Endo H indicated that this form has been processed to contain complex carbohydrates, while the Mr 78 500 form is a high mannose form and is the substrate for the vitamin K dependent carboxylase. Treatment of rats with tunicamycin revealed that glycosylation was not essential for carboxylation or secretion from the liver. Comparison of the aglyco forms of prothrombin and its precursors suggests that the intracellular forms contain a basic, Mr approximately 1500 peptide that is missing from the plasma form of prothrombin.     

SD大鼠酒精性脂肪肝模型的监测分析

目的：通过血清生化指标和病理学的监测分析来建立标准的SD大鼠酒精性脂肪肝动物模型。方法：选取40只SD大鼠,随机分为两组,模型组采用直接饮酒法,于第8、12和20周时检测大鼠血清生化指标：丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、甘油三酯（TG）,并于第8、12周时随机采集5只大鼠肝组织,20周时采集剩余所有大鼠肝组织并进行病理学分析。结果：模型组于第8、12和20周时体重增长量均低于对照组（P〈0．01）,血清ALT、AST均高于对照组（P〈0．01）,第8周和12周时TG高于对照组（P〈0．01）。病理学结果显示肝组织从8周至20周呈现出酒精性脂肪肝、重度酒精性脂肪肝伴肝炎和酒精性肝纤维化等演变过程。结论：直接饮酒法可成功地复制出酒精性脂肪肝动物模型,通过监测分析可了解酒精性脂肪肝病变的整个过程,为今后建立酒精性脂肪肝和肝纤维化动物模型提供了理论参考。     

Sucrose feeding effects inhibition of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase in the liver of the rat: possible mediation by thyroid hormone

The effect of sucrose on Fischer 344 rat liver gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gammaGT) was studied: in adults fed sucrose for 3 weeks; and rats exposed to sucrose from the 18th day of gestation to the 40th day after birth. Rats fed regular rodent chow served as controls. Sucrose caused mild lipemia; and in the liver an increase in size and fat build-up without damage. In adult sucrose-fed rats, compared to controls, plasma glucose levels were increased: 1.12-, 1.40- and 1.13-fold after 24, 48h and 3 week consumption of sucrose, respectively. Insulin levels were unaltered for the first week of sucrose consumption but increased from control levels: 16% at 1 week, and 2.0-fold at 3 weeks. The T3 levels were comparable to control levels 24h after the sucrose was started and were increased: 1.22-, 1.13- and 1.12-fold at 48h, 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. The T4 levels were comparable at all time points between sucrose-fed and control rats. Liver gammaGT activity exhibited a steady decrease from control levels: after 24, 48h, 1 and 3 weeks of sucrose feeding the decrease was 5, 8, 21 and 37%, respectively in homogenates; and 10, 17, 24 and 41%, respectively in plasma membranes. Perinatal sucrose exposure effected in 40-day-old rats, compared controls: a 1.09-fold increase in plasma glucose; no change in plasma insulin; an increase of 1.15- and 1.39-fold in plasma levels of total and free T3, respectively; a decrease of 20 and 14% in plasma levels of total and free T4, respectively. gammaGT activity was decreased in liver plasma membranes isolated from sucrose-exposed rats relative to those of control: 80% in the male; 82% in the female. Relative specific activities of gammaGT were the same in both males: 15.4 and 16.1 in control and sucrose-exposed male rats, respectively; and females: 14.1 and 15.4 in control and sucrose-exposed female rats, respectively. gammaGT was 2-fold higher in the livers of female relative to male rats in sucrose-exposed and control groups. Kidney gammaGT activities were the same in control and sucrose-exposed rats. The involvement of T3 in the sucrose-induced decrease in liver gammaGT is discussed.     

Egg Production, Shell Thickness, and Other Physiological Parameters of Laying Hens Affected by T-2 Toxin

T-2 toxin has been reported to cause severe oral lesions and neural disturbances in young broiler chickens. T-2 toxin, when added at a level of 20 mug per g of feed, caused oral lesions but no abnormal neural disturbances in young broiler chickens. T-2 toxin, when added at a level of 20 mug per g of feed, caused oral lesions but no abnormal neural symptoms in laying hens. T-2 toxin had no effect on either hemoglobin, hematocrit values, erythrocyte count, plasma glucose, prothrombin times, or the sizes of the liver, spleen, pancreas, and heart. Lipid content of the liver was not altered. Feed consumption, however, was reduced, as were the total plasma protein and lipid concentrations and the total leukocyte count. Most important economically was the lowered egg production and a thinner egg shell. The timing and severity of the symptoms suggest that T-2 toxin causes primary oral lesions that reduce feed consumption with a consequent reduction in serum proteins and lipids, which culminate in decreased egg production. The leucopenia and thinner egg shell may be independent systemic effects of T-2 toxin in laying hens.     

Evidence for increased formation of preprothrombin and the noninvolvement of vitamin K-dependent reactions in sex-linked hyperprothrombinemia in the rat.

The rate of appearance of plasma prothrombin was measured in vitamin K-deficient male and female rats after the administration of vitamin K₁, and the disappearance of prothrombin was measured in normal rats after injection of cycloheximide. The results suggest that hyperprothrombinemia in female rats is due to a faster rate of formation of the clotting protein rather than to a slower rate of its degradation. Preprothrombin activity in liver microsomes was higher in warfarin-treated female rats than in warfarintreated male rats; but the activity of preprothrombin in liver disappeared at approximately the same rate in both sexes after administration of vitamin K. The rate and extent of vitamin K-dependent formation of γ-carboxyglutamic acid and the appearance of prothrombin activity in vitro were not significantly different between the sexes. These results suggest that elevated levels of plasma prothrombin in female rats are probably due to a higher rate of synthesis of preprothrombin and not to any difference in the vitamin K-dependent step. A difference was observed in the amount of cycloheximide required to inhibit synthesis of liver microsomal protein in the two sexes.     

Variation in tissue carnitine concentrations with age and sex in the rat

Diabetes, starvation and various hormonal treatments are known to alter drastically carnitine concentrations in the body. Before the mechanisms controlling carnitine metabolism could be determined, it was necessary to establish normal carnitine concentrations in both sexes at different ages. Carnitine was assayed in plasma, liver, heart and skeletal muscle of rats from birth to weaning. The plasma carnitine increased rapidly during the first 2 days after birth. Carnitine in both heart and skeletal muscle increased, whereas liver concentrations declined during the first week of life. A carnitine-free diet containing sufficient precursors for carnitine biosynthesis was fed to weanling rats. Groups of ten male and ten female rats were killed each week for 10 consecutive weeks. Carnitine was determined in plasma, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, urine and epididymis in the male. There was no difference in carnitine concentrations between the sexes at weaning. Plasma, heart and muscle concentrations were higher in adult male rats than in adult females. However, liver carnitine and urinary carnitine concentrations were higher in adult female than in adult male rats. The epididymal carnitine concentration increased very rapidly during 50 to 70 days of age and the differences in carnitine concentrations between the sexes also became apparent during this time. Thus both the age and the sex of the human subject or experimental animal must be considered when investigating carnitine metabolism.     

Propeptide recognition by the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase in early processing of prothrombin and factor X.

Precursors of vitamin K-dependent proteins are synthesized with a propeptide that is believed to target these proteins for gamma-carboxylation by the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. In this study synthetic propeptides were used to investigate gamma-carboxylation of the prothrombin and factor X precursors in rat liver microsomes. The extent of prothrombin processing by the carboxylase was also investigated. Antisera raised against the human prothrombin and factor X propeptides only recognized precursors with the respective propeptide regions. The data demonstrate structural differences in the propeptide region of the prothrombin and the factor X carboxylase substrates which raises questions about the hypothesis of a common propeptide binding site on the carboxylase for all precursors of vitamin K-dependent proteins. The hypothesis of separate binding sites is supported by data which demonstrate differences in binding of the prothrombin and factor X precursors to membrane fragments from rough and smooth microsomes. gamma-Carboxylation of the prothrombin precursors in vitro was investigated with conformational specific antibodies raised against a portion of the Gla (gamma-carboxyglutamic acid) region extending from residue 15 to 24. The synthetic peptide used as antigen contains three of the ten potential Gla sites in prothrombin. It is shown that these antibodies do not recognize mature prothrombin but recognize the decarboxylated protein. It is also demonstrated that the epitope is Ca2(+)-dependent. The antibodies were used to assess gamma-carboxylation of the prothrombin precursor in membrane fragments from microsomal membranes. The results suggest that microsomal gamma-carboxylation does not involve Glu residues 16, 19 and 20 of the Gla region.     

Vitamin K dependent in vitro production of prothrombin

During prothrombin biosynthesis, glutamyl residues in prothrombin precursor proteins are carboxylated to gamma-carboxyglutamyl residues by a vitamin K dependent carboxylase. Calcium-dependent and calcium-independent rat prothrombin antibody subpopulations have been produced and utilized to study the liver microsomal precursors of prothrombin that accumulate when vitamin K action is blocked. A substantial portion of the precursor pool accumulating in the vitamin K deficient or warfarin-treated rat will react with a Ca2+-dependent antibody at high calcium concentration and appears to be partially carboxylated. During in vitro incubation in the presence of vitamin K, the fraction of the precursor pool which is tightly bound to the microsomal membrane appears to be the preferred substrate for the vitamin K dependent carboxylation. A small amount of completely carboxylated rather than a large amount of partially carboxylated products are produced during these incubations. Treatment with a Sepharose-bound prothrombin antibody demonstrated that about 20-25% of the total carboxylated microsomal protein precursor pool consists of prothrombin precursors. This treatment removes an equal amount of total carboxylase activity, and the enzyme is active in this carboxylase precursor-antibody complex.