上海崇明岛前卫村沟渠生态修复示范工程评价

采用生物护坡技术、氧化塘系统和沸石处理系统,修建了上海崇明前卫村沟渠生态修复示范工程,并通过地表径流模拟实验及坡岸土壤参数、生物多样性、沟渠水体总氮和总磷含量等指标对该示范工程进行了评估.结果表明：与对照相比,使用灌丛垫技术修复后的坡岸土壤剪切力、紧实度和土壤湿度显著提高(P<0.05),坡岸植被延缓径流和去除悬浮物效果显著(P<0.05);使用柴笼技术修复后的坡岸土壤剪切力和悬浮物去除率显著提高(P<0.05),但对土壤湿度、紧实度和雨水径流的延滞作用不太明显.示范工程实施后,沟渠内水质得到明显改善,总氮和总磷含量显著下降(P<0.05),沟渠坡岸的生境质量和景观效果得到改善,生物多样性明显增加.采用土壤生物工程方法和其他生态修复技术集成可以稳定坡岸、改善沟渠的栖息地质量以及修复大城市郊区村镇沟渠的生态环境.     

河道生态护坡关键技术及其生态功能

在上海4个生态河道示范区,开展了以生态修复和河岸侵蚀控制为目标的河道生态护坡技术研究。在不同河段分别采用了土壤生物工程护坡、全系列生态护坡以及复合式生物稳定等三类生态护坡技术。护坡工程完成后,以浦东新区机场镇生态河道示范区为重点,对主要护坡工程进行持续3a（2004~2006年）的生态监测,从坡岸的结构稳定性和生态稳定性两方面对护坡工程进行生态功能研究。3a来,护坡植物生长良好,新生枝叶和根系的护坡作用明显,土壤抗剪强度明显增加,河岸土壤侵蚀得到有效控制,坡岸的结构稳定性增强;同时河岸生境得到改善,本地植物快速恢复,生物多样性增加,河岸植物群落结构由单一结构向复杂结构转变,生态稳定性逐渐增强。     

崇明岛河道治理中的生态护坡技术

生态护坡技术对于减弱河道生态系统中的河岸侵蚀及其水质保护至关重要。本研究以上海崇明岛瀛东村生态河道示范工程为例,探讨了以生态修复和稳定坡岸为目标的生态护坡技术在河道坡岸修复中的应用及其生态效应;将自主发明的生态护坡技术应用到工程实例,并进行了连续的生态监测。结果表明,护坡工程竣工后第2年采样点河道中段(A2)与村口桥(A4)的坡岸抗剪强度均值分别为62.0和63.5kPa,远大于原始护坡A1处37kPa的抗剪强度,土壤抗剪强度有明显增加,坡岸结构稳定性增强。河水水质经过护坡植物的净化得到较好改善;沿水流方向,总氮(TN)从2.95降到1.08mg·L-1,减少了63.4%;铵态氮(NH4+-N)从2.64降到1.02mg·L-1,减少了61.4%。同时,河岸生境得到改善,生物多样性增加,生态稳定性增强。     

受损河岸生态修复工程的土壤生物学评价

为探索受损河岸生态修复的理论与技术,以修复4年的河岸生态修复工程为研究对象,从土壤生物学角度评价了人工构建的河岸生境缀块对受损河岸生态系统的修复作用.结果表明,经过4年的恢复,修复区土壤中各种微生物的数量明显高于对照区;修复区土壤动物种类、数量、生物多样性指数以及土壤有机质、N、P、K含量均高于对照区.修复后,受损河岸的土壤性状得到了明显改善,土壤生物多样性及河岸生态系统稳定性得到了提高.人工构建生境缀块的河岸生态修复工程不仅经济成本低,而且具有生态、景观和社会价值,为已建混凝土河岸的生态改造和受损河岸的近自然修复提供了新模式.     

大沽排污河生态修复河道水质综合评价及生物毒性影响

为了改善城市河道水质,实现排污河污染控制与修复,在天津市大沽排污河的上游代表性河段开展了河道原位生态修复工程示范。对植物修复后河道的污染状况进行了监测和分析,与清洁河道做了比较,并对水质修复效果和生物毒性影响状况进行综合分析和评价,研究生态修复示范工程对排污河水质的修复效果和生态效应。结果表明:经种植水葱等水生植物进行生态修复后,河道污染一定程度上降低,水质得到改善。大沽河主要污染是营养元素N、P污染和有机物污染,重金属污染不严重。植物修复对电导率、溶解性总固体(TDS)、盐度、氯化物有一定影响,但影响不显著;对COD等有机污染的修复效果较好,最高去除效率可达54%,但相比清洁水域值依然较高,有机污染依然较严重;对营养元素N、P没有修复效果,反而修复区有升高的趋势,相对清洁水域污染严重。主成分分析表明水质参数主要是氨氮、总氮、总磷代表的营养元素及pH值、DO、电导率、TDS、盐度和氯化物,综合评定结果显示修复区域芦苇根部水质最好;聚类分析将17个水质指标分成5类,并与主成分分析结果显示出一致性。植物根际周边的微生物数量多,群落多样性高。植物修复对水样植物毒性影响明显,能降低其毒性;水样对发光菌均具有毒性作用,存在潜在的急性生物毒性;修复区水样对水生动物大型蚤不存在急性生物毒性。     

东部草原区煤电基地开发生态修复技术研究

本项目为"十三五"国家重点研发计划批复项目(2016YFC0501100)。针对我国东部草原区大型煤电基地开发生态修复技术需求和工程实施难题,聚焦煤炭开发对草原生态(水、土壤、植被)的影响机理及累积效应、区域生态稳定性与生态安全协调机制两大科学问题,运用生态学、采矿学、环境科学、草叶科学等多学科方法,采用理论分析、调查监测、试验研究相结合的综合手段,厘清煤炭开发对地下水和植被种群的影响边界、程度及累计效应,研发生态效应评价、区域水资源动态监测、水资源保护利用、煤矿土地整治、微生物联合修复、景观生态恢复等15项关键技术,形成基础理论、关键技术和工程示范一体化体系,创立东部草原区生态修复模式,在呼盟和锡盟煤炭开发基地进行集中工程示范,为我国东部草原区煤炭开发与生态修复提供理论和技术支撑。     

土壤生物与土壤污染研究前沿与展望

随着社会经济发展,人类生产活动对自然环境产生越来越广泛深刻的影响,土壤污染已成为危及生态系统稳定、农产品质量安全和人体健康的突出环境问题之一。重金属、有机污染化合物、病原菌及抗性基因等各类污染物大量进入土壤后,对土壤生物系统造成毒害作用,影响到土壤生态功能;另一方面,土壤生物如细菌、真菌、土壤动物等在一定程度上能够适应土壤污染,深刻影响着污染物在土壤中的迁移转化过程,在土壤污染修复中具有潜在重要作用。从土壤污染的生态毒理效应、土壤生物对土壤污染的响应与适应机制、污染土壤修复原理与技术等三方面综述了土壤生物与土壤污染相关研究前沿,展望了重点研究方向。     

富平石川河的生态修复

自国家提出构建山水林田湖草生命共同体以来,已启动第三批山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点申报,但一些工程设计缺乏整体性,造成“真破坏”和“伪生态”的现象时有发生.本研究以石川河综合整治项目为例,针对石川河乱采乱挖河道砂石,工业污染,附近村民焚烧垃圾造成气、水和土污染极其严重,生态、人居环境持续恶化,鱼虾绝迹,污水横流,垃圾成堆等问题,采用重建生态河道、恢复生态、景观重塑、土地平整、PE复合土工膜、土壤修复等技术构建山水林田湖草生命共同体,并分析了生态、经济和社会效益,通过项目实施,为石川河流域提供了洁净的土壤环境、稳定的土体结构,有效改善了生态环境,提高了生活质量,实现生产发展、生态良好,不断满足社会发展建设美丽乡村的需要,同时为构建流域山水林田湖草生命共同体提供理论依据和实践支撑.     

西北黄土区石油污染土壤原位微生物生态修复试验研究

通过对西北黄土石油开采区石油污染土壤生物强化原位微生物生态修复方法的试验研究,充分利用强化原位微生物菌群辅以物理和化学方法与土壤环境相结合的微生物生态技术,进行了土壤中石油的降解与修复试验研究,试验结果显示,土壤中平均石油含量在2754mg/kg时,经过lld～32d强化原位微生物生态修复技术的修复,土壤中石油含量降解可达40.92%～80.37%,验证了微生物生态修复技术在西北黄土区土壤石油污染修复的有效性,探索了推广应用的可行性.     

基于土壤生物工程的小流域侵蚀沟治理研究进展

水土保持是生态文明建设的重要组成部分, 是国家重点资助应用基础研究, 是践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”治理理念的经济发展领域。当前我国水土流失问题依然严峻, 仍有超过国土四分之一水土流失面积, 且分布广、治理难度大, 给生态环境和社会经济造成严重破坏, 亟待加快推进小流域侵蚀沟治理。基于土壤生物工程技术的小流域侵蚀沟治理已受到国内外学者高度关注, 国内相关研究理论储备较充分, 但理论结合实践方面距世界先进水平仍有较大差距。为进一步推动该技术在我国的应用和发展, 文章综述了土壤生物工程的需求背景、概念和发展; 其次, 从生态视角梳理其地上-地下生态功能, 论述其优缺点, 探讨影响工程建设与实施的主要因素; 最后, 做了适合我国国情的土壤生物工程研究展望。结果表明土壤生物工程技术不仅是高效的小流域侵蚀沟生态治理方法, 还兼具经济与景观功效。建议在系统开展基于土壤生物工程技术的小流域侵蚀沟治理的同时, 进一步加强其理论和技术研究, 以期提供更完善的理论支撑和因地制宜的技术方法, 进而为科学推进我国水土流失综合治理工作奠定坚实基础。     

Soil bioengineering and the ecological restoration of riverbanks at the Airport Town,Shanghai, China

Ecological, soil bioengineering, and traditional techniques were integrated to obtain a structurally sound, ecologically sustainable and socio-economically beneficial method for restoring the riverbanks at the Airport Town, Shanghai, which was the first project applying soil bioengineering to riverbank restoration in China. Soil bioengineering is the use of living plant materials to construct structures that perform some engineering and ecological functions and can provide an effective means for slope stabilization and site restoration of riverbanks. The restoration and management strategy was based on a plan to integrate the natural landscape using live staking, live fascines, brush layer, vegetated geo-grids and geo-gabions, along with native vegetation for riverbank preservation. Ecological parameters including root characteristics and their biomass, species and habitat diversity, and soil moisture and shear stress were measured for site characterization and evaluation of a demonstration project The riverbank erosion was reduced significantly, along with an increase in species and habitat diversity, and improvement in aesthetics and water quality after a ten-month project implementation period, when compared to the control site. Our project of ecological restoration of riverbanks can be viewed through the perspective of the 19 principles presented by Mitsch and Jorgensen, which shows also how the principles and methods of soil bioengineering, and the concepts of ecological engineering that have recently been much developed in the West have been absorbed into Chinese practices of ecological engineering and can be applied to ecological restoration of riverbanks in China.     

Long-Term Monitoring and Evaluation of the Lower Red River Meadow Restoration Project, Idaho, U.S.A.

Although public and financial support for stream restoration projects is increasing, long‐term monitoring and reporting of project successes and failures are limited. We present the initial results of a long‐term monitoring program for the Lower Red River Meadow Restoration Project in north‐central Idaho, U.S.A. We evaluate a natural channel design’s effectiveness in shifting a degraded stream ecosystem onto a path of ecological recovery. Field monitoring and hydrodynamic modeling are used to quantify post‐restoration changes in 17 physical and biological performance indicators. Statistical and ecological significance are evaluated within a framework of clear objectives, expected responses (ecological hypotheses), and performance criteria (reference conditions) to assess post‐restoration changes away from pre‐restoration conditions. Compared to pre‐restoration conditions, we observed ecosystem improvements in channel sinuosity, slope, depth, and water surface elevation; quantity, quality, and diversity of in‐stream habitat and spawning substrate; and bird population numbers and diversity. Modeling documented the potential for enhanced river–floodplain connectivity. Failure to detect either statistically or ecologically significant change in groundwater depth, stream temperature, native riparian cover, and salmonid density is due to a combination of small sample sizes, high interannual variability, external influences, and the early stages of recovery. Unexpected decreases in native riparian cover led to implementation of adaptive management strategies. Challenges included those common to most project‐level monitoring—isolating restoration effects in complex ecosystems, securing long‐term funding, and implementing scientifically rigorous experimental designs. Continued monitoring and adaptive management that support the establishment of mature and dense riparian shrub communities are crucial to overall success of the project.     

Comparison of Designed Channel Restoration and Riparian Buffer Restoration Effects on Riparian Soils

Stream restoration is often employed in efforts to stabilize eroding channel banks. Banks are stabilized through a designed channel approach, which involves grading and armoring of stream banks using heavy machinery, or alternatively through planting of seedlings and saplings to establish forested riparian buffers. We hypothesized that designed channel restoration would have detrimental impacts on riparian soils but that soils would recover over time, and we hypothesized that riparian buffer restoration would not impact riparian soils. We tested these hypotheses by comparing soil attributes (bulk density, soil organic matter, and root biomass) at reaches that had undergone designed channel and riparian buffer restoration in different years (project ages ranged from 2 to 16 years) to paired urban (unrestored) control reaches. Soil properties in sub‐surface soil layers (10–20 and 20–30 cm depth) at both recent (<10 years old) and older (>10 years old) designed channel reaches differed significantly from paired urban control soils; bulk density was higher and root biomass lower in manipulated reaches compared to urban control reaches. At many designed channel reaches, bulk density exceeded values known to restrict root growth. These results indicate that compaction and disturbance of riparian soils may be a significant unintended consequence of designed channel restoration and can persist for at least a decade. In contrast, we found no significant differences in soil properties between riparian buffer restoration reaches and urban control reaches. Thus, the results indicate that riparian buffer restoration is a more ecologically favorable method than designed channel restoration for bank stabilization.     

Ecological Restoration of Headwaters in a Rural Landscape (Normandy,France): A Passive Approach Taking Hedge Networks into Account for Riparian Tree Recruitment

The safeguard of riparian ecosystems is a major field of study in the understanding and maintenance of the ecological health of rivers. Vegetation communities found on these ecotones ensure essential functions such as limitation of river bank erosion and protection of rivers from pollutants. The aim of our study is to investigate the potential for natural regeneration of trees on river banks after passive restoration. We have also studied the influence of landscape on recolonization through the analysis of the influence of hedge networks. Our study takes place on headwaters in Normandy (France) on Vallée‐Aux‐Berges, a stream, which has been passively restored for the last 6 years. As passive restoration removes stresses (heavy trampling and grazing) caused by cattle on river banks, we expect it to help the growth of natural plant communities. The condition of this stream—from the start of restoration work to the present—is compared to another one in the same catchment considered to be ecologically healthy. Our results suggest that passive restoration leads to an increase in tree cover on river banks and contributes to the improvement of the banks' physical integrity. Landscape structure seems to be a major factor for this recolonization: the more the stream is surrounded by hedge networks, the more the recolonization by trees on banks is effective. These results indicate that the influence of landscape structure should be considered in future restoration management in similar headwaters.     

黄土高原阴/阳坡向林草土壤水分随退耕年限的变化特征

研究地点位于半干旱的黄土高原区,在坡向导致的土壤水分差异的基础上,分析该区域撂荒草地和人工林地土壤水分随退耕年限的变化特征,进而以自然草地为参照,分析不同坡向人工林地土壤水分亏缺程度。结果表明:总体上,阴坡土壤水分显著高于阳坡,撂荒草地、自然草地和林地土壤水分在阴/阳坡之间的差异分别为:3.1%、2.6%、1.5%;可见,人工林地降低了由坡向导致的土壤水分的差异。在阴/阳坡上,撂荒草地土壤水分随退耕年限增加皆呈显著增加趋势,并且,总体上,土壤水分的增加程度随年限增加而增大,尤其在深层的土壤水分。而林地土壤水分在阴坡和阳坡皆呈显著降低的趋势;通过对比阴/阳坡不同土层土壤水分随退耕年限变化趋势,阳坡人工林地上层土壤水分(0—1m和1—2m)随年限增加降低程度有所减少,然而,较深层(2—3m和3—4m)土壤水分在后期降低程度更大,而阴坡土壤水分随年限增加的降低程度呈现与阳坡相反的趋势;人工刺槐林地导致的土壤水分亏缺程度(以自然草地土壤水分为参考)随着年限增加呈增加趋势,且随深度增加呈增加趋势,总体上,阳坡人工林地除0—1m土层的土壤水分亏缺程度高于阴坡,其余土层平均土壤水分亏缺程度在前、中、后期皆低于阴坡。     

粤北南岭典型矿山生态修复工程技术模式与效益预评估——基于广东省山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点框架

广东粤北南岭山区地处国家生态安全格局“两屏三带”中的南方丘陵山地带的核心区,由于历史上有色金属矿产无序开采、选矿和冶炼等活动,导致区域生态环境问题突出,并造成下游区域土壤、水、农作物污染。修复历史遗留矿山、做好源头控制是解决区域生态环境问题的关键所在。以典型矿山废弃地单元（废土堆）为例,提出其生态修复工程技术模式与关键技术,开展修复效益预评估方法和实践研究。研究结果表明：粤北南岭山区矿区生态环境问题主要包括矿山植被破坏和水土流失问题突出、地质灾害风险隐患较大、矿山周边水土污染严重几个方面;矿山生态修复应以防控安全隐患为基础,以恢复生态功能为主要目标,同时治理矿山水土污染。构建了遵循山水林田湖草系统共治的“依山就势”重塑地形、“因势利导”疏导水流、“柔性防护”稳定边坡的粤北南岭废土堆立体生态修复模式,提出了相应的场地平整、清污分流、土壤改良、边坡生态袋植生、立体植被配置等生态恢复关键技术;建立了包括涵养水源、保持水土、净化环境及净化水质4个方面的生态效益评估模型,废土堆修复后生态效益预计可达到66754.25元/a。研究结果可为粤北南岭山区及类似区域山水林田湖草系统共治提供技术支撑。     

Ecological index of maturity to evaluate the vegetation disturbance of areas affected by restoration work: a practical example of its application in an area of the Southern Alps

This paper presents the ecological index of maturity (EIM), a new index for evaluating the vegetation disturbance of an area affected by environmental restoration measures based on the study of plant communities. The EIM is the result of the unification and development of some floristic‐vegetational indices devised by Taffetani and Rismondo (2009) and Rismondo et al. (2011) to assess the ecological functionality of agro‐ecosystems. The EIM provides a value between 0 (high vegetation disturbance) and 9 (undisturbed vegetation), obtained by considering three distinct variables of the species of a plant community: phytosociological class, chorotype, and coverage. Starting from the measure of the degree of maturity of the vegetation (dynamic stage of succession), EIM values tend to decrease the greater the coverage of exotic species and the lower the coverage of endemic species present in the plant community. A practical example, in which the EIM is applied to a mountainous area in the Southern Alps (Northern Italy) that, following a landslide, was subject to soil bioengineering work aimed at slope stabilization and environmental restoration, is provided in order to understand the importance and features of the EIM.