Establishment of in vitro Cultures of Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engler and K. Krause) Danser and the Effects of Sugars on Growth

Culturing of organs in vitro has been successfully employedin studies on morphogenesis and nutritional requirements ofparasitic and semi-paraaitic angiosperms. Tapinanthus bangwensis,a semi-parasite, has been successfully cultured on chemicallydefined media. By and large the parasite will thrive well ina medium of mineral salts and sucrose at its optimal concentration(4 per cent). However, the parasite is able to metabolize awide range of sugars most of which show similar concentrationoptima Although the growth in vivo was simulated in vitro inthe early stages, it was found that in the later stages growthin vitro was much slower than growth in vivo. The growth differencesobserved in the different media may reflect some of the physiologicaldifferences that are responsible for the selective nature ofthe parasite's development and establishment on different hosts     

The Effects of Growth Substances on the Growth of Tapinanthus bangwensis (Loranthaceae) in vitro

The growth response of Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engler and K.Krause) Danser to exogenous growth substances, indole-3yl-aceticacid (IAA), kinetin, and gibberellic acid (GA₃), not only varieswith the concentrations of each of these substances in the mediumbut follows a similar trend in each case. Kinetin, IAA, andGA₃ were found to enhance growth but not by very appreciableamounts, kinetin being the most effective growth promoter. Highconcentrations of these substances (5.0 and 10.0 ppm) exceptGA₃ were toxic to the parasite. Gibberellic acid induced theproduction of accessory leaves at all the concentrations used.Kinetin was also effective in inducing accessory leaves butonly at a concentration of 1.0 ppm. Some of the lower concentrationsof the growth substances affected significantly some aspectsof the parasite's growth and development. Nevertheless, thegrowth in vitro was still slower than that in vivo.     

The Effects of Photoperiod and Coconut Milk on the Growth of Embryos of Tapinanthus bangwensis in Culture

The growth response of Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engler and K.Krause) Danser to photoperiodic treatment varies not only withthe photoperiod but also with the composition of the culturemedium. By and large, the parasite seems highly tolerant toa wide range of photoperiods. Nevertheless, consistent and significantpromotary effects were only observed under a 12-h photoperiod.All other photoperiods (16 h, 8 h, and diffuse daylight) hadeither promotary or inhibitory effects on different aspectsof the parasite's growth. The over-all pattern of growth, however,was the same in all cases. Various concentrations of coconutmilk were found to exert different effects on the growth ofthe parasite, but all the concentrations used supported lessgrowth than the basal medium alone.     

Mistletoe (Tapinanthus bangwensis Reichenbach) infestation of indigenous and non‐indigenous trees at Amani Nature Reserve,Tanzania

A survey of Tapinanthus bangwensis was carried out in a plantation in the botanic garden at Amani Nature Reserve, which forms part of the East Usambara Mountain, located in the north‐east of Tanzania. A total of 169 trees were examined on four transects of 100 × 50 m (5000 m²) each, located about 700 m apart. Three treatment transects were established in open woodland with a control transect in the closed canopy. Out of 101 trees (81 non‐indigenous and 20 indigenous) examined in the open canopy, T. bangwensis was present on 24; eighteen non‐indigenous and six indigenous. Of all the infested trees, a non‐indigenous species, silky oak (Grevillea robusta) was the most common (37.4%), followed by an indigenous species, mzindanguruwe (Blighia unijugata) with 16.6%. Chi‐squared tests showed that there was no significant difference in frequency of infestation between non‐indigenous and indigenous species (χ² = 0.715, P = 0.5826). t‐Testing showed that T. bangwensis preferred taller and larger trees (t = ? 3.930, P = 0.0002 and t = ? 2.416, P = 0.0175, respectively). No T. bangwensis was found on the 68 trees examined in the closed canopy.     

Some Physiological Aspects of the Relationship between Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, and the Mistletoe Tapinanthus bangwensis (Engl. and K. Krause)

The anatomy and development of a typical Tapinanthus bangwensis-cocoaassociation is described, and it is shown how the mistletoehaustorium grows obliquely through the xylem of its host, causingthe cocoa distal to it to die gradually from desiccation. Inearly development the mistletoe haustorium forms a plate oftissue between the host xylem and phloem, having roughly equalareas of contact with both. Later the ratio of phloem: xylemhaustorial contact decreases. Two experiments using ¹⁴C showed that the mistletoe took productsof photosynthesis from its hosts, in one case against the expecteddirection of flow in the host phloem. A third experiment showedthat no labelled photosynthates produced by the mistletoe weretranslocated into cocoa. It is suggested that in this case hosthypertrophication is stimulated by the stresses set up by haustorialgrowth, rather than by mistletoe-produced hormones.     

濒危植物红花木莲小孢子发生及雄配子体发育的研究

首次报道了木莲属胚胎学特性,研究了红花木莲Manglietia insignis(Wall.)Bl.的小孢子发生、雄配子体的发育以及花粉萌发情况,红花木莲花药具有４个小孢子囊。花药壁５－６层,腺质绒毡层具有２－层细胞,小孢减数分裂后胞质分裂为修性同时型;四个分体排列方式为交叉型或左右对称型,偶为直线型;成熟花粉为二细胞型花粉粒,同时报道了化粉木莲在小孢子发生过程中的特有的现象,花粉萌发率为１４．７％－２５．３％。联系红花木莲花粉粒数目和胚珠数目进行探讨,认为雄配子体发育不是影响红花木莲结籽率低的主要因素。     

利氏才女虫幼体发育的研究

对利氏才女虫Polydora ligni幼体的发育过程及各发育阶段形态结构特点作了观察研究,结果表明在温度(16±3)℃下,卵在卵袋中经过4 d发育成3刚节浮游幼体后进入水体开始浮游生活,13 d后14刚节的浮游幼体开始变态,19 d发育成21刚节后开始沉落转为底栖生活,21 d后23刚节的底栖幼体完成变态营管栖生活.     

二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸研究进展(1)

二十二碳六烯酸（decosahexaenoic acid,DHA）和二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）,是人、动物包括鱼体内的微量生物活性物质和必需的高度不饱和脂肪酸,在其繁殖、生长、发育过程中起非常重要的作用,从而吸引越来越多的研究者,取得了许多新进展。综述了EPA和DHA研究特别是代谢研究方面的最新成果．以促进应用和更好地把这些科学成果用于对鱼类与其他动物的深入研究。     

Proteomic Studies on the Development of the Central Nervous System and Beyond

Neuroproteomics has become a ‘symbol’ or even a ‘sign’ for neuroscientists in the post-genomic era. During the last several decades, a number of proteomic approaches have been used widely to decipher the complexity of the brain, including the study of embryonic stages of human or non-human animal brain development. The use of proteomic techniques has allowed for great scientific advancements, including the quantitative analysis of proteomic data using 2D-DIGE, ICAT and iTRAQ. In addition, proteomic studies of the brain have expanded into fields such as subproteomics, synaptoproteomics, neural plasma membrane proteomics and even mitochondrial proteomics. The rapid progress that has been made in this field will not only increase the knowledge based on the neuroproteomics of the developing brain but also help to increase the understanding of human neurological diseases. This paper will focus on proteomic studies in the central nervous system and especially those conducted on the development of the brain in order to summarize the advances in this rapidly developing field.     

单叶双盖蕨配子体发育的研究

在人工条件下对我国产单叶双盖蕨（Diplazium subsinuatum (Wall. ex Hook. et Grev.) Tagawa）配子体发育进行了观察。结果表明：单叶双盖蕨的孢子为两面体型,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为圆肾形,周壁具粗刺状或棒状突起;孢子萌发为书带蕨型;原叶体发育为铁线蕨型,成熟原叶体为心脏形。该研究试图为蕨类植物的系统分类积累资料。     

Studies on the Early Development of the Eugregarine Gregarina garnhami

SYNOPSIS. The Eugregarine Gregarina garnhami is parasitic in the mid-intestine and caecae of the desert locust Schistocerra gregaria (Forsk). The penetration oi the sporozoite and its development into a three-segmented cephalont is described. At no time in its development is the Fregarine completely intracellular; the so-called intracellular stages of other workers are shown to be the breakdoan products of the intestinal host cells themselves.
After penetrating the host intestinal cell the sporozoite grows rapidly and the anterior intracellular region outgrows the posterior estracellular region. Once the intracellular region reaches a size 13–16 μ in diameter. growth oi this region ceases and growth is now concentrated in the posterior region. When this latter region has reached 20 μ in diameter an annulus appears. This, by growing diametrically across the posterior epimerite region, divides the extracellular region into protomerite and deutomerite.
Detachment of the cephalont is considered to be a passive and not an active process and is dependent on the breakdown and extrusion of host cells. In this process the epimerite may or may not become detached from the protomerite.
A system of lonpitudinal fibres (myonemes) exists within the protomerite, and these play an important role in converting the protomerite into an adhesil-e disc prior to conjugation.
Extensive folding of the epicyte occurs in both the protomerite and deutomerite in the three-segmented cephalont; this folding could not be observed prior to the division of the gregarine into three regions. The epimerite has a dual function in the early stages of development, serving both as an attachment organelle and as an absorptive region across which iood materials may pass from the host cell.     

Establishment and Maintenance of the Interferon-Induced Antiviral State: Studies in Enucleated Cells

Requirements for the physical presence of the cell's nucleus for the establishment and maintenance of the interferon-induced antiviral state were investigated. Enucleated chicken embryo fibroblasts were obtained by cytochalasin B treatment during centrifugation. The inhibition of vaccinia virus cytoplasmic DNA synthesis, monitored by autoradiography, was used to measure the antiviral activity resulting from interferon treatment. The antiviral state is not established in cells treated with interferon after removal of their nuclei. On the other hand, cells first treated with interferon for 6 or 12 h and then enucleated express the antiviral state. Furthermore, the antiviral state is maintained in enucleated cells for 16 h after enucleation. The antiviral state appears to be more stable in enucleates than in the residual nucleated cells found in the same cultures. Single cells of antiviral populations are found to be either fully permissive or fully restrictive to vaccinia DNA synthesis. The effect of an increasing intracellular multiplicity of infectious virus is to overcome the antiviral cell's block against viral DNA synthesis.     

持续发展指标研究简介

1　背景《21世纪议程》(第40章)号召建立持续发展的指标体系,它特别要求各国在国家水平,各国际组织和非政府组织在国际水平上建立持续发展指标的概念。因此,在联合国持续发展委员会(ＣＳＤ)第一次全会上,就提出了持续发展指标的工作规划,并获准通过。那时候,有很多国家一再强调建立指标的迫切性,另外一些国家则表示了某些关注并坚持在建立指标的过程中必须与政府部门密切联系。这个工作计划的目标是通过对指标的定义,方法论的阐述,提供培训和其它相应的能力建设,为各国决策者在国家水平上提供持续发展指标。有许多国家正在建立他们自己的指…     

Surface Ultrastructural Studies on Ingress and Establishment of Pseudomonas syringae pv. mori on Mulberry Leaves

P. syringae pv. mori multiplied on leaf surface and colonized particularly on the cystoliths and in the grooves of veins. The masses of bacteria were associated with necrotic spots, which appeared 9 days after inoculation. The studies also revealed that the bacterium invaded leaf tissues through cystoliths. However, it did not enter through stomata and trichomes which had commonly been observed in most of the plant pathogenic bacteria.     

耐有机溶剂脂肪酶的研究进展

脂肪酶是一种重要的酶,在有机介质中脂肪酶能催化某些特定的化学反应。获得具有较高催化活性的耐有机溶剂脂肪酶具有重要的价值。该文概述了一些具有代表性的耐有机溶剂脂肪酶,介绍了耐有机溶剂脂肪酶的特性和应用,并对耐有机溶剂脂肪酶的筛选途径和分子改造方法进行了分析。今后有机溶剂耐受性脂肪酶的研究将集中在酶的利用、微生物筛选、脂肪酶表征和基因克隆、酶的分子改造等方面。     

野生来源TW小鼠近交系培育及其生物学特性的研究

目的　培育中国特有TW (TianjinWild)野生小鼠来源的实验近交小鼠品系 ,筛选其重要的生物学特征 ,丰富现有实验动物基因库。方法　严格按照国际培育近交系动物标准 ,即每代繁育的雌雄小鼠严格按照同胎雌雄 (兄妹 )进行交配。结果　经过 1 2年的精心培育 ,培育TW小鼠至F2 2代 ,其他 1 5地野生小鼠品系均因故中断。结论　该项研究将为丰富国际现有实验小鼠基因库资源 ,建立抗肺肿瘤特性实验小鼠模型动物奠定坚实基础。     

Effect of the aqueous extract of African mistletoe,Tapinanthus sessilifolius (P. Beauv) van Tiegh leaf on gastrointestinal muscle activity

Effects of the aqueous extract of T. sessilifolius on the gastrointestinal muscle were investigated on smooth muscle preparations isolated from rabbit jejunum, guinea pig ileum and on gastrointestinal transit in mice. Elemental analysis of the extract was also carried out. The aqueous extract of T. sessilifolius evoked a concentration dependent contraction of the rabbit jejunum and guinea pig ileum. The contractions evoked by the extract were not attenuated either by atropine or mepyramine, but they were completely blocked by verapamil. The elemental analysis revealed the presence of Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, and very high concentration of Ca. The intraperitoneal LD50 in mice was found to be 1500 mg/kg. The aqueous extract of T. sessilifoliius possesses active components that may be mediating the observed biological activity through calcium mobilization.