血卟啉衍生物(BHPD)光敏反应的原初过程 Ⅱ.由产生活性氧转变为生成非氧自由基

为了阐明血卟啉衍生物(HPD)的光敏作用机制,本文仍以北京血卟啉衍生物(BHPD)为对象,继前文(Ⅰ)观测到其光敏反应原初过程产生活性氧(~1O_2,O~(?)_2和OH)之后,又利用ESR技术,在一定条件下,观测到由活性氧向生成非氧自由基的转变过程,并且通过几种方法,都证实了非氧自由基BHPD~-阴离子的生成.这表明,BHPD的光敏作用,不仅归因于活性氧,而且还包含着非氧自由基.     

铝酞菁光敏反应中间产物的实验研究

铝酞菁(AISPC)是有潜力用于光动力癌症疗法(PDT)的新光敏剂.本文应用ESR波谱技术,对AISPC光敏反应的中间产物进行实验研究,探讨了重水,β—胡萝卜素、迭氧钠、SOD、细胞色素C、甘露醇及乙醇等活性氧增进或抑制剂对光敏反应的影响.结果表明,(Al-SPC)在水溶液中的光敏反应,除之有~1O_2生成外,还有O_2~-及·OH自由基产生.但以~1O_2.中间产物为主.光敏疗法是一种有希望的肿瘤治疗新方法.但由于光敏剂血卟啉衍生物(HPD)组份复杂、红光吸收太弱等局限性,1985年以来,探寻结构明了、成份稳定、主吸收峰位于红光区(人体绍织透射的最佳波段)的新光敏剂的研究工作不断增多,其中尤以对酞菁类染料的研究较为集中.我组在研究出可溶于水的磺化铝酞菁后,亦已在离体人癌细胞及小鼠移植瘤实验中(待发表)获得杀伤癌细胞、癌组织的功效.随着酞菁染料作为新光敏剂的潜力被挖掘,其反应机制的研究也受到重视,但目前尚不甚明了,且较系统的研究也不多.本文应用ESR波谐技术,可2、2.6、6—四甲基—4羟基哌啶醇为探针,并利用~1O_2,0_2~1·OH消除剂,研究了磺化铝酞菁的光敏反应中间产物,探讨了其可能的反应机制.     

NaN_3血清等对血卟啉衍生物光敏致溶血作用的影响

含有血卟啉衍生物(HPD)的细胞在红光照射后,其光动力学过程的主要产物是一些HPD的自由基和单态氧等。这些极为活泼的物质使膜或其它细胞器上的重要大分子因过氧化而损伤,并进而可引起癌细胞或正常细胞死亡。人血红细胞材料容易得到,其死亡指标(溶血)容易测量,是一个研究光敏作用的良好模型。已有人用红细胞研究原卟啉等光敏机理。本文用人红血球为材料,探讨HPD的光动力学过程,以及某些~1O_2的淬灭剂对这一过程的影响及血清等的保护效应。     

血卟啉衍生物光敏引起NAD(P)H氧化作用研究

血卟啉衍生物(HPD)光敏引起NAD(P)H氧化为中介的luminol化学发光(CL)与多种因素有关,如pH、激光功率密度、照光时间以及luminol、HPD以及底物NAD(P)H浓度等的改变都可引起CL的变化.当NAD(P)H浓度远远大于HPD浓度时,CL强度与HPD浓度成正比关系,这表明化学发光测定可以作为检测HPD光敏反应的指标,而且HPD敏化的NAD(P)H光氧化过程中化学发光的产生是与活性氧物质(ROS)有关的.选择性应用O_2、H_2O_2、OH、~1O_2的专一性清除剂研究ROS及~1O_2在HPD敏化的NAD(P)H氧化过程中的作用,其主要结果如下:(1)NAD(P)H光氧化为中介的lumlnol化学发光在水溶液中受到铜锌超氧化物岐化酶(CuZn-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和甲酸钠(F)的抑制,在D_2O中受到His和Met的抑制.1μg/ml的CuZn-SOD抑制可达84%,但再增加酶量,抑制程度不再增加;CAT的抑制作用也出现类似情况;F的抑制作用较弱,在14—42mM浓度范围内,抑制程度不超过60%.(2)CuZn-SOD对化学发光的抑制作用随照光时间延长而持续下降,而CAT和F的抑制作用却随照光时间延长而有上升的趋势.His和Met在D_2O中的作用比较复杂.(3)观察伴随NAD(P)H光氧化失活时OD_(340)值的变化,发现ROS清除剂在H_2O中对失活有保护作用,而~1O_2猝灭剂His和Met在D_2O中对失活有保护作用.上述清除剂和猝灭剂     

NaN_3血清等对血卟啉衍生物光敏致溶血作用的影响

含有血卟啉衍生物(HPD)的细胞在红光照射后,其光动力学过程的主要产物是一些HPD的自由基和单态氧等。这些极为活泼的物质使膜或其它细胞器上的重要大分子因过氧化而损伤,并进而可引起癌细胞或正常细胞死亡。人血红细胞材料容易得到,其死亡指标(溶血)容易测量,是一个研究光敏作用的良好模型。已有人用红细胞研究原卟啉等光敏机理。本文用人红血球为材料,探讨HPD的光动力学过程,以及某些~1O_2的淬灭剂对这一过程的影响及血清等的保护效应。一、材料与方法 1、HPD:北京制药工业研究所制。NaN_3:国产分析纯,α-生育酚为国产。小牛血清上海     

HPD对人工膜的光敏作用

本文用ESB、荧光和冰冻断裂电子显微镜技术在分子水平上研究了血卟啉衍生物(HPD)作用于人工膜的光敏作用过程,损伤细胞膜的途径以及各种因素的影响.结果表明,HPD光敏作用与羟基·OH有关的动力学过程和靶分子密切相关.光照HPD的主要靶物质是不饱和分子,双键是其重要的进攻部位,由此导致脂质过氧化和膜的破坏.但这并不一定是引起膜损伤的唯一途径.HPD光敏作用也可破坏靶分子的空间排列或构象,从而导致膜结构的无序和损伤.牛血清白蛋白可以加强HPD的光敏作用.此外,HPD的光敏作用还受温度,光照时间、HPD和靶物质的浓度等因素的影响.     

血卟啉衍生物的生物学作用与制备

一、血卟啉衍生物是一种诊治癌瘤的光敏物质早在本世纪初,人们在研究血卟啉衍生物(Hematoporphyrin derjrative,简写 HPD)的光动力学过程时就发现其对人和哺乳动物癌瘤的光敏治疗作用。近年来,随着激光技术的发展,利用血卟啉加激光诊治癌瘤,在世界各国得到了广泛的应用。我国学者也在进行大量研究,还组织过攻关组来协调这方面的工作。HPD 光敏诊治癌瘤具有安全、简便、诊断率高,治疗效果好,对正常组织损伤少等优点,是一种很有前途的诊治癌瘤方法。     

血卟啉衍生物——光敏疗法治疗皮肤恶性肿瘤

血卟啉衍生物(Hematopor phyrinderivatives-Hpd)和激光相结合用以诊断和治疗恶性肿瘤,是当前国际上积极开发的新技术。光敏方法是把光敏药物注入人体后,用一定波长的光去敏化药物,产生光动力学反应,借以确定肿瘤的部位和杀灭癌细胞以达到治疗恶性肿瘤的目的。     

竹红菌乙素对小鼠腹水型肝癌细胞的光敏杀伤作用

研究了竹红菌乙素(以下简称乙素,HB)对小鼠腹水型肝癌细胞(AH)的杀伤作用,并初步解释了其杀伤机理。实验证明乙素对AH细胞杀伤与乙素浓度的平方根成正比。乙素杀伤细胞的能力与竹红菌甲素(以下简称甲素,HA)相等,比血卟啉强,但比原卟啉弱,电镜观察可见:损伤细胞的膜失去连续结构,线粒体,内质网等细胞器变形,最终导致细胞空泡化。此外,细胞变形,表面微绒毛精细结构丧失,也是光敏损伤的主要特征。造成细胞死亡的原因包括~1O,O_2~-和·OH在内的活性氧,而·OH主要由O_2~-转换而来。     

血卟啉衍生物——组蛋白系统照光后光动力学效应的观察:一种新荧光物质的生成

血卟啉衍生物(Hpd)和组蛋白经照光产生一种新荧光物质.其发射波长为460nm,激发波长为370nm.当照光在43℃高温情况下进行时,高温对Hpd的光动力学效应有协同作用.用牛血清白蛋白、血红蛋白,核糖核酸酶、胰蛋白酶及培养的中国仓鼠细胞代替组蛋白均能生成新荧光物质.而所测试的半胱氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸及组氨酸中.唯有组氨酸可产生相似的荧光物质.这种荧光物质推测是Hpd与组蛋白中组氨酸所形成的一种加成物.形成新荧光物质的光化学反应机制主要是单线态氧(~1O_2)的氧化作用.     

Production of singlet oxygen-derived hydroxyl radical adducts during merocyanine-540-mediated photosensitization: analysis by ESR-spin trapping and HPLC with electrochemical detection.

Activated oxygen species produced during merocyanine 540 (MC540)-mediated photosensitization have been examined by electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping and by trapping reactive intermediates with salicylic acid using HPLC with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) for product analysis. Visible light irradiation of MC540 associated with dilauroylphosphatidylcholine liposomes in the presence of the spin trap, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) gave an ESR spectrum characteristic of the DMPO-hydroxyl radical spin adduct (DMPO/.OH). Addition of ethanol or methanol produced additional hyperfine splittings due to the respective hydroxyalkyl radical adducts, indicating the presence of free.OH.DMPO/.OH formation was not significantly inhibited by Desferal, catalase, or superoxide dismutase (SOD). Production of DMPO/.OH was strongly inhibited by azide and enhanced in samples prepared with deuterated phosphate buffer (PB-D2O), suggesting that singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) was an important intermediate. When MC540-treated liposomes were irradiated in the presence of salicylic acid (SA), HPLC-EC analysis indicated almost exclusive formation of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), with production of very little 2,3-DHBA, in contrast to .OH generated by uv photolysis of H2O2, which gave nearly equimolar amounts of the two products. 2,5-DHBA production was enhanced in PB-D2O and inhibited by azide, again consistent with 1O2 intermediacy. 2,5-DHBA formation was significantly reduced in samples saturated with N2 or argon, and such samples showed no D2O enhancement. Ethanol had no effect on 2,5-DHBA production, even when present in large excess. Catalase and SOD also had no effect, and only a small inhibition was observed with Desferal. DMPO inhibited 2,5-DHBA production in a concentration-dependent fashion and enhanced formation of 2,3-DHBA. We propose that 1O2 reacts with DMPO to give an intermediate which decays to form DMPO/.OH and free.OH, and that the reaction between 1O2 and SA preferentially forms the 2,5-DHBA isomer. This latter process may provide the basis for a sensitive analytical method to detect 1O2 intermediacy. Singlet oxygen appears to be the principle activated oxygen species produced during MC540-mediated photosensitization.     

Activated radical species of oxygen

Oxygen free radicals are often formed during photosensitization processes. Kinetic and thermodynamical characteristics are briefly described for OH and O2-. radicals.     

Tween-80胶束对苝醌类光敏剂基态和激发态的保护作用

用Tween-80非离子型胶束增溶竹红菌甲素、乙素(HA、HB)及金丝桃蒽酮(HYP)等苝醌类光敏剂,发现该胶束对HA的基态和激发态都有保护作用.相对于含水有机体系,HA在胶束中基态的pKa值升高,荧光量子产率增大,光敏反应产生的活性中间体1O2和·0H的产额增加,从而提高了其光敏活性,这在光敏损伤作用中具有重要的生物学意义.实验还发现,Tween-80胶束对HB及HYP的保护作用与HA类似,而且保护作用与苝醌的结构有关,这对筛选光敏剂作为光疗药物具有指导作用.     

Studying dynamic process of photosensitization by ESR method

By kinetic methods, functional relation of TAN radical, produced in the process of TEMPONE trapping O2, vs. time during photosensitization was established. Accordingly relative rate constants of generating all kinds of active intermediates through types I and II mechanism of photosensitization can be calculated. Using the formula and experimental results, the relative rate constants of generating O2, O2 and PS2 of three kinds of perylenequinone photosensitizer: HA, HB and CP in DMF-H20 and DMSO-H2O system were calculated, and then the structure-activity relationship of perylenequinone photosensitizer and the relation between photosensitivity and solvent was studied.     

Effects of Strong Light and Active Oxygen on Photosynthesis in Soybean

With the use of chlorophyll fluorescence technique, it was found that the net photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate decreased after strong light (2 000 μmol· m-2·2-1 ) treatment for two hours in soybean ( Glycine max L. ) leaves. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm, ФPSII, qp and qN decreased along with the increase of light intensity. In strong light, exogenous active oxygen H202、·OH and 'O2 were harmful to soybean leaves. The destruction of 'O2 and·OH to leaves was most evident, as was shown that Fv/Fm and PS H decreased significantly. The antioxidants DABCO, mannitol, ascorbate and histidine protected the leaves, but weakly, from strong light. In darkness, the SOD inhibitor sodium diethyldithiocar- bamate (DDC) had no significant effect on Fm/Fo and Fv/Fm, but NAN,, the ascorbate peroxidase (APX)inhibitor, significantly decreased Fm/Fo, Fv/Fm and ФPS II. In strong light, however, beth DDC and NaN3 reduced the above-mentioned fluorescence parameters, but NaN3 was more effective than DDC. The results suggested that photoinhibition did take place in soybean leaves under strong light, and it was related to active oxygen in vivo.     

Activated oxygen species produced by photoexcited furocoumarin derivatives

Furocoumarin derivatives (FCD) are investigated in order to determine their ability to photosensitize the production of activated oxygen species. Using the method based on the specific singlet oxygen (1O2) oxydation of cholesterol, all FCD except bergaten appeared to be able to produce 1O2 with various efficiencies. EPR spin trapping experiments show that photoexcited FCD produce hydroxyl radicals as detected by the formation of a DMPO-OH signal which can be abolished when the photosensitization reaction is carried out in the presence of specific OH scavengers. Moreover, the photo-ejection of hydrated electron (e-) by FCD is demonstrated by the loss of paramagnetic absorption of nitroxide free radicals as e- trap.     

巴氏碳球C_（60）对红细胞膜的光敏作用研究

用人红细胞膜作实验材料,研究了巴氏碳球Ｃ_（６０）对红细胞膜的光敏作用。结果发现,Ｃ_（６０）光激发后对膜蛋白质几种重要氨基酸有明显破坏作用,并氧化膜蛋白巯基和膜不饱和脂肪酸,采用ＮａＮ３和ＳＯＤ作抑制剂探明了Ｃ_（６０）的光敏作用存在氧自由基的影响,并在Ｃ_（６０）光激发后的电子顺磁共振（ＥＳＲ）研究中得到进一步证实。     

The hows and whys of aerobic H2 metabolism

The bacterial [NiFe]-hydrogenases have been classified as either 'standard' or 'O2-tolerant' based on their ability to function in the presence of O2. Typically, these enzymes contain four redox-active metal centers: a Ni-Fe-CO-2CN- active site and three electron-transferring Fe-S clusters. Recent research suggests that, rather than differences at the catalytic active site, it is a novel Fe-S cluster electron transfer (ET) relay that controls how [NiFe]-hydrogenases recover from O2 attack. In light of recent structural data and mutagenic studies this article reviews the molecular mechanism of O2-tolerance in [NiFe]-hydrogenases and discusses the biosynthesis of the unique Fe-S relay.