云南野生小蜜蜂群体SSR遗传多样性分析

【目的】小蜜蜂Apis florea是蜜蜂属野生种类之一,在我国主要分布于西南部。对于小蜜蜂的研究我国多集中在形态方面,遗传多样性的研究较少。本文旨在阐明云南地区小蜜蜂的群体遗传特征,评价其遗传多样性。【方法】本研究利用14对微卫星引物对采自云南省的13群野生小蜜蜂进行了群体遗传变异检测和遗传多样性分析。【结果】在小蜜蜂群体中共检测到53个等位基因,平均等位基因数为3.7857,平均有效等位基因数2.9420,平均期望杂合度和表观杂合度分别为0.5708和0.2184,平均多态信息含量为0.5300。根据Nei’s遗传距离用UPGMA方法对13群小蜜蜂进行亲缘关系分析,结果 13群野生小蜜蜂先分出红河(HH),再分出缅甸(MD)和普洱(PE),最后所有的西双版纳的聚在一起。【结论】说明同一地区的小蜜蜂的遗传距离相对不同地区的较近。     

无土壤基质饲养中华真地鳖

设置中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker的无基质和有基质饲养条件,研究生长繁育期和越冬期各龄段中华真地鳖的生长、蜕皮、存活率和雌虫产卵情况。有基质饲养条件以饲养土为基质;无基质饲养条件不以任何材料作为饲养基质,只用黑色潮湿的材料对试虫保湿和避光。结果表明:在食料充足的条件下,有、无饲养基质对中华真地鳖的生长发育无明显影响。无基质饲养条件下的生长繁育期大龄若虫和成虫存活率较高,且成虫的月产卵数也相对较高。表明无基质饲养技术可在地鳖虫饲养实践中推广,据此初步设想了无基质饲养地鳖虫的容器构造。     

云南红河和保山两地区小蜜蜂巢房结构比较研究

【目的】本研究旨在对自然环境条件明显不同的云南红河和保山两地区小蜜蜂Apis florea巢房结构进行量化分析,以期揭示这两个地区间小蜜蜂巢房结构的差异性。【方法】测量小蜜蜂子脾厚度、小蜜蜂巢脾上连续10个工蜂巢房的宽度;利用环氧树脂填充巢房,制作巢房模型,基于巢房模型比较两地区小蜜蜂工蜂和雄蜂单个巢房直径、口部边长、棱长、深度和容积及巢房倾斜角的差异。【结果】云南 红河地区小蜜蜂工蜂、雄蜂子脾厚度均极显著小于保山地区的。两地区小蜜蜂连续10个工蜂巢房的宽度在0°方向均显著大于60°和120°方向的宽度,60°和120°方向的宽度之间差异均不显著,两地区小蜜蜂工蜂单个巢房直径在3个方向上也表现出显著差异, 而两地区雄蜂单个巢房的直径在3个方向上均没有显著性差异。红河地区小蜜蜂工蜂巢房直径在3个方向上均显著小于保山地区的,而两地区小蜜蜂雄蜂巢房直径在3个方向上均差异不显著。红河地区小蜜蜂工蜂、雄蜂单个巢房口部边长、棱长、深度和容积均极显著小于保山地区的;两地区工蜂巢房的倾斜角差异不显著。【结论】小蜜蜂巢房的结构存在地区性差异,海拔高、温度低的地区小蜜蜂巢房结构尺寸明显大于海拔低、温度高地区的。本研究结果不仅丰富了小蜜蜂的生物学知识,也为后续研究小蜜蜂巢房结构指标与形态学指标关联性研究提供了思路。     

黄足肥螋的饲养方法

黄足肥螋 Euborellia pallipes Shliraki属革翅目肥螋科 ,在云南分布较广 ,在蔗田内普遍发现 ,是甘蔗象鼻虫 [1]、螟虫和粉蚧壳虫等的重要天敌。成虫体长 8～ 1 3mm,体形扁平 ,黄褐色 ,有光泽 ;头前口式 ,活动自如 ;前翅短小、革质 ,末端平截 ,尾须坚硬 ,铗状 ,不分节。性两型明显 ,雄虫尾铗大而弯 ,雌虫尾铗短而直。渐变态。卵阔卵形 ,白色。若虫与成虫相似 ,尾铗较简单。雌虫有护卵育幼习性。该虫为夜行性 ,白天则潜伏在土缝内及石块、树皮、甘蔗老叶鞘下。 1年 1代。现将其室内饲养方法介绍如下。1　饲养工具罐头玻璃瓶 :高 1 3cm,口径 …     

青凤蝶饲养方法初探

青凤蝶（Graphium sarpedon）为鳞翅目凤蝶科昆虫,分布于陕西、湖北、湖南、四川、云南、西藏、江西、浙江、福建、广西、广东、海南。该蝶成虫前后翅中央贯穿l列略呈方形的蓝绿色斑,极具观赏性。作者从2005年2006年在上海交通大学校园内对该青风蝶人工饲养和繁殖进行了研究。     

试论蛇类的饲养技术和管理方法

经济肉用蛇一直走俏市场 ,价格一再攀高 ,供不应求 ,刺激了养蛇业的发展。目前国内主要养殖的种类有毒蛇中的五步蛇 (尖吻蝮 )、眼镜蛇、银环蛇 (主要是用于孵化仔蛇出售 )。无毒蛇有王锦蛇、滑鼠蛇 (水律蛇 )、黑眉锦蛇 (锦蛇 )、棕黑锦蛇 (虎尾蛇 )、乌梢蛇、榕蛇等。王锦蛇、黑眉锦蛇和滑鼠蛇适于南北各地养殖 ,是国内养殖最多、效益较高、最有发展前途的 3种蛇。但是 ,国内很多蛇场因为不懂饲养技术和管理方法 ,造成蛇类死亡严重 ,消瘦不增重 ,经济效益低。作者从事养蛇多年 ,现将养殖蛇类过程中积累的一些养殖技术和管理方法报道如下 ,…     

家蝇幼虫液体饲料饲养的方法

家蝇幼虫液体饲料饲养的方法尹华宝王奎仁（中国科学技术大学地球与空间科学系,合肥２３００２６）徐汝梅（北京师范大学生物系,１００８７５）ＡＭｅｔｈｏｄｏｆＲｅａｒｉｎｇＨｏｕｓｅ－ｆｌｙＬａｒｖａｗｉｔｈＬｉｑｕｉｄＦｅｅｄ．ＹｉｎｇＨｕａｂａｏ,Ｗａ...     

小蜜蜂属Micrapis的研究(蜜蜂科Apidae)

小蜜蜂属Micrapis Ashmead隶属于蜜蜂族Apini本届包括两种,即Micrapis florea(Fabr.),Micrapis andreniformis(Sm.)过去仅有工蜂形态的记述,缺少雌、雄性标本及对比资料。现根据中国科学院动物所标本及云南蜜蜂所采自云南各地此两种小蜜蜂雌、雄性标本形态作一比较,以利鉴别。此外,本文尚将生物学习性及分布加以整理,以便利用。 一、主要鉴别特征 雌性:腹部第1—2节背板、第3节背板基半部及第3—5节背板端缘均红褐色,余黑色;颚眼距长宽相等;POL:OOL=9:5;触角第3节稍长于第4节;各跗节褐色;体长13—15毫米…………小蜜蜂Micrapis florea(Fabr.)     

小菜粉蝶的人工饲料及饲养方法

<正> 小菜粉蝶Pieris rapae L.是我国重要的蔬菜害虫。多年来,在其农药筛选、抗药性和生物防治的研究中,用虫均来自田间。这些虫源往往受季节、施药及病源和寄生等因子的影响,     

黑带食蚜蝇成虫室内的饲养方法

对黑带食蚜蝇成虫所需的饲养空间、光照及补充营养物初步进行了筛选 ,并探讨了蚜虫、寄主植物及补充营养物对其成虫产卵的影响。结果表明 ,在 3 0cm× 3 0cm× 3 0cm养虫笼内同时提供大麻、玉米和油菜 3种鲜花粉并辅以光照饲养效果最佳 ,平均每雌产卵量 468粒 ,最高达 70 1粒 ,孵化率88 4%,产卵前期 1 1 5d ,雌雄成虫寿命分别为 5 5 5和 5 6 8d。试验还表明 ,提供蚜虫及其寄主植物可使成虫正常产卵 ,带蚜的莲花白叶片作为其成虫产卵载体植物着卵量最高     

Essential Oil of Indian Propolis: Chemical Composition and Repellency against the Honeybee Apis florea

Hitherto unknown biological properties and the chemical composition of the essential oil isolated from propolis of Indian origin were established. GC/MS Analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of 32 constituents, of which ten were major compounds, nine had intermediate contents, and 13 were minor compounds. With the exception of six minor constituents, that could not be identified, their identification was based on the comparison of their mass spectra and Kovats retention indices with those listed in the NIST and Wiley mass spectral libraries. Their structural assignment was confirmed by GC/MS co‐injection of the essential oil with authentic compounds. Quantification of the components was done by GC‐FID analyses. Moreover, the essential oil was shown to possess repellent activity against the honeybee Apis florea. The activity was found to be dose dependent. The average repellency (ΔR) increased with increasing essential‐oil concentration up to 24 μg/ml and remained constant for the formulation with the higher concentration. These findings established the chemical constitution of the essential oil and might be useful to beekeepers for the improvement of the bee management.     

Invasion of the dwarf honeybee Apis florea into the near East

The dwarf honeybee, Apis florae, is an open nesting honeybee typical to Southern Asia. In the past decades it has been accidentally introduced by man to East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula where the species established sustainable and expanding populations. Recently it has also been introduced to Aqaba and Eilat, where it has also established expanding populations. We here study the genetic structure of this invasive population with nine microsatellite DNA markers to reconstruct the invasion history. The population shows indications of an extreme bottleneck suggesting that it established itself very recently and may have originated from a single introduced colony only. The impact of the species for both apiculture and conservation of biodiversity is discussed.     

Waggle dances in absconding colonies of the red dwarf honeybee, Apis florea

The directional information encoded in the waggle dances of absconding colonies of Apis florea shows how different sites are advertised during decision-making. Colonies of A. florea were observed from the inception of absconding until the swarm settled at a new nest site. The number of waggle dancers at the beginning of the absconding sequence was low, gradually increased and then declined shortly before liftoff. During the last 2 to 0.5?h before liftoff, the dances still indicated different directions. This significantly decreased in the last 0.5?h until only one or two dance directions were being advertised. All colonies reached a near consensus in the last 20 dances before liftoff. The swarm flight path is meandering so the actual distance flown is about twice that indicated by the dances. During the last 3?min the waggle dance in most colonies showed nest target angles that were closely clustered indicating that the final directions advertised were close to the chosen target site. In all absconding/migratory species of honeybees thus far studied, there is a special dance associated with absconding that appears not to select specific destinations but rather a particular direction in search of a new nesting area.     

不同组配的蜜蜂信息素对西方蜜蜂的蜂蜜生产及繁殖性能影响

为了探究不同组配的蜜蜂信息素对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂蜜生产及繁殖性能的影响。本研究在不同浓度（0.05 μg/μL、0.10 μg/μL和0.15 μg/μL）反式-9-氧代-2-癸烯酸\[(E)-9-oxodec-2-enoicacid,9-ODA\]对工蜂卵黄原蛋白基因（Vg）表达影响基础上,以蜂蜡为载体,用4种蜂王上颚腺信息素（9-ODA,9-HDA,HOB,HVA）与蜜蜂幼虫饥饿信息素（β-罗勒烯）按照一定比例组配了4种蜜蜂信息素挂片（T1-1、T1-2、T2-1、T2-2）,同时以纯蜂蜡挂片作为空白对照组（CK）。系统研究了4种蜜蜂信息素挂片对西方蜜蜂无王群急造王台以及有王群的蜂蜜产量、封盖子数和群势影响。结果表明：人工饲喂0.05 μg/μL、0.10 μg/μL和0.15 μg/μL的9-ODA,对工蜂Vg表达水平具有显著抑制作用（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,4个实验组（T1-1、T1-2、T2-1和T2-2组）出现封盖王台的时间均有显著延迟（P<0.05）,推迟时间2~3 d;T2-1组蜂蜜产量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,蜂蜜产量提高24.00%;T1-2组、T2-1组和T2-2组封盖子数量都显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,分别提高84.52%、64.50%和80.09%;T1-2组和T2-1组蜂群群势显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,分别提高了53.37%和50.85%。因此不同组配的蜜蜂信息素对西方蜜蜂蜂蜜生产及繁殖性能都起到了积极作用,相关研究结果对养蜂生产中合理利用蜜蜂信息素有指导意义。     

Worker piping triggers hissing for coordinated colony defence in the dwarf honeybee Apis florea

Defending a large social insect colony containing several thousands of workers requires the simultaneous action of many individuals. Ideally this action involves communication between the workers, enabling coordinated action and a fast response. The Asian dwarf honeybee, Apis florea, is a small honeybee with an open nesting habit and a comparatively small colony size, features that leave them particularly exposed to predators. We describe here a novel defence response of these bees in which the emission of an initial warning signal from one individual ("piping") is followed 0.3 to 0.7 seconds later by a general response from a large number of bees ("hissing"). Piping is audible to the human ear, with a fundamental frequency of 384 +/- 31Hz and lasting for 0.82 +/- 0.35 seconds. Hissing is a broad band, noisy signal, clearly audible to the human observer and produced by slight but visible movements of the bees' wings. Hissing begins in individuals close to the piping bee, spreads rapidly to neighbours and results in an impressive coordinated crescendo occasionally involving the entire colony. Piping and hissing are accompanied by a marked decrease, or even cessation, of worker activities such as forager dancing and departures from the colony. We show that whereas hissing of the colony can be elicited without piping, the sequential and correlated piping and hissing response is specific to the presence of potential predators close to the colony. We suggest that the combined audio-visual effect of the hissing might deter small predators, while the cessation of flight activity could decrease the risk of predation by birds and insects which prey selectively on flying bees.     

不同类型蜂箱对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana Fabricius生产性能的影响

【目的】为了研究不同类型蜂箱对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana Fabricius生产性能的影响。【方法】我们在综合考虑甘肃南部地区中华蜜蜂饲养模式、规模、当地环境等因素的基础上,选用标准蜂箱、原始蜂箱和生态蜂箱3种类型蜂箱在当地主要流蜜期进行蜂蜜生产试验。【结果】结果发现,蜂箱类型对蜂群的年产蜜量、存蜜量和取蜜次数存在显著影响(P<0.05),其中标准蜂箱在4个试验点的年产蜜量最高,原始蜂箱的存蜜量最高,而生态蜂箱在这2个指标上表现适中,标准蜂箱的年取蜜次数稍多。本研究中海拔和蜜源植物对蜂群生产性能没有明显影响。【结论】采用何种类型蜂箱进行中华蜜蜂养殖,应根据当地的环境状况、蜜源条件、文化及养蜂基础等多种因素综合考虑。     

蜜蜂褪黑素的测定方法

在脊椎动物中,褪黑素(5-甲氧基-N-乙酰色胺,MLT)是一种由松果体分泌的具有典型光周期信号作用的神经内分泌激素。近年在昆虫头部也发现了这种化学物质。该文简述了褪黑素常见测定方法,详细介绍了褪黑素的免疫测定方法RIA(radionimmunoassay),并使用该方法初步测定了中华蜜蜂ApisceranaFabricius工蜂头部褪黑素的含量,结果显示褪黑素含量与工蜂的社会分工相关。     

中国意大利蜜蜂微卫星遗传多态性

为了分析我国不同生态条件下意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica（简称意蜂）的基因特征,对品种间基因交流或基因渗入现象进行监测,完成对我国主要地区意蜂多样性水平的评价。本研究利用10对微卫星（SSR）引物分析了来自我国黑龙江等14个省市自治区31个采集点的意蜂样品的遗传多态性,并与来自德国的喀尼阿兰蜂A. m. carnica（简称喀蜂）和来自美国的意蜂A. m. ligustica进行比对。通过NTSYS-pc2.1和popGene32软件对SSR数据进行多态性分析。结果表明：10对SSR引物中8对表现出较高的遗传稳定性,可作为意蜂遗传多态性标记。遗传一致度在0.61以上时,浙江、四川、甘肃和云南地区的样品出现较严重分化,其他地区的意蜂样品则保持了美国原种意蜂的典型基因特征。东北和新疆地区的样品与德国喀蜂血统亲缘关系较近（遗传距离在0.18149以内）,分析主要原因可能是该地区的意蜂样品杂有黑蜂A. m. mellifera血统。据此提出应在保护各地意蜂原种特性及种群多态性的基础上,科学有效地进行高产品种的繁育。     

安徽省七种蜜蜂病毒的发生与流行研究

【目的】调查安徽省内7种常见蜜蜂病毒:蜜蜂畸翅病毒(Deformed wing virus,DWV)、以色列急性麻痹病毒(Israeli acute paralysis virus,IAPV)、急性蜜蜂麻痹病毒(Acute bee paralysis virus,ABPV)、慢性麻痹病毒(Chronic bee paralysis virus,CBPV)、黑蜂王台病毒(Black queen cell virus,BQCV)、囊状幼虫病病毒(Sacbrood virus,SBV)、克什米尔病毒(Kashmir bee virus,KBV)的感染发生情况,为安徽养蜂业可持续健康发展提供理论依据。【方法】运用反转录RT-PCR和序列分析比对的方法对安徽省内21个乡镇中的38个蜂场蜜蜂样品进行研究分析,以获得以上7种蜜蜂病毒的特异性发生情况。【结果】意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂场感染率:DWV(64%),IAPV(43%),CBPV(32%),ABPV(14%),BQCV(11%);中华蜜蜂Apis cerana蜂场感染率:DWV(80%),IAPV(40%),CBPV(30%),ABPV(10%),BQCV(0)。SBV和KBV在所有的蜜蜂样品中均未检测到。【结论】DWV,IAPV,CBPV,ABPV,BQCV在安徽省内大范围都存在发生流行现象,SBV和KBV对安徽蜜蜂的潜在危害可能性小。