不同龄期移虫发育的蜂王卵巢蛋白质组学分析（英文）

【目的】探讨移虫龄期对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂王卵巢发育的分子调控机制。【方法】运用相对和绝对定量同位素标记(iTRAQ)技术对不同龄期移虫培育的蜂王卵巢组织蛋白质进行定量分析,筛选差异表达蛋白。利用蛋白质免疫印迹法对结果进行验证。【结果】iTRAQ定量分析共鉴定到蜂王卵巢组织蛋白质二级图谱452 966个,最终获得3 642个蛋白。GO(Gene Ontology)富集结果表明,不同龄期移虫发育的蜂王卵巢组织差异表达蛋白主要富集在细胞代谢、分裂以及蛋白质合成。Pathway富集分析表明,1龄幼虫期移虫和2龄幼虫期移虫发育的蜂王卵巢组织差异表达蛋白主要富集在碳水化合物代谢、脂代谢和外源降解类群;1龄幼虫期移虫和3龄幼虫期移虫发育蜂王卵巢组织差异蛋白主要富集在有机体发育通路、核糖体通路和溶酶体代谢。与此同时,两个差异表达蛋白即储存蛋白Hexamerin110和Hexamerin70b的蛋白免疫印迹检测结果表明,随着移虫龄期的增加,Hexamerin110和Hexamerin70b的表达量均呈现降低的趋势。【结论】对不同龄期移虫的蜂王之间差异表达蛋白进行鉴定,为进一步研究蜂王生殖发育及级型分化的调控机制提供理论依据。     

幼虫信息素酯类混合物对中华蜜蜂育王质量的影响

【目的】基于免移虫育王技术,探究幼虫信息素酯类混合物在育王中对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana蜂王质量的影响,为优质蜂王的培育奠定基础。【方法】利用中华蜜蜂免移虫育王生产器培育蜂王,在幼虫60-64 h时向王台内注入1μL不同酯类组成的混合物(酯类混和物的浓度梯度分别为0,0.1%,1.0%和10.0%),待蜂王出房后测定蜂王初生重、胸重、胸宽以及单侧卵巢管数量;并利用荧光定量PCR测定蜂王卵巢卵黄原蛋白基因Vitellogenin(Vg),昆虫储存蛋白基因hexamerin70b(hex70b)和hexamerin110(hex110)的表达量。【结果】免移虫育王过程中添加3种信息素酯类混合物3E(1.0%甲基亚油酸酯、16.0%甲基亚麻酸酯和35.0%甲基油酸酯),不同浓度处理时蜂王的初生重较对照(石蜡油)均显著增加,但蜂王胸宽和胸重均无显著变化;0.1%和1.0%浓度处理组蜂王单侧卵巢管数显著增加;不同浓度处理组Vg和hex70b的表达量均无显著变化,但1.0%和10.0%浓度处理组蜂王卵巢的hex110表达量显著升高。4种信息素酯类混合物4E(4.5%甲基棕榈酸酯、1.0%甲基亚油酸酯、16.0%甲基亚麻酸酯和35.0%甲基油酸酯)试验组只有10.0%浓度处理组蜂王的初生重和单侧卵巢管数较对照显著上升(P0.05),0.1%和1.0%浓度处理对蜂王的个体发育指标均无显著影响(P0.05);0.1%和1.0%浓度处理组Vg的表达量、10.0%浓度处理组hex70b的表达量以及1.0%和10.0%浓度处理组hex110的表达量均显著上升(P0.05)。10种信息素酯类混合物10E(4.5%甲基棕榈酸酯、2.5%甲基硬脂酸、35.0%甲基油酸酯、1.0%甲基亚油酸酯、16.0%甲基亚麻酸酯、3.5%乙基棕榈酸酯、1.5%乙基硬脂酸酯、18.0%乙基油酸酯、0.5%乙基亚油酸酯和17.5%乙基亚麻酸酯)试验组,各个浓度处理蜂王的初生重以及Vg和hex110的表达量均显著下降(P0.05),但蜂王的单侧卵巢管数和胸部指标无显著变化(P0.05),10.0%浓度处理时hex70b的表达量也显著降低(P0.05)。【结论】中华蜜蜂育王过程中添加1.0%的3E和10.0%的4E幼虫信息素酯类可以在一定程度上提高蜂王质量。     

大豆食心虫储存蛋白hexamerin基因的克隆与表达分析

【目的】储存蛋白是昆虫发育、变态和生殖过程中氨基酸的主要来源,Hexamerin是储存蛋白家族重要成员,在昆虫的生长发育中起着重要作用。为了研究hexamerin基因(SpbHex)在大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella Matsumurav生长发育过程中的作用,对大豆食心虫SpbHex基因进行克隆与表达分析。【方法】利用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆SpbHex的cDNA全长序列,并通过qPCR研究其在不同发育阶段和幼虫不同组织的表达情况。【结果】SpbHex基因cDNA序列全长2 161 bp,其中开放阅读框2 112 bp,编码703个氨基酸。蛋白预测分子量84.15 ku。hexamerin基因在大豆食心虫不同发育阶段和不同组织中均有表达。在不同生长发育阶段中4龄幼虫的表达量较高,1龄和成虫的表达量较低;在不同组织中脂肪体的表达量较高,表皮中的表达量最低。【结论】本研究克隆了大豆食心虫储存蛋白hexamerin基因,并对其在大豆食心虫中表达模式进行分析,为进一步明确hexamerin基因在大豆食心虫生长发育中的作用奠定基础。     

甲基硬脂酸酯和E-β-罗勒烯对中华蜜蜂育王质量的影响

为研究育王过程中添加蜜蜂幼虫信息素成分甲基硬脂酸酯和E-β-罗勒烯对中华蜜蜂育王质量的影响,本试验结合免移虫育王技术,在幼虫60～64 h时向王台内注入1μL配置好的信息素(浓度梯度分别为0%、0.1%、1.0%、10.0%),待蜂王出房后测定蜂王个体指标及蜂王卵巢Vg、hex70b和hex110基因的表达水平。与空白对照相比,添加10.0%浓度的E-β-罗勒烯组蜂王的初生重和单侧卵巢管数显著增加,同时Vg、hex70b和hex110基因表达水平也显著上升;添加1.0%的E-β-罗勒烯蜂王单侧卵巢管数量显著增加,Vg和hex110基因的表达量也显著上升;添加甲基硬脂酸酯对培育蜂王的初生重、胸部指标和卵巢相关基因表达均无显著影响,但1.0%和10.0%的甲基硬脂酸酯使蜂王卵巢管数量显著减少。结果表明在中蜂育王过程中添加E-β-罗勒烯可以在一定程度上提高蜂王的质量。     

移虫日龄对蜂王生长发育的影响

移取1、2、3日龄工蜂幼虫进行人工育王,通过HPLC-MS的方法,分别测定4日龄蜂王幼虫体内保幼激素(JHⅢ)和9日龄蛹体内蜕皮激素(Ecd)的滴度,并通过形态学和解剖学的方法对不同移虫日龄培育的处女王的初生重、卵巢重、头重和卵巢管数进行比较分析,以研究不同移虫日龄对意大利蜂蜂王生长发育的影响。结果显示,不同移虫日龄所培育的蜂王幼虫4日龄JHⅢ和9日龄Ecd浓度均存在显著差异,且随着移虫日龄的增加,蜂王幼虫体内JHⅢ和Ecd含量均显著下降;不同移虫日龄所培育的处女王其初生重、卵巢重、头重及卵巢管数均存在显著差异,且随着移虫日龄的增加,蜂王的初生重、卵巢重和头重显著减轻,蜂王的卵巢管数显著减小;蜂王的初生重和卵巢管数成显著正相关关系,相关系数r=0.82。说明移虫日龄越小幼虫获得的生长条件越好,越有利于蜂王个体尤其是繁殖性状的发育,人工育王实践中应移取虫龄尽量小的幼虫。     

Cloning and expression profiling of the DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3 gene in the Chinese honeybee, Apis cerana cerana (Hymenoptera:Apidae )

为探究中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana的DNA甲基化模式,本研究采用RT-PCR技术克隆了中华蜜蜂DNA甲基化转移酶3( Dnmt3)基因(GenBank登录号为JQ740768);采用荧光定量PCR检测不同发育时期工蜂(4日龄蛹,1,7和30日龄成年蜂及产卵工蜂)和蜂王(4日龄蛹,1日龄蜂王和产卵蜂王)头部的Dnmt3基因mRNA的表达量.结果表明:该基因cDNA序列全长2 277 bp,编码758个氨基酸残基,预测的蛋白分子量为88.24 kD,等电点为7.85.将中华蜜蜂与其他物种的Dnmt3基因的结构域进行比对,同时将该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他物种的Dnmt3氨基酸序列进行同源性比对和系统发育分析,发现与西方蜜蜂的Dnmt3序列一致性高达99％.该基因在工蜂和蜂王不同发育时期均有表达,1日龄工蜂与7日龄工蜂中没有显著差异(P＞0.05),30日龄工蜂中的表达量显著高于前两者(P＜0.05);蜂王蛹中的表达量显著高于工蜂蛹(P＜0.05);1日龄的蜂王中的表达量显著高于1日龄的工蜂(P＜0.05);产卵工蜂与产卵蜂王中的表达量没有差异(P＞0.05).这种表达情况提示其可能与工蜂劳动分工及蜜蜂卵巢发育有关.     

中华蜜蜂DNA甲基化转移酶Dnmt3基因克隆及表达谱分析

为探究中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana的DNA甲基化模式, 本研究采用RT PCR技术克隆了中华蜜蜂DNA甲基化转移酶3（Dnmt3）基因(GenBank登录号为JQ740768); 采用荧光定量PCR检测不同发育时期工蜂（4日龄蛹, 1, 7和30日龄成年蜂及产卵工蜂）和蜂王（4日龄蛹, 1日龄蜂王和产卵蜂王）头部的Dnmt3基因mRNA的表达量。结果表明： 该基因cDNA序列全长2 277 bp, 编码758个氨基酸残基, 预测的蛋白分子量为88.24 kD, 等电点为7.85。将中华蜜蜂与其他物种的Dnmt3基因的结构域进行比对, 同时将该基因推导的氨基酸序列与其他物种的Dnmt3氨基酸序列进行同源性比对和系统发育分析, 发现与西方蜜蜂的Dnmt3序列一致性高达99%。该基因在工蜂和蜂王不同发育时期均有表达, 1日龄工蜂与7日龄工蜂中没有显著差异(P>0.05), 30日龄工蜂中的表达量显著高于前两者 (P<0.05); 蜂王蛹中的表达量显著高于工蜂蛹 (P<0.05); 1日龄的蜂王中的表达量显著高于1日龄的工蜂(P<0.05); 产卵工蜂与产卵蜂王中的表达量没有差异（P>0.05）。这种表达情况提示其可能与工蜂劳动分工及蜜蜂卵巢发育有关。     

移虫育王影响西方蜜蜂蜂王miRNA表达

移虫育王是大量培育蜜蜂蜂王的有效手段。近年来,大量研究表明人工移虫育王会对蜂王的发育和质量造成不良影响,并且改变其表观遗传修饰和基因表达。然而,移虫育王是否会改变蜂王体内的miRNA表达尚不清楚。本试验以西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera为研究对象,通过miRNA测序比较移虫育王（2日龄幼虫）与对照组移卵育王所培育蜂王的miRNA表达情况。结果表明：移虫育王与移卵育王培育的2种蜂王存在7个差异表达的miRNA,而这7个差异的miRNA可注释到651个靶基因。GO功能分析结果显示,这些靶基因主要富集在基因转录调控、转录因子活性、DNA结合、细胞核调控类型等方面;KEGG信号通路分析结果显示,靶基因主要富集在Wnt、Hippo信号通路和糖类代谢等方面。因此,本研究结果表明移虫育王可改变蜂王体内的miRNA表达,并可能通过调控Wnt、Hippo和糖代谢等信号通路上的靶基因来影响蜂王发育和质量。     

啶虫脒对西方蜜蜂蜂王培育质量的影响

【目的】本实验旨在研究王台中残留啶虫脒对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂王培育质量的影响。【方法】通过融化蜂蜡并添加啶虫脒药液制作王台,使各王台中分别含4个不同剂量的啶虫脒(0, 10, 100和1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡)。同时,控制蜂王产卵6 h, 3 d后,将孵化为1日龄的幼虫分别移入各组王台中,并放入蜂群哺育。移虫后第3和6天分别统计各组王台中幼虫的接受率和封盖率,待蜂王出房时,计算其出房率,测定蜂王个体初生重、胸重和胸宽指标;采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术测定蜂王卵巢中卵黄原蛋白基因(Vg)、储存蛋白基因(hex110和hex70b)的相对表达量。【结果】100 μg/kg蜂蜡和1 000μg/kg蜂蜡这两个啶虫脒剂量组西方蜜蜂蜂王的出房率都显著低于0 μg/kg蜂蜡和10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组,而0 μg/kg蜂蜡与10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组之间及100 μg/kg蜂蜡与1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组之间出房率 均差异不显著;这4个剂量组的王台幼虫接受率和封盖率以及蜂王的初生重、胸重和胸宽均无显著差异。qPCR结果显示,Vg基因的相对表达量随啶虫脒浓度的增加而下降,其中,1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组Vg基因的相对表达量显著低于10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组和0 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组,其余各剂量组之间差异不显著;这4个剂量组之间hex110和hex70b基因的表达量差异不显著。【结论】西方蜜蜂王台中啶虫脒残留超过100 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量时,会对蜂王培育产生不利影响。     

氟胺氰菊酯对西方蜜蜂育王质量的影响

【目的】本实验旨在研究3个低浓度氟胺氰菊酯对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera育王质量的影响。【方法】控制蜂王产卵8 h,孵化后进行人工育王,从移虫第2天起每天用微量进样器分别给王台中小幼虫饲喂2μL含有0.05,0.5和5 mg/kg氟胺氰菊酯的糖水,以饲喂纯糖水作为对照组并进行标记。连续饲喂3 d后,记录王台的封盖数,待蜂王出房时,统计出房数,测其初生重、胸宽;利用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法检测蜂王卵巢中卵黄蛋白原基因(Vg)、储存蛋白基因(hex110和hex70b)的相对表达量。【结果】5 mg/kg氟胺氰菊酯处理组王台封盖率显著低于0.05和0.5 mg/kg剂量组及对照组,但后3组之间差异不显著;5 mg/kg和0.5 mg/kg剂量组蜂王出房率显著低于0.05 mg/kg剂量组及对照组;4个试验组之间蜂王初生重及胸宽差异不显著。qPCR结果显示,5mg/kg剂量组蜂王卵巢中Vg和hex110基因的相对表达量均显著低于0.05和0.5 mg/kg剂量组及对照组,但后3组之间差异不显著;0.5 mg/kg剂量组和5 mg/kg剂量组蜂王卵巢hex70b基因相对表达量显著低于对照组,但0.05 mg/kg剂量组蜂王卵巢hex70b基因相对表达量与0.5和5 mg/kg剂量组及对照组均差异不显著。【结论】本研究结果说明,食物中氟胺氰菊酯含量超过0.5 mg/kg时,会影响西方蜜蜂育王培育质量。     

Selectivity in storage hexamerin clearing demonstrated with hemolymph transfusions between Hyalophora cecropia and Actias luna.

When Hyalophora cecropia hemolymph was injected into wandering Actias luna larvae, a methionine-rich hexamerin was selectively transferred to the host's fat body, and completely cleared from the hemolymph by the time of pupal eclosion. Donor arylphorin was 30-40% removed from the hemolymph, and riboflavin-binding hexamerin was even less completely cleared. During the pupal-adult molt, these rates were reversed: methionine-rich hexamerin disappeared no faster than bovine serum albumin, while riboflavin-binding hexamerin was rapidly and completely cleared from the hemolymph, even though A. luna hemolymph lacks a homologue of this protein; arylphorin, again, was cleared at an intermediate rate. Selective clearing of the three hexamerins occurred at similar stages in H. cecropia, their species of origin. Developmentally programmed clearing, with selectivity at least partially conserved between genera, was also demonstrated with transfused vitellogenin: in A. luna females that were forming yolk, H. cecropia vitellogenin was cleared more rapidly than bovine serum albumin; but in younger females, and in males at all stages of metamorphosis, this Mr 510,000 molecule was instead an indicator of nonselective, large protein clearing. Nonselective clearing was more complete during adult development than during pupation. It also showed signs of being more effective for small than for large proteins, insensitive to carbohydrate conjugates, and unsaturated at the protein levels used.     

A novel hexamerin with an unexpected contribution to the prophenoloxidase activation system of the Chinese oak silkworm,Antheraea pernyi

Hexamerin was originally identified as a storage protein but later confirmed to be involved in many physiological processes. In the present study, we cloned and characterized a novel hexamerin complementary DNA sequence from the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi (Ap-hexamerin), which shows high homology with reported insect methionine-rich hexamerins. The tissue distribution and time course of expression demonstrated that Ap-hexamerin was predominantly synthesized in the fat body and the expression level was significantly increased in response to the microbial challenge, suggesting the relevance of Ap-hexamerin to immune responses. In further immune functional studies, Ap-hexamerin was confirmed to take part in the upregulation of prophenoloxidase (PPO) activation in A. pernyi haemolymph triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Additional molecular interaction analysis revealed that Ap-hexamerin is capable of binding the PAMPs used in the phenoloxidase assay, suggesting hexamerin in A. pernyi may positively regulate haemolymph PPO activation, acting as a pattern recognition protein.     

意大利蝗存储蛋白Hex2基因的克隆与表达分析(英文)

【目的】昆虫存储蛋白(hexamerin)是在昆虫体内独立发生普遍存在的一种特异性淋巴蛋白,在昆虫的生长发育过程中起重要作用。【方法】克隆意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus的存储蛋白Hex2基因,并利用qRT-PCR方法分析其在不同组织和不同发育阶段的表达模式。【结果】克隆到意大利蝗存储蛋白Hex2基因Cit Hex2,其cDNA全序列长2 610 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)长为2 022 bp,3'非翻译区(UTR)长为124 bp,碱基序列与其他蝗虫的Hex2基因核苷酸一致性为80%~84%。Cit Hex2编码673个氨基酸,预测分子量和等电点分别为78.7 k Da和6.01。氨基酸分析表明,Cit Hex2富含较高的芳香族氨基酸,其中苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸共占15.8%。定量分析结果表明,Cit Hex2在意大利蝗的整个发育阶段都有表达,且在每个龄期的蜕皮前后均有表达量的变化;在检测的所有组织中,雌性个体的表达量较高。【结论】Cit Hex2参与意大利蝗的发育过程,与其生殖有关。     

Methionine-rich hexamerin and arylphorin as precursor reservoirs for reproduction and metamorphosis in female luna moths

The storage proteins of Lepidoptera include a pair of methionine-rich hexamerins (MtH) that are more abundant in female pupae than in males. Their inferred support of female reproduction could be achieved either by enhancing general pools of amino acids, or by hydrolyzing MtH at times and/or sites that direct its constituents to the synthesis of egg proteins. The two models were tested in Actias luna, a saturniid moth that makes its eggs during adult development. MtH and arylphorin (ArH), the third major storage protein of this species, were labeled metabolically with [³⁵S]-methionine and [³H]-leucine, and injected individually into wandering stage caterpillars. Isotope distributions at eclosion indicated that both hexamerins supported egg formation as well as adult tissue protein synthesis. In the absence of evidence for targeting, MtH appears to support egg formation in A. luna by enhancing the amino acid pools derived from ArH. Analysis of ³⁵S labeling and of ³⁵S/³H ratios indicated, however, that ArH is consumed over a period that extends somewhat later in adult development than MtH. Differences in timing should prove to be much greater in Lepidoptera that delay egg formation until after eclosion. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

节肢动物血蓝蛋白家族的组成与演化

血蓝蛋白是动物界的三类呼吸功能蛋白之一,目前仅发现于节肢动物和软体动物等少数动物类群中。不同亚型的血蓝蛋白有不同的理化性质和序列,但均结合氧分子,并以六聚体,甚至更复杂的聚合体结构存在。血蓝蛋白与酚氧化酶、拟血蓝蛋白、昆虫储存蛋白以及昆虫储存蛋白受体等结构类似、进化上近缘的分子共同组成了血蓝蛋白超家族。该文主要介绍了血蓝蛋白家族成员在节肢动物四大类群（螯肢动物、多足动物、甲壳动物和六足动物）中已知的分布、结构和功能,并重点综述了血蓝蛋白家族成员在节肢动物系统演化研究中发挥的独特而有效的作用,进一步强调了在更多节肢动物类群中研究血蓝蛋白家族的功能和演化的重要性。     

Evolution of the arthropod prophenoloxidase/hexamerin protein family

 Phylogenetic analysis of the prophenoloxidase/hexamerin family of arthropods revealed four well supported subfamilies: (1) the arylphorin subfamily, including arylphorins, storage proteins, and other proteins of uncertain function from insects; (2) the hemocyanins of branchiopod crustaceans, which are copper-binding proteins involved in oxygen transport; (3) the hemocyanins of chelicerates; and (4) the prophenoloxidases (proPO) of both insects and branchiopods, which are copper-binding molecules that play a role in sclerotization of cuticle and encapsulation of foreign particles. The phylogeny indicated that insect and branchiopod proPO constitute a monophyletic group but that branchiopod and chelicerate hemocyanins do not constitute a monophyletic group. Branchiopod hemocyanin and proPO diverged from each other prior to the divergence of insects from branchiopods and probably prior to the divergence of chelicerates from the insect-branchiopod lineage. Likewise, the insect arylphorin subfamily diverged from proPO prior to the divergence of insects from branchiopods and probably prior to the divergence of chelicerates; thus, the results did not support the hypothesis that insect arylphorins represent hemocyanins freed to assume a new function because the insect tracheal respiratory system removes the need for an oxygen-transport molecule. Nonetheless, reconstruction of ancestral sequences by the maximum parsimony method suggested that the ancestors of the arylphorin family were copper-binding. Regions corresponding to the copper-binding domains were found to have a faster rate of nonsynonymous evolution in arylphorin subfamily genes than in other hexamerin family genes; this presumably reflects a relaxation of purifying selection after the loss of copper-binding function. Received: 25 March 1998 / Revised: 3 July 1998     

Analysis of involvement of the 3'-untranslated regions in regulating mRNA stability for vitellogenin,cyanoprotein alpha,and cyanoprotein beta from the bean bug,Riptortus clavatus

The degradation of the 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of vitellogenin, cyanoprotein alpha, and cyanoprotein beta from the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus, was analyzed in vitro. The degradation pattern was similar for all three RNAs, with a high degradation rate in non-diapausing adult insects and no degradation in the fifth instar nymphs and in diapausing adults, and was not correlated with the expression levels of these three proteins. Proteins binding to the 3'-UTRs were detected in polysomal and cytosolic extracts. These factors, however, were present in all developmental stages. The abundance of the polysomal factor showed little variation, but the cytosolic factor was enriched in adult insects. Cross-competition experiments demonstrated that the same factors bound to all three RNAs with similar affinity. The pattern of degradation, presence of the binding factors in all stages, and their inability to distinguish between the target sequences indicate that the 3'-UTRs do not participate in controlling the expression of these three proteins.