Clavispora,a new yeast genus of the Saccharomycetales

In Candida lusitaniae van Uden et do Carmo-Sousa (1959), strains of opposite sex have been found. Cells of the opposite mating types conjugate and form asci with one to four clavate spores. These are easily liberated from the ascus. The type strain of Candida obtusa (Dietrichson) van Uden et do Carmo-Sousa ex van Uden et Buckley (1970) also produces ascospores after mating with one of the strains of Candida lusitaniae. As clavate ascospores are unknow in yeasts, a new genus, Clavispora, is proposed with Clavispora lusitaniae spec. nov. as type species.     

Physiological and DNA characterization of Candida maltosa, a hydrocarbon-utilizing yeast.

Selected yeast classified as Candida sake van Uden et Buckley were examined for their physiological, morphological and immunological properties and their DNA relatedness. Candida maltosa Komagata, Nakase et Katsuya is herein recognized as a species separate from C. sake, Candida maltosa was distinguished from C. sake and from C. tropicalis by insignificant DNA reassociation. In addition, C. maltosa was distinguished from C. sake by its higher maximal growth temperature and lower guanine plus cytosine content of its DNA and from C. tropicalis by its failure to utilize soluble starch for growth and its resistance to cycloheximide. The species C. cloacae and C. subtropicalis are placed in synonymy with C. maltosa.     

Characterization of Benzoyl-l-arginine p-Nitroanilide Hydrolase in Rice Embryo

A strain of yeast was isolated from the exudate of a tree at Ishigaki Island near Taiwan. It was found to produce 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid extracellularly as the primary metabolic product of glucose and ethanol metabolism under aerobic conditions. The yeast was identified as Candida sorbosa Hedrick et Burke ex van Uden et Buckley. The acid was produced at a concentration of approximately 10 mg per ml of culture filtrate.     

Studies of the effects of spherulin from Coccidioides immitis on human polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes

The purpose of the present paper is to improve the understanding of the incidence of Candidosis in human infections. 85 species of Candida isolated from deep-seated and superficial Candidosis were studied. Identification was attained using the key of N. van Uden & H. Buckley (22).     

Physiological and DNA characterization of Candida maltosa,a hydrocarbon-utilizing yeast

Selected yeasts classified as Candida sake van Uden et Buckley were examined for their physiological, morphological and immunological properties and their DNA relatedness. Candida maltosa Komagata, Nakase et Katsuya is herein recognized as a species separate from C. sake. Candida maltosa was distinguished from C. sake and from C. tropicalis by insignificant DNA reassociation. In addition, C. maltosa was distinguished from C. sake by its higher maximal growth temperature and lower guanine plus cytosine content of its DNA and from C. tropicalis by its failure to utilize soluble starch for growth and its resistance to cycloheximide. The species C. cloacae and C. subtropicalis are placed in synonymy with C. maltosa.     

Fluconazole-resistant pathogens Candida inconspicua and C. norvegensis: DNA sequence diversity of the rRNA intergenic spacer region, antifungal drug susceptibility, and extracellular enzyme production

The opportunistic fungal pathogens Candida inconspicua and C. norvegensis are very rarely isolated from patients and are resistant to fluconazole. We collected 38 strains of the two microorganisms isolated from Europe and Japan, and compared the polymorphism of the rRNA intergenic spacer (IGS) and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, antifungal drug susceptibility, and extracellular enzyme production as a potential virulence factor. While the IGS sequences of C. norvegensis were not very divergent (more than 96.7% sequence similarity among the strains), those of C. inconspicua showed remarkable diversity, and were divided into four genotypes with three subtypes. In the ITS region, no variation was found in either species. Since the sequence similarity of the two species is approximately 70% at the ITS region, they are closely related phylogenetically. Fluconazole resistance was reconfirmed for the two microorganisms but they were susceptible to micafungin and amphotericin B. No strain of either species secreted aspartyl proteinase or phospholipase B. These results provide basal information for accurate identification, which is of benefit to global molecular epidemiological studies and facilitates our understanding of the medical mycological characteristics of C. inconspicua and C. norvegensis.     

Pichia triangularis sp. nov., the teleomorph of Candida polymorpha Ohara et Nonomura,nom. nud.

The type strain of Candida polymorpha Ohara et Nonomura, nom. nud. was found to produce hat-shaped ascospores. On the basis of its morphology and physiology, it is considered a new species of the genus Pichia and is described as Pichia triangularis sp. nov.     

A phylogenetic study of ubiquinone-7 species of the genus Candida based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence divergence

To clarify phylogenetic relationships among ubiquinone 7 (Q7)-forming species of the genus Candida, we analyzed the nearly complete sequences of 18S ribosomal RNA genes (18S rDNAs) from fifty strains (including 46 type strains) of Candida species, and from 8 type strains of species/varieties of the genera Issatchenkia, Pichia and Saturnispora. Q7-forming Candida species were divided into three major groups (Group I, II, and III) and were phylogenetically distant from a group that includes the type species of the genus Candida. Group I included four clusters with basal branches that were weakly supported. The first cluster comprised C. vartiovaarae, C. maritima, C. utilis, C. freyschussii, C. odintsovae, C. melinii, C. quercuum, Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus, and W. mucosa. The second cluster comprised C. norvegica, C. montana, C. stellimalicola, C. solani, C. berthetii, and C. dendrica. Williopsis pratensis, W. californica, Pichia opuntiae and 2 related species, P. amethionina (two varieties), and P. caribaea were also included in this cluster. The third cluster comprised C. pelliculosa (anamorph of P. anomala), C. nitrativorans, and C. silvicultrix. The fourth cluster comprised C. wickerhamii and C. peltata, which were placed in the P. holstii - C. ernobii clade with Q8-containing species. Group II comprised C. pignaliae, C. nemodendra, C. methanolovescens, C. maris, C. sonorensis, C. pini, C. llanquihuensis, C. cariosilignicola, C. ovalis, C. succiphila (including its two synonyms), C. methanosorbosa, C. nitratophila, C. nanaspora, C. boidinii (including its two synonyms), W. salicorniae, and P. methanolica. Group III was composed of four clusters with strong bootstrap support. The first cluster comprised C. valida (anamorph of P. membranifaciens), C. ethanolica, C. pseudolambica, C. citrea, C. inconspicua, C. norvegensis, C. rugopelliculosa, and C. lambica. Three species and two varieties of the genus Issatchenkia were also included in this cluster. The second cluster comprised C. diversa, C. silvae, 4 Saturnispora species, and P. besseyi. The third comprised C. sorboxylosa, and the fourth comprised C. vini. Based on this 18S rDNA sequence analysis, it is evident that Q7-forming Candida species and the genera Pichia and Williopsis are polyphyletic. The genus Issatchenkia is suggested to be congeneric with the genus Pichia. The genus Saturnispora is phylogenetically definable.     

Phylogenetic relationships among species of Pichia, Issatchenkia and Williopsis determined from multigene sequence analysis, and the proposal of Barnettozyma gen. nov., Lindnera gen. nov. and Wickerhamomyces gen. nov

Relationships among species assigned to the yeast genera Pichia, Issatchenkia and Williopsis , which are characterized by the ubiquinone CoQ-7 and inability to utilize methanol, were phylogenetically analyzed from nucleotide sequence divergence in the genes coding for large and small subunit rRNAs and for translation elongation factor-1α. From this analysis, the species separated into five clades. Species of Issatchenkia are members of the Pichia membranifaciens clade and are proposed for transfer to Pichia . Pichia dryadoides and Pichia quercuum are basal members of the genus Starmera . Williopsis species are dispersed among hat-spored taxa in each of the remaining three clades, which are proposed as the new genera Barnettozyma, Lindnera and Wickerhamomyces . Lineages previously classified as varieties of Pichia kluyveri , ' Issatchenkia ' scutulata, Starmera amethionina and ' Williopsis ' saturnus are elevated to species rank based on sequence comparisons.     

Ascospore formation in yeasts related to Torulopsis candida

Ascospore formation was found in the type strains Torulopsis famata (Harrison) Lodder et Kreger van Rij, T. minor (Pollaci et Nannizi) Lodder and Candida flareri (Ciferri et Redaelli) Langeron et Guerra. The names of these species should be considered as a synonym of Debaryomyces hansenii (Zopf) Lodder et Kreger van Rij.     

Angiopteris blackii van Cittert nom. nov.

The new species name Angiopteris blackii is established for those fossils that earlier were assigned to Angiopteris neglecta van Cittert 1966. This latter species name is illegitimate as it is a later homonym of A. neglecta Ching et Wang 1959.     

Contribution a l'étude des levures des chais- taxonomie,répartition des levures

Résumé Les populations levuriennes de deux chais de Bourgogne sont étudiées sur deux années d'un point de vue taxonomique et biologique. 122 souches se rapportant à 26 espèces, ont été isolées à partir de la voûte et du sol de la cave, sur les madriers supportant les tonneaux, dans la cuve, sur le pressoir et sur les tonneaux. En dehors d'un certain nombre d'espèces classiques dans ce type d'habitat, telles que Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Hansenula anomala et Kloeckera apiculata, nous avons pu mettre en évidence notamment: Debaryomyces hansenii, Torulopsis Candida, Saccharomyces italicus, ainsi qu'un certain nombre d'espèces appartenant aux genres Pichia, Candida et Trichosporon. La répartition qualitative et quantitative des espèces est également étudiée.

---

The yeast populations of two burgundy cellars were studied during two years from a taxonomical and biological point of view. 122 strains distributed among 26 species have been isolated from the vault and ground of the cellar, on the planks supporting the barrels, in the tank, on the winepress and on the barrels. Apart from a number of standard species in this type of habitat such Saccharomy cescerevisiae, Pichia membranaefaciens, Hansenula anomala, Kloeckera apiculata we have encountered the more rare Debaryomyces hansenii, Torulopsis Candida, Saccharomyces italicus as also species of the genus Pichia, Candida, and Trichosporon.

     

Candida easanensis sp. nov., Candida pattaniensis sp. nov. and Candida nakhonratchasimensis sp. nov., three new species of yeasts isolated from insect frass in Thailand

Six strains of anamorphic yeasts isolated from insect frass collected in several regions of Thailand were assigned to the genus Candida based on the conventional taxonomic criteria used for yeast classification. These strains have Q-7 as the major ubiquinone and are suggested to have close relationships to the genus Pichia. Three strains, ST-225, ST-228 and ST-229, have identical nucleotide sequences in the D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA and are closely related to Pichia japonica, but differ by six nucleotides (1.1% ) from this species. These three strains are considered to represent a single new species, which is described as Candida easanensis sp. nov. Two strains, ST-311 and ST-320, have identical sequences in the D1/D2 domain and resemble Pichia veronae and Pichia fabianii but differ from them by nine nucleotides (1.6%) in D1/D2 sequences. The two strains are described as Candida pattaniensis sp. nov. The remaining strain, ST-37, is related to Pichia americana and Pichia bimundalis but differs by six(1.1%) and seven (1.2%) nucleotides from these species, respectively. This strain is described as Candida nakhonratchasimensis sp. nov.     

Serological relationships among some Pichia species.

Antigenic analyses of five species of the genus Pichia were carried out for taxonomic study by the slide agglutination method using monospecific and absorbed antisera and the agglutinin absorption technique. Comparative studies were also performed with a few strains of each of the same species and their classifications are discussed with respect to the antigenic structures and the patterns of proton magnetic resonance (PMR) spectra of their cell wall polysaccharides. ichia delftensis and Pichia zaruensis possessed thermostable antigens 1,2,5 and 11, and the former had also thermoabile antigen m. Both species were closely related to Candida krusei. Pichia toletana possessed thermostable antigens 1,2,5,11,17 and 49. Pichia bovis contained thermostable antigens 1,2,14,15,16,20 and 21, and it was related to most species of the genus Hansenula, although assimilation of potassium nitrate was negative. Finally, Pichia etchellsii possessed thermostable antigens 1,2,3,4,9 and 14, and was closely related to Pichia vini. Patterns of PMR spectra of mannans of these species also supported their serological relationships. Therfore, P. delftensis, P. zaruensis and P. etchellsii are considered to be the synonyms of Pichia fluxuum, Pichia dispora and P. vini respectively, although P. toletanan and P. bovis are independent species.     

中国华甲腹茧蜂属一新种记述(膜翅目:茧蜂科:甲腹茧蜂亚科:愈腹茧蜂族)

本记述采自中国福建省武夷山的茧蜂科Braconidae甲腹茧蜂亚科Cheloninae华甲腹茧蜂属Siniphanerotomella He,Chen et van Achterberg1新种,异唇华甲腹茧蜂Sini phanerotomella disparclypeolus Ji etChen ,sp.nov.。模式标本保存于福建农林大学植保学院益虫研究室。     

Pichia onychis sp.n.

A new yeast species is described:Pichia onychis, isolated from a human nail infection.