Effects of drug relief hospital-based AIDS educational methods on drug users

The objective of this study is to explore a potentially effective training method for the hospital professionals to educate drug users and to enhance their knowledge of HIV infection. One hundred and sixty one subjects, who came from 13 different provinces and were admitted in a drug relief hospital in Beijing, were recruited for this study. The average age of these subjects was 35.21 +/- 6.24 year old. The average numbers of years for drug addiction were 7 years, and the average numbers of drug relief treatment received in the past was 5.5 times. The level of AIDS knowledge of these subjects, including pathogenic factors, source of infection, route of transmission and preventive measures, were evaluated before and after receiving the AIDS educational training to these drug users. Our results showed that there was a statistically significant increase (P<0.01) in the knowledge of HIV infection and prevention among these subjects. Positive attitude and behavioral tendencies toward HIV prevention were also improved. Therefore, it is imperative for the medical professionals to incorporate AIDS education into drug relief treatment to achieve the maximum effect on the knowledge of AIDS and improvement of positive attitudes and behaviors toward HIV prevention among drug users.     

Injection drug use and HIV/AIDS transmission in China

INTRODUCTION Although sexual transmission accounts for most of the AIDS epidemic globally, HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users (IDUs) is a growing problem worldwide. First de- tected in China in 1989 among drug abusers on the Yunnan border, HIV/AIDS subse…     

Injection drug use and HIV/AIDS transmission in China

After nearly three decades of being virtually drug free, use of heroin and other illicit drugs has re-emerged in China as a major public health problem. One result is that drug abuse, particularly heroin injection, has come to play a predominant role in fueling China‘s AIDS epidemic. The first outbreak of HIV among China‘s IDUs was reported in the border area of Yunnan province between China and Myanmar where drug trafficking is heavy. Since then drug-related HIV has spread to all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. This paper provides an overview to HIV/AIDS transmission through injection drug use in China. It begins with a brief history of the illicit drug trade in China, followed by a discussion of the emergence of drug related AIDS, and a profile of drug users and their sexual partners who have contracted the virus or who are vulnerable to infection. It ends by summarizing three national strategies being used by China to address both drug use and AIDS as major health threats.     

Effects of public health educational campaigns and the role of sex workers on the spread of HIV/AIDS among heterosexuals

This paper presents a sex-structured model for heterosexual transmission of HIV/AIDS in which the population is divided into three subgroups: susceptibles, infectives and AIDS cases. The subgroups are further divided into two classes, consisting of individuals involved in high-risk sexual activities and individuals involved in low-risk sexual activities. The model considers the movement of individuals from high to low sexual activity groups as a result of public health educational campaigns. Thus, in this case public health educational campaigns are resulting in the split of the population into risk groups. The equilibrium and epidemic threshold, which is known as the basic reproductive number (R0), are obtained, and stability (local and global) of the disease-free equilibrium is investigated. The model is extended to incorporate sex workers, and their role in the spread of HIV/AIDS in settings with heterosexual transmission is explored. Comprehensive analytic and numerical techniques are employed in assessing the possible community benefits of public health educational campaigns in controlling HIV/AIDS. From the study, we conclude that the presence of sex workers enlarges the epidemic threshold R0, thus fuels the epidemic among the heterosexuals, and that public health educational campaigns among the high-risk heterosexual population reduces R0, thus can help slow or eradicate the epidemic.     

Molecular dynamics studies on HIV-1 protease drug resistance and folding pathways

Drug resistance to HIV-1 protease involves the accumulation of multiple mutations in the protein. We investigate the role of these mutations by using molecular dynamics simulations that exploit the influence of the native-state topology in the folding process. Our calculations show that sites contributing to phenotypic resistance of FDA-approved drugs are among the most sensitive positions for the stability of partially folded states and should play a relevant role in the folding process. Furthermore, associations between amino acid sites mutating under drug treatment are shown to be statistically correlated. The striking correlation between clinical data and our calculations suggest a novel approach to the design of drugs tailored to bind regions crucial not only for protein function, but for folding as well.     

Effects of membrane lipid and fluidity modifications on HIV-1 infectibility of primate lymphocytesin vitro

Although most non-human primates, except the chimpanzee and the gibbonin vivo are not infectible by HIV-1, lymphocytes of several of these species can be infected by HIV-1in vitro.In order to investigate whether thein vitro infectibility of primate lymphocytes might be attributed to plasma membrane adaptation processes or to serum factors, we compared HIV-1 infectibility of cultivated peripheral blood lymphocytes of macaques and of baboons on day one and on day ten of cultivation. These data were correlated to plasma membrane lipid composition and membrane fluidity.We found a correlation between increased HIV-1in vitro infectibility and changes in plasma membrane lipid composition resulting in decreased membrane fluidity of cultured primate lymphocytes.     

Update on the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection

DIAGNOSIS OF HIV-1 INFECTION The diagnosis of HIV infection is most commonly ac- complished using tests to detect antibody to HIV using a screening test, followed by a supplemental test for confirmation. However, in many countries, including China, screen…     

Update on the laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of HIV infection

In China, the estimated number of HIV infected cases is approaching one million. Although public education has been initiated for awareness and behavioral modification for this devastating infection, better diagnostic methods are needed to identify infected persons and manage infection. Simple and more accurate diagnostic tools have become available,particularly for early detection and to monitor treatment in those who receive anti-retroviral treatment. In this short review, we summarize some of the common and new methodologies that can be used in clinical laboratories, in the field,or in private laboratories. These range from simple antibody tests to more sophistical methods that are used to monitor disease progression and identify drug resistance. These tools can assist physicians, medical practitioners, and laboratory personnel to select suitable diagnostic tools for the diagnosis, blood screening, monitoring of disease progression, and for detection of drug resistance to anti-retroviral therapies.     

The effect of new drug approvals on HIV mortality in the US, 1987–1998

After increasing steadily from 1987 to 1995, the number of US deaths caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) declined sharply from 1995 to 1998. We analyse aggregate data to consider the hypothesis that this decline was due to a rapid increase in the number of drugs available to treat HIV. The evidence suggests that new drugs played a key role in the post-1995 decline in HIV mortality. The annual number of HIV deaths is estimated to have been reduced by over 6000, on average, by an additional HIV drug approval. The social return to HIV drug innovation appears to be extremely large.     

动静态水环境下不同种植方式对苦草生长的影响

设置扦插法、纱布包裹法、布袋覆土法3种种植方式,研究苦草（Vallisneria natans（Lour.）Hara）在静态水环境下和水体受到持续扰动的动态条件下不同种植方式对植株生长的影响。结果显示,不同种植方式下苦草的生长差异明显。在苦草形态特征方面,布袋覆土法种植方式下苦草的平均株高和叶宽明显高于扦插法和纱布包裹法,但是其分株数和平均根长小于扦插法和纱布包裹法;在苦草的生物量和地下与地上部分之比方面,布袋覆土法种植方式下苦草的地上、地下部分生物量和总生物量明显大于扦插法和纱布包裹法,但是其地下与地上部分生物量之比小于其他2种方法;在苦草叶片叶绿素a含量方面,布袋覆土法明显高于扦插法和纱布包裹法。动静态水环境只对苦草的分株数有显著差异,静态水环境下分株数大于动态水环境,对其他指标无显著影响。研究结果表明动、静态水环境和不同种植方式对苦草的生长具有显著的影响,布袋覆土法种植方式下单株苦草生长最好;静态水环境下生长的苦草株高、叶宽和生物量等指标均优于动态水环境。     

Effects of survey methods on burrowing owl behaviors

Monitoring wildlife populations often involves intensive survey efforts to attain reliable estimates of population size. Such efforts can increase disturbance to animals, alter detection, and bias population estimates. Burrowing owls (Athene cunicularia) are declining across western North America, and information on the relative effects of potential survey methods on owl behaviors is needed. We designed a field experiment to compare burrowing owl flight distances, times displaced, and probabilities of being displaced between 4 potential population survey methods (single walking surveyor, single vehicle stop, single vehicle stop with 2 surveyors, and double vehicle stop with 2 surveyors), and an experimental control in the agricultural matrix of Imperial Valley, California. Between 25 April and 1 May 2008, we randomly applied survey methods to 395 adult male owls during daylight hours (0700 hours through 1900 hours). All survey methods increased odds of displacing owls from perches. Survey methods with observers outside the vehicle were 3 times more likely to displace an owl than a single vehicle stop where observers remained inside the vehicle. Owls were displaced farther distances by all survey methods compared to control trials, but distances and time displaced did not differ among survey methods. We recommend that surveys for counting owls during the breeding season in agroecystems like the Imperial Valley where high densities of owls nest primarily along the borders of fields be conducted using single vehicle stops with or without 2 surveyors, depending on conditions for locating owls from roads. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.     

嗜虫书虱性信息素的提取方法和生物活性测定方法

首次利用嗜虫书虱Liposcelis entomophila雄虫分别爬向雌、雄虫的时间确定了嗜虫书虱是雌虫分泌的性信息素,而不是雄虫分泌的聚集信息素。首次在国内外对微小个体的啮齿目昆虫嗜虫书虱L.entomophila性信息素的提取方法和生物活性测定方法进行了研究。在自制圆盘诱捕器的生物活性测定试验中,雄虫爬向雌虫平均只需要(20.00±2.44)min(N=10),而雄虫爬向雄虫的时间平均需要(70.50±6.56)min,两者差异极显著(p<0.01),说明了是雌虫分泌的性信息素。采用有机溶剂(正己烷和二氯甲烷)浸泡法和顶空气体收集方法并用两种溶剂(正己烷和二氯甲烷)进行淋洗收集嗜虫书虱未交尾雌成虫性信息素,分别用自制的圆盘诱捕器和模拟仓诱捕器和“Y”型嗅觉仪三种方法对不同方法提取的性信息素粗提物进行了生物活性测定,结果表明:顶空气体收集法得到的正己烷淋洗液在自制的圆盘诱捕器诱捕法中对雄虫的引诱活性最强,其诱集系数和诱虫数分别是46.3%±4.2%和14.0±1.0,与未交配的雌虫的相当,两者差异不显著(p>0.05),与顶空气体收集法得到的二氯甲烷淋洗液及正己烷浸泡液和二氯甲烷浸泡液的差异均显著(p<0.05)。说明顶空气体收集法用正己烷淋洗方法可以用来收集嗜虫书虱雌成虫性信息素。不同生物活性测定方法研究表明“Y”型嗅觉仪是在理想的状态下进行的选择性试验,其对正己烷淋洗液的诱集系数和诱虫数均较高,分别为55.3%±6.3%和15.0±1.8,与圆盘诱捕法相比差异不显著(p>0.05),和模拟仓诱捕法相比差异显著(p<0.05)。因此在实际应用中主要考虑利用圆盘诱捕法对嗜虫书虱进行诱捕。     

森林积雪蒸发测算方法及研究进展

森林积雪蒸发(升华)动态的准确测算是正确理解森林积雪区地表能量和水量平衡的关键问题之一,也是区域水文模型和气候模式的重要环节.本文综述了现有的森林积雪蒸发测算方法,分析了质量平衡法(包括雪水当量法、降雪和穿透降雪对比测量法、雪面蒸发器法、蒸渗仪法、单株称量法、树冠截雪称量法和γ射线减弱技术)和微气象法(包括波文比能量平衡法、彭曼联合法、空气动力学法、表面温度技术和涡度相关法)的适用性.同时对不同森林类型积雪蒸发及其影响因素的研究进展进行了详细回顾,并结合现有研究的不足对今后的森林积雪蒸发研究进行展望,以期为未来的森林积雪蒸发相关研究提供指导.     

Effects of taxon sampling and tree reconstruction methods on phylodiversity metrics

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Effects of temperature and humidity on the efficacy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus challenged antimicrobial materials containing silver and copper

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Conclusions:  While the high humidity (>90% RH) and high temperature (35°C) utilized in JIS Z 2801 produce measurable efficacy in a silver ion-containing material, it showed no significant response at lower temperature and humidity levels typical of indoor environments.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The high efficacy levels displayed by the copper alloys, at temperature and humidity levels typical of indoor environments, compared to the low efficacy of the silver ion-containing material under the same conditions, favours the use of copper alloys as antimicrobial materials in indoor environments such as hospitals.     

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