吉林长白山刺五加总皂苷超声提取工艺研究

以吉林长白山野生刺五加果实为原料,采用正交试验设计通过香草醛—高氯酸显色法对不同超声处理条件下刺五加果实粗提物中总皂甙得率进行测定,优化野生刺五加果实总皂甙超声提取工艺.结果表明:超声提取吉林长白山野生刺五加果实总皂甙的最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶20、乙醇体积分数70％、超声波功率450W、超声提取时间50 min,测得刺五加粗提物中总皂甙含量为3.57 mg/g,该提取方法简便、快捷,可用于长白山野生刺五加果实总皂甙提取和测定.     

正交试验优化天麻超声波提取工艺的研究

为了优化天麻素的提取工艺,本研究采用超声法提取天麻素,以天麻素含量为指标,在单因素筛选基础上,采用正交试验优化提取工艺,选择料液比、提取次数和提取时间3个影响因素,每个因素3个水平进行正交试验。结果表明,最优提取工艺组合为:提取时间20min、料液比1∶15和提取次数2次;按照此工艺平行制备3批样品,天麻素的提取率为(0.339±0.13)%。     

竹柏叶总黄酮不同提取方法比较

本研究采用正交试验设计分别优选回流提取和超声波提取竹柏叶总黄酮的最佳工艺条件。在单因素试验的基础上,以总黄酮得率为参考指标,选取液料比、乙醇体积分数、温度和时间4个影响因子,进行正交试验,分别确立回流提取和超声波提取最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,回流提取优化工艺条件为:液料比30∶1(m L∶g),乙醇体积分数为70%,回流时间1.0 h,回流温度80℃;超声波提取优化工艺为:液料比25∶1(m L∶g),乙醇体积分数为70%,超声时间30 min,超声水浴温度60℃。两种提取方法的最终提取效果比较,回流提取的总黄酮得率为15.522%,超声波提取总黄酮得率为13.637%,回流提取法总黄酮得率高于超声波提取法。本实验结果为后续竹柏叶总黄酮的开发利用提供了参考。     

正交实验法优化薄荷中迷迭香酸提取工艺研究

目的用正交试验法对薄荷中迷迭香酸的含量进行检验,优化薄荷的提取工艺。方法以浸膏得率及薄荷中迷迭香酸含量为考察指标,考察料液比(A)、提取时间(B)、提取次数(D)3个影响因素,采用L9(34)正交试验筛选最佳水提工艺,考察浸膏得率,并运用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定迷迭香酸含量并定性定量分析。结果最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶18,浸提3次,每次1h。结论优选的提取工艺方法简单、稳定可行。     

野生火棘果红色素提取工艺优化

目的:通过正交实验,确定火棘果红色素的最佳提取工艺。方法:以贵州野生火棘果为原料,首先,以柠檬酸的乙醇溶液为提取剂,在400～800nm范围内对提取液的吸收光谱进行扫描,确定其最大吸收波长;然后,以最大吸收波长处的吸光度为衡量指标,确定最佳提取剂;再次,探讨了提取次数、提取温度、提取时间、料液比等单因素对火棘果红色素提取效果的影响;最后,在单因素实验结果的基础上,通过L9(34)正交实验,确定红色素的最佳提取工艺。结果:1.在400～800nm范围内,火棘果红色素的最大吸收波长为530nm;2.最佳提取剂为9%柠檬酸乙醇溶液;3.火棘果红色素的最佳提取工艺为,料液比1∶10,提取时间60min,提取次数2次,提取温度40℃。     

桑黄菌丝体粗多糖的提取方法研究

采用正交试验设计,以桑黄菌丝体粗多糖含量为考察指标,用苯酚—硫酸法,分别确定了热水浸提法、微波辅助提取法和超声提取法的最佳工艺。通过极差分析得出:热水浸提法的最优工艺为浸提时间3 h、浸提3次、液料质量比50∶1、浸提温度90℃,粗多糖提取率为2.10%;微波提取法的最优工艺为微波处理15 min、液料质量比50∶1、提取3次,提取率为4.18%;超声提取法的最优工艺为超声30 min、提取2次、液料质量比60∶1、温度60℃、频率60 Hz,提取率为3.02%。微波辅助法与热水浸提法相比,时间缩短,且提取率提高近1倍;与超声提取法相比,时间缩短1/2,但提取率提高40%。因此,微波辅助提取法速度更快、提取效率更高、操作更简便,优于其他2种方法。     

中国楤木根皮多糖超声提取工艺及含量测定

为了筛选超声提取中国楤木根皮粗多糖的工艺,以中国楤木根皮多糖得率为衡量指标,采用水提醇沉法,对中国楤木根皮粗多糖超声提取工艺中提取时间、提取温度、超声功率、料液比4个因素用正交设计法进行优化研究。结果表明:中国楤木根皮粗多糖超声提取最佳工艺为温度70℃,料液比1∶30(g/m L),提取时间80 min,超声功率100 W,此工艺下多糖得率为11.13%。该方法提取的多糖测得稳定性、重现性均良好。所得到的优化提取工艺准确可靠,保证了中国楤木根皮多糖的有效提取。     

超声辅助提取美洲大蠊药渣残油及其制备生物柴油的研究

为探索美洲大蠊药渣的综合利用的新途径,以美洲大蠊药渣为原料,石油醚为提取溶剂,通过正交设计优化超声辅助提取工艺条件,考察超声功率、提取时间、料液比和提取次数对残油提取率的影响。对制备的残油,进一步以硫酸作为催化剂,与甲醇进行酯交换反应制备生物柴油,通过正交设计优化制备工艺条件,考察反应温度、反应时间、油醇比和催化剂用量对转化率的影响。美洲大蠊药渣残油的最佳提取工艺条件为,超声波功率300 W、提取时间0.5 h、料液比1∶8、提取次数4次。在最佳提取工艺条件下,得油率可达24.25%。生物柴油的最佳制备工艺条件为:反应温度为65℃、反应时间2.5 h、油醇比为1∶5 mol/mol、催化剂用量为1.5%。转化率可达94.37%。     

正交试验法优选烟草中辅酶Q10的匀浆提取工艺

以烟草叶片为原料,用正交试验法优化了烟草中辅酶Q10的匀浆提取工艺,考察了匀浆时间、乙醇体积分数、液料比和提取次数4个因素对辅酶Q10提取率的影响,确立了烟草中辅酶Q10的优化匀浆提取工艺条件为:提取溶剂为85%乙醇,匀浆时间6 min,液料比9∶1(mL/g),提取次数2次。将该法与索氏提取进行了对比。结果表明,匀浆提取烟草中辅酶Q10的提取率为12.82μg·g-1,与索氏提取的提取率相当,但匀浆提取所用提取时间短,提取溶剂用量少,因此匀浆法具有明显的优势。     

构树种子油的超声强化提取及其抗氧化性研究

本文采用单因素设计,进行均匀设计实验,用超声波提取法考察了溶剂种类、超声波强度、超声波提取时间、料液比(g/mL)对构树种子油提取率的影响,同时研究了构树种子油清除羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的能力。结果表明,在以丙酮作提取剂,各因素对构树种子油提取效率的影响次序为:超声波强度料液比超声时间;工艺参数为:超声波强度为65%,料液比(g/mL)1∶12,超声提取时间7 min,构树种子油提取率可达30.2%。同时,以构树种子油清除羟基自由基能力和超氧阴离子自由基能力为指标,研究构树种子油的抗氧化能力。通过DPPH法和邻苯三酚自氧化法测定其抗氧化活性,结果发现其对羟基自由基的抑制率高达93.56%,而对超氧阴离子没有明显抑制作用。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.