Monitoring pesticide resistance of Tetranychus cinnabarinus in Kunming' s flower regions

采用玻片浸渍法测定了昆明地区花卉朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval)对阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、溴虫腈、丁醚脲、炔螨特和哒螨灵的抗性.结果表明,昆明北郊和呈贡地区玫瑰上的朱砂叶螨雌成螨对阿维菌素与甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐产生了极高的抗药性,阿维菌素对2个地区的朱砂叶螨的LC50分别为40.25 mg·L -1和19.67 mg·L-1,相对毒力指数分别为敏感品系的2 441.08倍和1 192.86倍;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对其LC50分别为118.18 mg·L-1和9.24 mg·L-1,相对毒力指数是敏感品系的2 805.73倍和219.35倍.昆明北郊的朱砂叶螨对溴虫腈的相对毒力指数是敏感品系的2 371.40倍,呈贡和晋宁分别为162.01倍和173.38倍.丁醚脲对北郊、呈贡和晋宁朱砂叶螨的LC50分别为244.58 mg·L-1、385.41 mg·L-1和54.93 mg·L-1,相对毒力指数在3.01倍～21.10倍之间.北郊、呈贡和晋宁的朱砂叶螨种群对炔螨特和哒螨灵的LC50分别为155.39 mg·L-1、424.49 mg·L-1和62.70 mg·L-1,其相对毒力指数是敏感品系的6.45倍、17.63倍和2.60倍.朱砂叶螨对药剂抗药性水平趋势从高到低为:阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐＞溴虫腈、丁醚脲＞炔螨特、哒螨灵,抗性最高的地区为昆明北郊,晋宁相对较低.     

橘全爪螨对双甲脒的抗性选育及其P450基因的表达差异分析

为了对双甲脒进行抗性风险评估, 弄清P450基因在橘全爪螨Panonychus citri抗药性中的作用, 在室内用双甲脒对橘全爪螨进行了抗性选育和交互抗性研究, 同时分析了橘全爪螨双甲脒抗性和敏感品系P450基因表达差异。经过12代抗性选育, 获得了橘全爪螨双甲脒抗性品系, 与敏感品系比较, 橘全爪螨对双甲脒的抗性倍数达到26.32倍。抗性风险评估表明, 橘全爪螨对双甲脒抗性遗传力h²为0.148。螺螨酯、 丁醚脲、 炔螨特和三唑锡对抗性品系的LC₅₀分别为敏感品系的16.85, 4.98, 2.13和2.05倍, 表明双甲脒抗性品系对螺螨酯、 丁醚脲、 炔螨特和三唑锡具有明显的交互抗性。阿维菌素、 苯丁锡、 哒螨灵、 矿物油对抗性品系LC₅₀分别为敏感品系的1.10, 1.21, 0.67和0.99倍, 表明双甲脒抗性品系对上述4种药剂没有显著的交互抗性。基因差异性分析发现, 抗性品系中有16条P450基因发生了上调, 27条P450基因发生了下调, 其中CYP389A6上调倍数最高［log₂ratio (RS/SS)=11.526］, CYP389A2下调倍数最高［log2ratio(RS/SS) =-12.683］, 由此推断, CYP389A6上调和CYP389A2下调可能是橘全爪螨对双甲脒产生抗性的重要原因。     

昆明地区鲜切花产区朱砂叶螨抗药性监测

采用玻片浸渍法测定了昆明地区花卉朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)对阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、溴虫腈、丁醚脲、炔螨特和哒螨灵的抗性。结果表明,昆明北郊和呈贡地区玫瑰上的朱砂叶螨雌成螨对阿维菌素与甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐产生了极高的抗药性,阿维菌素对2个地区的朱砂叶螨的LC50分别为40.25mg·L-1和19.67mg·L-1,相对毒力指数分别为敏感品系的2441.08倍和1192.86倍;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐对其LC50分别为118.18mg·L-1和9.24mg·L-1,相对毒力指数是敏感品系的2805.73倍和219.35倍。昆明北郊的朱砂叶螨对溴虫腈的相对毒力指数是敏感品系的2371.40倍,呈贡和晋宁分别为162.01倍和173.38倍。丁醚脲对北郊、呈贡和晋宁朱砂叶螨的LC50分别为244.58mg·L-1、385.41mg·L-1和54.93mg·L-1,相对毒力指数在3.01倍～21.10倍之间。北郊、呈贡和晋宁的朱砂叶螨种群对炔螨特和哒螨灵的LC50分别为155.39mg·L-1、424.49mg·L-1和62.70mg·L-1,其相对毒力指数是敏感品系的6.45倍、17.63倍和2.60倍。朱砂叶螨对药剂抗药性水平趋势从高到低为:阿维菌素、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐>溴虫腈、丁醚脲>炔螨特、哒螨灵,抗性最高的地区为昆明北郊,晋宁相对较低。     

11种杀螨剂对异色瓢虫的安全性比较

本研究选用9种常用杀螨剂及2种新型杀螨剂螺虫乙酯、米尔贝霉素,在其田间推荐使用浓度范围内分别设高、中、低三个试验剂量,用喷雾法直接处理异色瓢虫幼虫、蛹、成虫,以比较药剂对该瓢虫的安全性。主要研究结果如下：1）通过调查24h、48h死亡率,发现11种杀螨剂对异色瓢虫3龄幼虫毒杀效果由高至低依次为三唑锡＞双甲脒＞阿维菌素＞甲氰菊酯＞炔螨特＞哒螨灵＞噻螨酮＞米尔贝霉素＞甲维盐＞螺螨酯=螺虫乙酯,其中螺螨酯和螺虫乙酯处理的幼虫死亡率均为0。2）除阿维菌素、甲氰菊酯和甲维盐外,其它8种杀螨剂对蛹羽化为成虫基本没影响。11种杀螨剂对刚羽化出的成虫有残毒作用,毒效由高至低依次为阿维菌素＞甲维盐＞双甲脒＞甲氰菊酯＞螺螨酯＞三唑锡＞哒螨灵＞噻螨酮＞炔螨特＞螺虫乙酯＞米尔贝霉素,其中后6种药剂处理的新羽化成虫死亡率在13.8%以下。3）双甲脒、螺螨酯、三唑锡、哒螨灵、噻螨酮、炔螨特处理成虫的死亡率为0,其余5种药剂对成虫的毒杀效果由高至低依次为阿维菌素＞甲氰菊酯＞甲维盐＞螺虫乙酯＞米尔贝霉素。为了保护异色瓢虫,田间化学防治叶螨时应根据该瓢虫发生虫态合理选用杀螨剂。     

三种杀虫剂对烟粉虱优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂的安全性评价

为评价噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和氟啶虫胺腈对烟粉虱优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati的安全性,采用琼脂保湿浸叶法分别测定了3种杀虫剂对烟粉虱成虫和海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂的室内毒力以及对海氏桨角蚜小蜂蛹羽化率的影响.结果表明,噻虫嗪、阿维菌素和氟啶虫胺腈对烟粉虱的LC50分别为453.76 mg/L、2.00 mg/L和29.47 mg/L,对海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂的LC50分别为0.23 mg/L、1.07 mg/L和0.64 mg/L.通过风险系数评估,表明阿维菌素对海氏桨角蚜小蜂成蜂安全,而噻虫嗪和氟啶虫胺腈对该蜂成蜂具有轻微到中度毒性.3种杀虫剂在烟粉虱和寄生蜂之间的选择性毒力指数表明噻虫嗪对海氏桨角蚜小蜂的负向选择性最强,其次是氟啶虫胺腈,阿维菌素最弱.3种杀虫剂均可显著降低海氏桨角蚜小蜂蛹的羽化率,对蛹的毒性为轻微有害,风险等级为2级.本研究结果将为烟粉虱综合治理中协调使用寄生蜂和化学药剂奠定理论基础.     

5种杀螨剂对不同螨态荔枝叶螨的毒力评价和田间防效

为了综合评价常用杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨Oligonychus litchii的室内毒力,在室内分别采用Potter喷雾法、浸叶碟法和浸叶法测定了5种常用杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨成螨、卵和若螨的毒力,并测定了5种杀螨剂对荔枝叶螨的田间防效。室内毒力结果表明:哒螨灵、阿维菌素对荔枝叶螨成螨和若螨有较高的毒力,联苯肼酯对成螨和若螨的毒力较低,而螺螨酯和乙螨唑对成螨基本无活性,对若螨有一定的毒力;5种杀螨剂对卵的毒力大小依次为乙螨唑螺螨酯哒螨灵阿维菌素联苯肼酯。田间防效试验中,15%哒螨灵乳油和1.8%阿维菌素乳油对荔枝叶螨的总体防效较好,药后1 d防效高于70%,药后10 d防效达100%,药后20 d防效仍在90%以上,速效性和持效性均较好;240 g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂和110 g/L乙螨唑悬浮剂对荔枝叶螨药后3 d防效均低于70%,而药后20 d的防效高于90%,说明两药剂速效性较差但持效性较好;43%联苯肼酯悬浮剂药后1、3 d防效低于阿维菌素和哒螨灵,高于螺螨酯和乙螨唑,药后15 d防效开始下降。在田间防治荔枝叶螨时,若荔枝叶螨发生早期、成螨较少时建议施用螺螨酯或乙螨唑,而荔枝叶螨种群中成螨、若螨较多时推荐施用阿维菌素、哒螨灵或联苯肼酯。     

海南普通大蓟马抗药性监测及对6种杀虫剂的敏感性

在2014-2015年抗药性监测的基础上,采用叶管药膜法(TIBS)室内测定了2016-2017年海南主要豇豆种植区三亚、澄迈和海口普通大蓟马田间种群对6种常用杀虫剂敏感性的年度变化以及其对6种药剂的敏感性。结果表明,2016年度,三亚种群对甲维盐和高效氯氰菊酯产生了中等水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为12. 98和17. 06倍,澄迈种群对高效氯氰菊酯也产生了中等水平抗性(RR=10. 87),除所有种群对阿维菌素(1. 92 RR 3. 47)以及海口、澄迈种群对吡虫啉和啶虫脒(3. 07 RR 4. 56)仍未产生抗性外,其它种群对药剂均产生了低水平抗性(5. 32 RR 9. 98); 2017年度,除三亚和澄迈种群对阿维菌素仍处理敏感状态外,其它种群对不同药剂均产生了低至中等水平的抗性(5. 59 RR 27. 03)。相比2016年,各测试种群对药剂的抗性水平均有不同程度的上升,其中三亚种群对高效氯氰菊酯、甲维盐和啶虫脒上升幅度较大,分别上升了9. 97、6. 98和3. 39倍;海口种群对阿维菌素也上升了2. 77倍。对6种新药剂的毒力测定结果表明,乙虫腈和溴虫腈对普通大蓟马的毒力较高,LC50分别为14. 4113 mg/L和30. 7694 mg/L,而其它药剂则毒力较低(LC50 50 mg/L)。     

朱砂叶螨对不同农药抗药性发展趋势的研究

探讨朱砂叶螨室内种群的抗药性发展状况。实验结果表明,氧化乐果、三氯杀螨醇、双甲脒、哒螨灵对于朱砂叶螨种群,只要给予一定的选择压力,经数次用药该螨就会发展对这些杀虫(螨)剂的抗性,且随着用药次数的增加,各品系抗药性呈现上升趋势。在相同条件下,该螨对上述药剂的抗性发展速率不同,4种杀虫(螨)剂抗性发展速率由大到小依次为:氧化乐果、双甲脒、三氯杀螨醇、哒螨灵。     

不同药剂对Q型烟粉虱的防治效果评价

研究不同药剂对Q型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)的防治效果,为该虫的化学药剂防治提供理论依据。以烟粉虱成虫为试材,采用浸叶法,进行10种药剂对烟粉虱的室内毒力测定实验;采用喷雾法,在大棚黄瓜田进行10种单剂和9种混剂对烟粉虱的防治效果试验。其中阿维菌素对烟粉虱成虫的毒力最高,其LC50为2.8609mg/L,精高效氯氟氰菊酯对烟粉虱成虫的毒力最低,其LC50为389.1049mg/L,乙基多杀菌素对烟粉虱成虫无杀虫效果。9种药剂对烟粉虱成虫的毒力大小顺序为:阿维菌素啶虫脒高效氯氟氰菊酯高效氯氰菊酯氟啶虫胺腈氟啶虫酰胺螺虫乙酯噻虫嗪精高效氯氟氰菊酯。10种药剂在田间对烟粉虱的防效依次为:噻虫嗪阿维菌素氟啶虫胺腈氟啶虫酰胺精高效氯氟氰菊酯啶虫脒螺虫乙酯高效氯氟氰菊酯高效氯氰菊酯乙基多杀菌素。9种混剂的防效试验表明,有6种混剂对烟粉虱的防治效果比单剂防治效果好,其中效果最好的是阿维菌素与三种新烟碱类药剂的混用。     

柑橘全爪螨田间种群敏感性测定及三种主要解毒酶活性比较

为明确重庆地区柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri(McGregor)对常用杀螨剂的抗性水平,本研究采用阿维菌素、哒螨灵、三唑锡、螺螨酯4种不同类型杀螨剂对柑橘全爪螨重庆北碚种群、璧山种群、武隆种群和忠县种群进行了田间敏感性测定。结果表明,柑橘全爪螨4个种群对三唑锡表现最不敏感,致死中浓度LC50在209.9～370.9mg/L之间。璧山种群对阿维菌素敏感性最高,武隆种群和忠县种群对阿维菌素的相对抗性分别达12倍和11倍。哒螨灵监测结果表明,北碚种群的抗性水平显著高于其他3个种群。而北碚种群对螺螨酯的LC50仅为1.2mg/L,显著低于其他种群。柑橘全爪螨4个种群解毒酶活性研究发现,解毒酶活性的高低与不同种群抗性水平之间并没有明显相关性,这可能同各地区施药背景不同、综合防治措施不同、各杀螨剂作用机理不同、不同种群体内代谢抗性及靶标抗性水平差异有关。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor