血影膜及脂质体的融合及其与膜流动性的关系

本文采用Tb/DPA荧光方法研究了血影膜及磷脂酰丝氨酸脂质体在不同Ca~(2 )浓度诱导下的融合动力学过程,并通过改变温度研究了血影膜、PS脂质体的融合与膜流动性的关系.血影膜、PS脂质体的最大融合程度在一定范围内随膜流动性增加而增大,超出此范围则随膜流动增加而减小.对此结果进行了讨论.     

膜融合剂对脂质体及血影膜膜流动性的影响

本文用荧光探针ANS,DPH与A研究了几种膜融合剂对脂质体与血影膜流动性的影响.蔗糖使PS脂质体的脂双层流动性降低,探针越是在极性区流动性越小,说明蔗糖主要作用于脂双层的极性区;蔗糖也使血影膜流动性降低,此作用是可逆的.油酸甘油脂(GMO)使PS脂质体的流动性增加,且越是在疏水区内部,流动性增加得越大,说明GMO主要是作用于脂双层的非极性区:GMO也使血影膜流动性增加,此作用是不可逆的.二甲亚砜(DMSO)对血影膜的作用,两种不同荧光探针不一样,对DPH的作用出现双相让,低浓度与高浓度的作用结果分别与蔗糖和GMO的作用一致.     

磷脂酶C诱导膜融合的初步研究

用光散射、电镜和荧光共振能量转移技术研究了ＰＬＣ诱导两种单一膜脂组分的模型膜即二油酸磷脂酰胆碱（ＤＯＰＣ：ｄｉｏｌｅｏｙｌｐｈａｐｈｅｔｉｄｙｌｃｈｏｌｉｎｅ）脂质体和二豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱（ＤＭＰＣ：ｄｉｍｙｒｉｓｔｏｙｌｐｈｏｐｈａｔｉｄｙｌｃｈｅｌｏｎｅ）脂质体膜融合的可能性。结果表明：ＰＬＣ可以引起ＤＯＰＣ脂质体的融合。在相同的条件下,未见到ＤＭＰＣ脂质体的融合。这就首次证明了ＰＬＣ诱导单一组分脂质体融合的可能性。结果还表明：ＰＬＣ诱导脂质体膜融合的可能性大小与膜脂结构有关。用大鼠血影膜、人红细胞膜、大鼠巨噬细胞膜和大花萱草花瓣原生质体膜等天然生物膜作为材料,研究了磷脂酶Ｃ（ＰＬＣ：ｐｂｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐａｓｅＣ）诱导上述各种天然膜融合的可能性,均未观察到膜融合现象。提示ＰＬＣ不易诱导天然细胞膜的融合。     

几种二价阳离子及表面活性剂对元麦叶原生质体电泳率的影响(简报)

原生质体电泳率的研究已应用于了解质膜表面的电荷特性。Ca~( )能影响原生质体质膜表面的电荷状况,在诱导融合时起重要作用。关于二价阳离子对质膜功能的影响,Caldwell报道了Ca~( )、Mg~( )、Mn~( )等多种二价阳离子对质膜ATP酶不同的激活效应。此外,Helenius等指出表面活性剂能改变膜的结构,并与膜脂作用而引起溶胞。为进一步了解不同的二价阳离子对质膜电荷特性的影响,及表面活性剂在改变膜结构这一复杂过程中对质膜电性影响的状况,我们报道Ca~( )、Mg~( )、Mn~( )等二价阳离子及几种表面活性剂对原生质体电泳率影响的结果。     

配体与受体相互作用诱导的膜蛋白构象变化WGA与GPA作用对膜蛋白构象的影响

用ＦＴＩＲ、ＣＤ、微量ＤＳＣ和ＳＴＭ、ＡＦＭ等研究重组脂质体,血影和完整红细胞在配体与膜受体相互作用下膜蛋白构象改变以及纳米水平上膜表面蛋白的形貌、结果表明ＷＧＡ可诱导重组脂质体膜、血影膜和完整红细胞膜蛋白发生一定的不同的构象变化,红细胞及其膜的热力学行为变更,以及红细胞膜表面蛋白的可能交联。     

配体与受体相互作用诱导的膜蛋白构象变化WGA与GPA作用对膜蛋白构象的影响

用ＦＴＩＲ、ＣＤ、微量ＤＳＣ和ＳＴＭ、ＡＦＭ等研究重组脂质体、血影和完整红细胞在配体（ＷＧＡ）与膜受体（ＧＰＡ）相互作用下膜蛋白构象改变以及纳米水平上膜表面蛋白的形貌。结果表明ＷＧＡ可诱导重组脂质体膜、血影膜和完整红细胞膜蛋白发生一定的不同的构象变化、红细胞及其膜的热力学行为变更,以及红细胞膜表面蛋白的可能交联。     

脂类也能形成螺旋状结构

北京医学院生物物理教研室林克椿教授1981年在美国Stanford大学工作期间,发现在Ca~(2+)的作用下,硷性磷脂(心磷脂,CL)和磷脂酰胆硷(PC)的混合物可形成折叠紧凑的单螺旋状和双螺旋状脂质体;并提出用Ca~(2+)促进的膜与膜之间接触解释此现象。作者将含有克分子比为37:63的CL和二肉蔻酰磷脂酰胆硷(DMPC)双相混合物的氯仿-甲醇溶液蒸发干燥,然后加磷酸缓冲液(PBS)振荡温育,将此溶液滴在载玻片上,用光学显微镜检查,除一般常见的球形脂质体以外,还见到引人注目的管状脂质体。从盖玻片的一侧加入CaCl_2溶液,则Ca~(2+)逐渐通过溶液扩散,这时长管状脂质体可有几种表现:多数在Ca~(2+)作用下收缩成一团;有时形成单螺旋,即管状脂质     

脱水在聚乙二醇诱导膜融合中的作用

随着各种诱导膜融合的因子相继发现,人们建立了各种膜融合的模型.我们通过对聚乙二醇PEG诱导脂质体融合的分析,认为膜融合的关键在于脱去膜表面的结合水,而其它作用诸如膜脂缺陷.膜脂分相以及脂多型性等尽管是不同膜体系中直接观察到的膜融合形式,都是膜脱去结合水带来的必然结果.膜表面结合水的排除是前因,本文着重讨论脱水及脱水后膜脂结构的一系列变化.     

Ca~(2+)通过膜脂影响肌质网Ca~(2+)-ATP酶的活性与Ca~(2+)转运功能

重建在大豆磷脂脂质体上的兔骨骼肌肌质网Ca~(2+)—ATP酶在ATP驱动下可将溶液中的Ca~(2+)转运到脂酶体内部;外加EGTA则可除去脂酶体外部的Ca~(2+),由此可得到四种含Ca~(2+)状态不同的脂酶体:(1)内、外都无Ca~(2+);(2)仅外部有Ca~(2+);(3)内、外都有Ca~(2+);(4),仅内部有Ca~(2+).用DPH和AS系列萤光探针对这四种含Ca~+状态不同的脂酶体的膜脂流动性进行了测定,结果表明:脂酶体外部加入Ca~(2+),脂双层外表面的流动性降低.当Ca~(2+)进入脂酶体内部后,内表面膜脂的流动性也降低,而且外层膜脂流动性进一步降低.脂酶体内、外的Ca~(2+)含量不同时,Ca~(2+)—ATP酶功能状态也不同.转运到脂酶体内部的ca~(2+)积累到一定浓度后,通过Ca~(2+)泵向内转运的Ca~(2+)及Ca~(2+)—ATP酶活力都受到了抑制.转运进行到第四分钟时的酶活只有第一分钟的9%.但在相同的实验条件下,失去了完整的膜结构的纯化的Ca~(2+)—ATP酶蛋白没有被抑制.这提示完整的膜结构是这种抑制作用所必需的,而且膜两侧Ca~(2+)浓度的梯差可通过影响膜脂来调节Ca~(2+)—ATP酶的功能.     

小麦根和叶细胞质膜Ca^2＋—ATPase性质的比较

比较了小麦(Triticum aestivum L.cv.Longchun No.13)根和叶细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase的性质,并结合二者所处的环境和功能方面的差异进行了分析。结果表明:根细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase在一个较宽的pH范围内有高活性,最适反应温度为45℃;叶细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase只在一个较窄的pH范围内有高活性,最适反应温度为50℃。根细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase对ATP的Hill系数为1.6,具有明显的正协同作用;叶细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase对ATP的Hill系数为1.0,符合米氏动力学类型。两种器官的细胞质膜Ca~(2 )-ATPase受Ca~(2 )激活的Hill系数都小于1,都具有负协同作用。钙调素对酶活性有激活作用,而Mg~(2 )则有抑制作用。     

Spermine as a modulator of membrane fusion: interactions with acidic phospholipids

The interaction of spermine with acidic phospholipids was investigated for its possible relevance to membrane fusion. Equilibrium dialysis was used to measure the binding of spermine and calcium to large unilamellar vesicles (liposomes) of phosphatidate (PA) or phosphatidylserine (PS). Spermine bound to isolated PA and PS liposomes with intrinsic association constants of approximately 2 and 0.2 M-1, respectively. Above the aggregation threshold of the liposomes, the binding of spermine increased dramatically, especially for PA. The increased binding upon aggregation of PA liposomes was interpreted as evidence for the formation of a new binding complex after aggregation. Spermine enhanced calcium binding to PA, while it inhibited calcium binding to PS, under the same conditions. This difference explained the small effect of spermine on the overall rate of calcium-induced fusion of PS liposomes as opposed to the large effect on PA liposomes. The rate increase could be modeled by a spermine-induced increase in the liposome aggregation rate. The preference for binding of spermine to PA over PS suggested a preference for accessible monoesterified phosphate groups by spermine. This preference was confirmed by the large effects of spermine on aggregation and overall fusion rates of liposomes containing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate. The large spermine effects on these liposomes compared with phosphatidate- or phosphatidylinositol-containing liposomes suggested that spermine has a strong specific interaction with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate. Clearly, phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol can lead to a large change in the spermine sensitivity of membrane fusion.     

Polyamines as modulators of membrane fusion: aggregation and fusion of liposomes

We have studied the effect of the polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine) on the aggregation and fusion of large (approximately 100 nm in diameter) unilamellar liposomes in the presence of 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.4. Liposome fusion was monitored by the Tb/dipicolinic acid fluorescence assay for the intermixing of internal aqueous contents, and the release of contents was followed by carboxyfluorescein fluorescence. Spermine and spermidine at physiological concentrations aggregated liposomes composed of pure phosphatidylserine (PS) or phosphatidate (PA) and mixtures of PA with phosphatidylcholine (PC) but did not induce any fusion. However, liposomes composed of mixtures of acidic phospholipids, cholesterol, and a high mole fraction of phosphatidylethanolamine could be induced to fuse by spermine and spermidine in the absence of divalent cations. Putrescine alone in the physiological concentration range was ineffective for both aggregation and fusion of these liposomes. Liposomes made of pure PC did not aggregate in the presence of polyamines. Addition of aggregating concentrations of spermine caused a drastic increase in the rate of Ca(2+)-induced fusion of PA liposomes and a large decrease in the threshold Ca(2+) concentration required for fusion. This effect was less pronounced in the case of PS or PA/PC vesicles. Preincubation of PA vesicles with spermine before the addition of Ca(2+) resulted in a 30-fold increase in the initial rate of fusion. We propose that polyamines may be involved in the regulation of membrane fusion phenomena accompanying cell growth, cell division, exocytosis, and fertilization.     

Central Asian cobra venom cytotoxins-induced aggregation, permeability and fusion of liposomes

The processes of membrane aggregation, permeability and fusion induced by cytotoxins from Central Asian cobra venom were investigated by studying optical density of liposome samples, permeability of liposome membranes for ferricyanide anions and exchange of lipid material between the membranes of adjacent liposomes. Cytotoxins Vc5 and Vc1 were found to induce aggregation of PC + CL and PC + PS liposomes. Cytotoxin Vc5 increased also the permeability of the liposomes for K3[Fe(CN)6] and enhanced their fusion. Cytotoxin Vc1 increased membrane permeability and enhanced fusion of PC + CL samples only. The changes in membrane permeability and fusion were found to occur within a single value of cytotoxin concentrations. The fusogenic properties of the cytotoxins studied are supposed to be due to the ability to dehydrate membrane surface and to destabilize the lipid bilayer structure. Fusion probability is largely defined by the phospholipid composition of the membranes. A model of interaction of cytotoxins with cardiolipin-containing membranes is offered.     

In vitro fusion of lung lamellar bodies and plasma membrane is augmented by lung synexin.

Lamellar bodies of lung epithelial type II cells undergo fusion with plasma membrane prior to exocytosis of surfactant into the alveolar lumen. Since synexin from adrenal glands promotes aggregation and fusion of chromaffin granules, we purified synexin-like proteins from bovine lung cytosolic fraction, and evaluated their effect on the fusion of isolated lamellar bodies and plasma membrane fractions. Synexin activity, which co-purified with an approx. 47 kDa protein (pI 6.8), was assessed by following calcium-dependent aggregation of liposomes prepared from a mixture of phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylserine (PC:PS, 3:1, mol/mol). Lung synexin caused aggregation of liposomes approximating lung surfactant lipid-like composition, isolated lamellar bodies, or isolated plasma membrane fraction. Lung synexin promoted fusion only in the presence of calcium. It augmented fusion between lamellar bodies and plasma membranes, lamellar bodies and liposomes, or between two populations of liposomes. However, selectivity with regard to synexin-mediated fusion was observed as synexin did not promote fusion between plasma membrane and liposomes, or between liposomes of surfactant lipid-like composition and other liposomes. These observations support a role for lung synexin in membrane fusion between the plasma membrane and lamellar bodies during exocytosis of lung surfactant, and suggest that such fusion is dependent on composition of interacting membranes.     

Spermine: an anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent.

This work demonstrates that spermine is a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. It is found that: (1) Spermine inhibits the cytochrome C reduction initiated by FMLP- or PMA-stimulated human granulocytes. (2) Spermine inhibits the Fe(III)/xanthine oxidase stimulated lipid peroxidation of brain phospholipid liposomes. The antioxidative effect disappears at high Fe(III) concentrations. (3) Spermine forms a complex with Fe(II). (4) Spermine inhibits the Fe(II)-induced depolymerization of hyaluronic acid, and EDTA abolishes this effect. (5) Spermine or spermine-Fe(II) has no superoxide mimetic effect. These findings suggest that spermine has at least two antioxidative mechanisms of action: (I) Spermine inhibits the generation of the transport of superoxide radicals from stimulated granulocytes, and (II) Spermine inhibits the Haber-Weiss reaction by forming an unreactive chelate with Fe. Spermine thus prevents generation of destructive hydroxyl radicals.     

Fusogenic capacities of divalent cations and effect of liposome size

The initial kinetics of divalent cation (Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+) induced fusion of phosphatidylserine (PS) liposomes, LUV, is examined to obtain the fusion rate constant, f11, for two apposed liposomes as a function of bound divalent cation. The aggregation of dimers is rendered very rapid by having Mg2+ in the electrolyte, so that their subsequent fusion is rate limiting to the overall reaction. In this way the fusion kinetics are observed directly. The bound Mg2+, which by itself is unable to induce the PS LUV to fuse, is shown to affect only the aggregation kinetics when the other divalent cations are present. There is a threshold amount of bound divalent cation below which the fusion rate constant f11 is small and above which it rapidly increases with bound divalent cation. These threshold amounts increase in the sequence Ca2+ less than Ba2+ less than Sr2+, which is the same as found previously for sonicated PS liposomes, SUV. While Mg2+ cannot induce fusion of the LUV and much more bound Sr2+ is required to reach the fusion threshold, for Ca2+ and Ba2+ the threshold is the same for PS SUV and LUV. The fusion rate constant for PS liposomes clearly depends upon the amount and identity of bound divalent cation and the size of the liposomes. However, for Ca2+ and Ba2+, this size dependence manifests itself only in the rate of increase of f11 with bound divalent cation, rather than in any greater intrinsic instability of the PS SUV. The destabilization of PS LUV by Mn2+ and Ni2+ is shown to be qualitatively distinct from that induced by the alkaline earth metals.     

Effect of spermine on the activity of synaptosomal plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase reconstituted in neutral or acidic phospholipids

The activity of purified plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase (PMCA) from pig brain was inhibited by spermine (a naturally occurring and highly abundant polycation in brain). The level of inhibition was dependent on the phospholipid used for reconstitution as well as on the intact or truncated state of the enzyme. An IC(50) value of 12.5 mM spermine was obtained for both, the intact protein plus calmodulin and the trypsin-digested protein, reconstituted in phosphatidylcholine (PC). In the absence of calmodulin the intact Ca(2+)-ATPase gave an IC(50) of 27 mM. This form was more sensitive to spermine inhibition when it was reconstituted with phosphatidylserine (PS), showing an IC(50) value of 2.5 mM spermine. However, the truncated form was less responsive to spermine inhibition, having an IC(50) value of 12.5 mM. Spermine has no effect on the affinity of the PMCA for Ca(2+) or ATP, but its effect on the protein is pH-dependent. It is suggested that spermine could bind to negatively charged residues on the ATPase with different accessibility, depending on the structural rearrangement of the protein. Further, when the protein is reconstituted in PS, spermine also binds to the lipid.