共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Alyssa C. Bader Aimée E. Carbaugh Jenny L. Davis Krystiana L. Krupa Ripan S. Malhi 《American journal of physical anthropology》2023,181(4):527-534
In the United States, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) provides a specific framework for the disposition of Native American Ancestral remains within its purview. However, samples such as a bone fragment, tooth, or other biological tissue taken from the remains of these Ancestors have been treated by institutions and researchers as independent of the individual from whom they were removed and used in destructive research such as paleogenomic and other archaeometric analyses without consultation, consent, and collaboration from Native American communities; are not cared for in keeping with the current best practices for Indigenous Ancestors; and are not likely to be repatriated to their communities. Here, we demonstrate that any biological samples removed from Ancestors who are covered under NAGPRA must also be handled according to the stipulations defined for “human remains” within the legislation. As such, we are not proposing a change to existing legislation, but rather best practices, specific to the context of the United States and NAGPRA, relating to the use of and care for biological samples taken from Native American Ancestors. 相似文献
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Michael L. Blakey 《American journal of physical anthropology》2021,175(2):316-325
The mainstream of American physical anthropology began as racist and eugenical science that defended slavery, restricted “non-Nordic” immigration, and justified Jim Crow segregation. After World War II, the field became more anti-racial than anti-racist. It has continued as a study of natural influences on human variation and thus continues to evade the social histories of inequitable biological variation. Also reflecting its occupancy of white space, biological anthropology continues to deny its own racist history and marginalizes the contributions of Blacks. Critical disciplinary history and a shift toward biocultural studies might begin an anti-racist human biology. 相似文献
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Joseph T. Hefner 《American journal of physical anthropology》2018,166(4):994-1004
The development of identification standards in forensic anthropology requires large and appropriate reference samples comprising individuals with modern birth years. Recent advances in macromorphoscopic trait data collection and analysis have created a need for reference data for classification models and biological distance analyses. The Macromorphoscopic Databank (N ～ 7,397) serves that function, making publicly available trait scores for a large sample (n = 2,363) of modern American populations and world‐wide groups of various geographic origins (n = 1,790). In addition, the MaMD stores reference data for a large sample (n = 3,244) of pre‐, proto‐ and historic Amerindian data, useful for biodistance studies and finer‐levels of analysis during NAGPRA‐related investigations and repatriations. In developing this database, particular attention was given to the level of classification needed during the estimation of ancestry in a forensic context. To fill the knowledge gap that currently exists in the analysis of these data, the following overview outlines many of the issues and their potential solutions. Developing valuable tools that are useful to other practitioners is the purpose of growing a databank. As the Macromorphoscopic Databank develops through data collection efforts and contributions from the field, its utility as a research and teaching tool will also mature, in turn creating a vital resource for forensic anthropologists for future generations. 相似文献
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目的 QuickTargSeq全集成法医DNA现场快速检测系统是国内首台自主研制的现场快检仪,可应用于InDel族群推断检测,2 h左右完成“样本进-结果出”的快速自动化InDel分型。本文对InDel族群推断微流控芯片检测体系的性能进行评估,以期为实践应用提供参考。方法 使用InDel族群推断微流控芯片检测体系,对体系的灵敏度、干扰物耐受性、成功率、分型准确率、精确性、准确性、峰平衡性及检材适应性进行验证评估,同时对测试样本的族群来源进行推断。结果 138份样本的全集成检测成功率为95.65%,分型准确率为98.85%;DNA模板量≥5 ng时,可获得完整InDel分型,口腔拭子样本最佳采集次数为口腔内壁左右两侧各刮擦8次,血卡样本最佳检测方式为6片（Φ=2 mm）;所有基因座的平均杂合子峰高比值为0.86;10次运行的等位基因分型标准物（allelic ladder）片段大小标准差均在0.3 bp以内,测试样本等位基因和相应的等位基因分型标准物之间的片段准确性均在0.5 bp以内。结论 该体系可实现对口腔拭子、血卡、唾液卡及烟蒂样本的准确分型,能够准确推断样本的族群来源。 相似文献
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In 1992, Norm Sauer called for a language shift in which practitioners would move away from the socially loaded term “race” and replace it with the less provocative term “ancestry.” While many heeded the call and moved towards ancestry in their research and reports, the actual approach to research and analysis did not change. In response to this change, there was a large growth in ancestry estimation method development in the early decade of the 2000s. However, the practice of ancestry estimation did not adequately incorporate evolutionary theory in interpretation or trait selection and continued with little critical reflection. In the past decade, there has been an increase in ancestry validation methods with little critique of the “race” concept or discussion of modern human variation or reference samples. To advance, forensic anthropologists need to reckon with the practice of ancestry estimation as it is currently practiced. We are calling for another reform in the axiom focusing on evolutionary theory, population history, trait selection, and population-level reference samples. The practice needs to abandon the terms ancestry and race completely and recalibrate to an analysis of population affinity. Population affinity is a statistical approach based on the underlying population structure that would allow the understanding of how microevolutionary forces act in concert with historical events (e.g., colonization, the Transatlantic Slave Trade, etc.) to shape modern human variation. This is not to be confused with geographic ancestry that all too often can be perceived as interchangeable with social race and as an affirmation of the biological concept of race. It is time to critically evaluate the social and scientific implications of the current practice of ancestry estimation, and re-frame our approach to studying and analyzing modern human variation through a population structure approach. 相似文献
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Ricardo Miguel Godinho Célia Gonçalves 《American journal of physical anthropology》2021,176(3):521-527
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Determining the ancestry of unidentified human remains is a major task for bioarchaeologists and forensic anthropologists. Here, we report an assessment of the computer program that has become the main tool for accomplishing this task. Called Fordisc, the program determines ancestry through discriminant function analysis of cranial measurements. We evaluated the utility of Fordisc with 200 specimens of known ancestry. We ran the analyses with and without the test specimen''s source population included in the program''s reference sample, and with and without specifying the sex of the test specimen. We also controlled for the possibility that the number of variables employed affects the program''s ability to attribute ancestry. The results of the analyses suggest that Fordisc''s utility in research and medico-legal contexts is limited. Fordisc will only return a correct ancestry attribution when an unidentified specimen is more or less complete, and belongs to one of the populations represented in the program''s reference samples. Even then Fordisc can be expected to classify no more than 1 per cent of specimens with confidence. 相似文献
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本文基于插入-缺失多态性(insertion-deletion polymorphism,InDel)遗传标记,从相关文献和dbSNP库中筛选出38个在东亚、欧洲、非洲人群中具有等位基因频率差异的祖先来源InDel位点,同时整合Amelogenin位点和Y染色体STR(DYS439)位点,以辅助未知样本的性别鉴定,采用PCR-CE技术构建了可以区分三大洲际人群的单管直接扩增复合检测体系,该体系可与微流控芯片系统相结合,1.7 h内完成DNA样本自动化扩增和电泳分型,利用公共数据库1000Genomes中16个人群1 607名个体的分型数据对筛选的38个InDel位点进行初步评估;同时对构建的38-plex InDels体系的灵敏度、准确性、直接扩增能力进行验证评估;检测5种不同人群的779份样本和215份唾液卡、血卡的直接扩增样本,采用聚类分析和主成分分析方法,评价体系的推断准确性.结果表明该38-plex InDels复合检测体系分型准确,灵敏度达157 pg,能够对唾液卡和血卡直接扩增,可以区分三大洲际人群及其混合人群,能够准确推断待测样本的族群来源、估算祖先成分,且通过集成细胞裂解步骤将有望2h实现\"样本进-结果出\"式快速自动化InDel分型. 相似文献
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Elizabeth A. DiGangi Jonathan D. Bethard 《American journal of physical anthropology》2021,175(2):422-436
Since the professionalization of US-based forensic anthropology in the 1970s, ancestry estimation has been included as a standard part of the biological profile, because practitioners have assumed it necessary to achieve identifications in medicolegal contexts. Simultaneously, forensic anthropologists have not fully considered the racist context of the criminal justice system in the United States related to the treatment of Black, Indigenous, and People of Color; nor have we considered that ancestry estimation might actually hinder identification efforts because of entrenched racial biases. Despite ongoing criticisms from mainstream biological anthropology that ancestry estimation perpetuates race science, forensic anthropologists have continued the practice. Recent years have seen the prolific development of retooled typological approaches with 21st century statistical prowess to include methods for estimating ancestry from cranial morphoscopic traits, despite no evidence that these traits reflect microevolutionary processes or are suitable genetic proxies for population structure; and such approaches have failed to critically evaluate the societal consequences for perpetuating the biological race concept. Around the country, these methods are enculturated in every aspect of the discipline ranging from university classrooms, to the board-certification examination marking the culmination of training, to standard operating procedures adopted by forensic anthropology laboratories. Here, we use critical race theory to interrogate the approaches utilized to estimate ancestry to include a critique of the continued use of morphoscopic traits, and we assert that the practice of ancestry estimation contributes to white supremacy. Based on the lack of scientific support that these traits reflect evolutionary history, and the inability to disentangle skeletal-based ancestry estimates from supporting the biological validity of race, we urge all forensic anthropologists to abolish the practice of ancestry estimation. 相似文献
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Vicente Dressino Hctor M. Pucciarelli 《American journal of physical anthropology》1997,102(4):545-554
Ten male Saimiri sciureus boliviensis (Cebidae), born at the Centro Argentino de Primates (CAPRIM), were grown in captivity. At weaning (6 months old), five individuals were fed ad libitum on a 20% protein diet (controls). The other five animals were fed ad libitum on a 5% protein diet (malnourished). Animals were radiographed monthly. The length, width, and height of the anterior, middle, and posterior components of the neurocranium, and those of the masticatory, respiratory, and optic components of the face were measured. A pattern of high growth rate was observed in both the three facial and the middle neural components. The anterior and posterior neural components showed a pattern of low rate of growth. The growth behavior of each variable was also different. Lengths grew more than widths and heights in the facial components, whereas widths grew more than heights and lengths in the neurocranium. Malnutrition delayed growth in size and altered the normal shape changes. High-patterned variables, such as masticatory and respiratory lengths, and the anterior and middle neural widths were particularly affected. The masticatory and the middle neural components underwent the greatest growth arrest. The optic and the respiratory components suffered a mild effect. The anterior and the posterior neural components were affected to a lesser degree. Am J Phys Anthropol 102:545–554, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
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本文利用Leica M125体视显微镜对1510份样本中右手拇指的皱纹、乳突纹线密度、乳突纹线和小犁沟的宽度、细点线、屈肌褶纹等特征进行测量,通过SPSS软件分析年龄信息特征的相关性,选取其中相关性大的变量进行多元线性回归,并得出推断公式以分析并量化随年龄的增长指纹与年龄相关信息的变化特点及规律。研究结果显示,手印中的皱纹、乳突纹线密度、乳突纹线和小犁沟的宽度、细点线、屈肌褶纹等特征与年龄具有相关性,但利用这些变量构建的多元回归模型拟合优度并不高;皱纹、乳突纹线密度、乳突纹线和小犁沟的宽度、细点线、屈肌褶纹等可作为手印分析年龄的参考和辅助特征。乳突纹线的边缘形态、手印印痕的模糊程度、汗孔等以当前科技手段难以用测量描述特征的年龄信息,在手印分析年龄中或可发挥核心价值,具体还需进一步探究。 相似文献
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Biological anthropologists can contribute a unique perspective as well as technical expertise to the diagnosis and classification of genetic disorders. Anthropometry has been used with increasing frequency to characterize syndromes and to establish ranges of variation within syndromes. The specific anthropometric-radiologic technique of metacarpophalangeal pattern profile analysis has proven useful in discriminating individuals with the Prader-Labhart-Willi (PLW) syndrome from unaffected persons. Analysis of these data also indicate a negative correlation between age and Z-score transformations of individual hand bone lengths. These findings sound a cautionary note to clinical investigators who would use the Z-score transformation to standardize for age and sex. Problems encountered in the classification of genetic syndromes afford many parallels with those faced by anthropologists in the classification of living and fossil populations. The reliance on “key” traits and the necessity of focusing on pedigree analysis results in a deemphasis of the total range of variation and typological thinking. Application of numerical taxonomic techniques to the classification of the heterogeneous connective tissue disease osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) illustrates the heuristic value of this technique and points out the need to consider phenotypic overlap when defining typologies. Clinical genetics affords just one example of an area in medicine where the unique training and generalist perspective of the biological anthropologist is in demand. The decline in the availability of positions in the traditional academic habitat for biological anthropologists makes it imperative that graduate students be aware of alternatives and that they obtain training in the practical skills which such alternatives will demand. 相似文献
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Heather M. Tamminen Andrew L. J. Ford Kate Welham Louise Loe Helen Webb Angela Boyle Martin J. Smith 《American journal of physical anthropology》2023,181(1):96-106
Objectives
The identification and interpretation of skeletal trauma is an important topic in osteoarchaeology, forensic anthropology and palaeosciences. Trauma analysis is a fast-moving sub-discipline with constantly evolving methodological approaches. This paper describes the process of a particular form of fracturing that propagates specifically from the floor of cut marks and proposes new terminology for this subset of fractures.Materials and Methods
This terminological gap was identified during the re-examination of remains from a minimum of 52 decapitated individuals (52 post-cranial and 47 cranial remains) found in a mass grave from the 10th–11th century CE on Ridgeway Hill near Weymouth in Dorset (UK) in 2009. Originally analyzed by Oxford Archaeology Ltd., all individuals in this collection were re-appraised using digital technology to test new techniques for this study.Results
During this investigation, it has become apparent that the length of chop marks can be overestimated during some conventional analysis because the chop transitions into a fracture propagating from the floor of the chop mark.Discussion
To increase awareness of these fractures, the term residual energy dispersal (RED) fractures is proposed as these are distinct from other radiating fractures arising from sharp-blunt-force trauma. The ability to distinguish RED fractures from others has the potential to contribute to the identification of previously unidentified chop marks and to the interpretation of events surrounding an injury. 相似文献19.
P Duboz E Macia N Chapuis-Lucciani G Boëtsch L Gueye 《American journal of physical anthropology》2012,149(2):250-258
This article examines social and environmental influences on the development of hypertension in a sample of 568 adults (290 men; 278 women) aged 20 years and older from Dakar, Senegal. We test the hypothesis that more recent immigrants to the city of Dakar will have lower blood pressure and lower rates of hypertension than those who have lived there longer. Cross‐sectional sociodemographic, anthropometric and blood pressure data were collected during 2009. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 27.1% (95% CI: 25.2–29.0). Hypertension rates were not significantly associated with place of birth; however, length of residence in Dakar was a significant predictor, with those living in the city for less than 10 years having reduced risks of developing hypertension (OR = 0.25; P = 0.003). Other important correlates of blood pressure and hypertension risk in this sample were age and body mass index. These findings suggest that length of exposure to the urban environment—and associated changes in lifestyle—are linked to hypertension. Public health officials should thus pay particular attention to this phenomenon, and future anthropological research should include measures of both environmental and biological characteristics to study hypertension in Senegal. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:250–258, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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本文利用生物电阻抗法对广西京族的体成分进行了测定,初步分析了其体成分形成的原因。研究组于2020年12月在广西壮族自治区东兴市“京族三岛”测定了430例京族成人（男182例,女248例）的16项指标。结果表明,京族男、女性的体质量、总肌肉量、躯干肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢与年龄呈显著负相关。体成分随年龄增长而发生的变化,主要是自然的生理变化和劳动强度下降所致。随着年龄增长,男性的体脂率升高,这主要是躯干脂肪增多造成的。京族男性的体质量、总肌肉量、推定骨量、总能量代谢、水分率、四肢和躯干肌肉量均大于女性,而体脂率、四肢和躯干脂肪率均小于女性。京族男性比女性拥有更大的体质量和更高比例的骨骼肌,这两方面因素再加上劳动强度的差异,可能导致男性肌肉量、骨量、脂肪率等体成分与女性存在差异。总体来看,京族成人身体偏胖,脂肪含量较高,身体含水量基本正常,体成分特征与同为南亚语系或同在沿海地区的其他中国族群并不相似,而相对更接近于中国蒙古族,并且表现在体质量、体脂率、水分率等方面接近。生活环境、社会经济、日常饮食和劳动强度等因素是导致京族成人体质量及体脂率较高的原因。 相似文献