利用风洞评价助剂对杀虫剂航空喷雾雾滴飘移的影响

【目的】研究不同剂型农药以及不同类型喷雾助剂对航空喷雾防治柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama的雾滴飘移的影响,探究如何减少雾滴飘移,以期为无人机低空低容量喷雾技术在防治柑橘木虱中的应用提供指导。【方法】选取登记用于防治柑橘木虱的两种杀虫剂和3种助剂,通过采用风洞试验室内模拟田间,风速设定为2 m/s和4 m/s,采用示踪剂法测定距喷头不同距离的药剂飘移沉积情况。【结果】当风速为2 m/s,添加倍达通和Y-20079两种助剂添加量为1%时,药剂在垂直与水平方向沉积均相对减少;添加806助剂后,添加量为0.5%时垂直与水平方向沉积均减少;当风速为4 m/s时,助剂Y-20079添加量为1%,可减少药剂在垂直与水平方向沉积;100 g/L吡丙醚乳油(稀释200倍)和20%噻虫胺悬浮剂(稀释40倍)相比,风速为2 m/s和4 m/s时,垂直和水平方向药剂沉积量均明显减少。【结论】采取低空低容量喷雾技术时,农药的乳油制剂相比于悬浮剂更容易飘失;通过添加倍达通、806和Y-20079等助剂,可减少雾滴的飘移。     

小型植保无人机超低量喷雾防治稻水象甲

【目的】通过建立适宜新疆荒漠绿洲特殊生态环境的稻水象甲超低量喷雾技术,为稻水象甲的大面积统防统治提供新型施药技术。【方法】以小型遥控多旋翼植保无人机(UAV)为施药机械,以稻水象甲常规喷雾防效大于90%的药剂为首选药剂,开展了药剂、施药量、助剂以及施药机型的筛选试验。【结果】施药后3、7、14和21 d虫口密度高于防治指标的样地所占比例依次为35.71%、21.43%、35.71%和78.57%。30%氯虫·噻虫嗪187.5 mL·hm~(-2)防效最佳,14 d药效高达93.43%;药后21 d,球孢白僵菌3000 mL·hm~(-2)的防效最高,达84.65%。各药剂施药量与防效呈正相关。此外,UAV喷雾防治稻水象甲时,添加助剂的平均防效可提高22.29%~28.49%。【结论】在农业精准施药、绿色生产中,综合考虑供试药剂的施药量、持效期、防效和药后存活虫量,建议以30%氯虫·噻虫嗪SC和14%氯虫·高氯氟CS作为全程以UAV为施药机械防治稻水象甲的首选药剂,在稻水象甲种群发展前中期优先考虑低浓度施药量;同时,为避免UAV在实际作业中药液雾滴发生飘失和流失问题,可以考虑添加飞防助剂提升防效。     

三种喷雾助剂与杀虫剂混配防治烟粉虱的减量增效作用

[目的]为明确强力源、有机硅和怀农特3种喷雾助剂对吡虫啉、阿维菌素、苦参碱的减量增效作用.[方法]采用浸虫浸叶法和喷雾法开展烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci室内毒力测定和田间药效试验.[结果]3种喷雾助剂对3种药剂的增效作用从高到低依次为强力源＞有机硅＞怀农特.施用吡虫啉、阿维菌素和苦参碱48 h后,烟粉虱若虫的LC50分别为37.7146、1.8062和10.5632 mg/L,添加强力源后烟粉虱若虫LC50分别降低到13.0188、1.0990和2.7116 mg/L;添加有机硅后烟粉虱若虫LC50分别降低到16.1900、1.2719和3.1609 mg/L;添加怀农特后LC50分别降低到20.0851、1.3247和3.7603 mg/L.田间试验结果表明,3种药剂减量20％和30％添加3种喷雾助剂均显著高于3种单剂的防效,3种药剂减量40％添加强力源和有机硅对烟粉虱的防效显著高于每种单剂,添加怀农特略高于或者与每种单剂的防效持平.施药后3d,各处理对烟粉虱的防效达到最高,吡虫啉、阿维菌素、苦参碱减量20％添加强力源对烟粉虱的防效分别高达97.11％、90.83％、88.17％.施药7d后吡虫啉减量40％添加3种喷雾助对烟粉虱的防效仍保持在75.55％-80.76％,阿维菌素减量40％添加3种喷雾助剂保持在71.84％-79.12％,苦参碱减量40％添加3种喷雾助剂保持在68.60％-75.74％.[结论]3种药剂的常规用量减量20％-30％,并通过添加强力源、有机硅和怀农特3种喷雾助剂可提高对烟粉虱的防治效果.     

喷雾助剂对2种药剂防治花蓟马的减量增效作用

为探讨4种喷雾助剂(强力源、穿导、激健、怀农特)对乙基多杀菌素和吡虫啉防治花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa Trybom的减量增效作用,分别采用叶管药膜法和喷雾法,比较了4种喷雾助剂对两种药剂室内毒力增效作用和田间药效的减量效果。室内测定结果表明,乙基多杀菌素LC50为0.05 mg/L,4种喷雾助剂对乙基多杀菌素的增效作用顺序依次为：强力源>穿导>激健>怀农特,增效比介于20.41%～61.22%之间。吡虫啉LC50为43.33 mg/L,4种喷雾助剂对吡虫啉的增效作用顺序依次为：强力源>怀农特>穿导>激健,增效比介于20.36%～47.95%之间。田间试验结果表明,添加强力源可使乙基多杀菌素减量30%,添加强力源和怀农特可使吡虫啉减量30%。其中,乙基多杀菌素减量20%添加强力源药后3 d对花蓟马的防效高达90.11%,较单剂显著提高14.97%,增效比为19.92%;药后7 d防效保持在63.04%。乙基多杀菌素推荐剂量减量20%添加强力源可推荐应用于防治花蓟马实际生产中。     

喷雾方式及喷液量对吡蚜酮和啶虫脒在棉田的沉积分布及棉蚜防治效果的影响

为探明防治棉田棉蚜Aphis gossypii (Glover)的最佳喷雾方式及喷液量, 提高棉田的农药利用率, 作者于2011-2012年在山东省棉花苗期和成株期分别使用背负式手动喷雾器和背负式机动弥雾机以常规大容量和低容量喷雾, 比较杀虫剂25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂和3%啶虫脒乳油的喷雾雾滴在棉花田的沉积分布及棉蚜防治效果。结果表明： 在棉花苗期, 3%啶虫脒乳油用量450 mL/ha时, 使用机动弥雾机以75, 150和225 L/ha喷液量喷雾, 药剂在地面的流失率分别为24.4%, 28.9%和26.7%; 使用手动喷雾器以300, 450和600 L/ha喷液量喷雾, 杀虫剂在地面的流失率分别为35.6%, 37.8%和46.7%; 啶虫脒不同喷雾处理对棉蚜的防效无显著性差异（P>0.05）。在棉花成株期, 25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂用量为300 g/ha时, 使用手动喷雾器以600 L/ha喷液量喷雾, 药剂地面流失率为13.3%; 使用机动弥雾机以喷液量150 L/ha喷雾时, 药剂地面流失率为3.3%; 25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂用量减少至225 g/ha, 使用机动弥雾机以喷液量150和300 L/ha喷雾, 对棉蚜的防效与吡蚜酮用量300 g/ha、 使用手动喷雾器在喷液量600 L/ha条件下喷雾相比没有显著差异（P>0.05）。使用机动弥雾机喷雾可以减少田间用药量和喷液量, 降低药液的流失率, 减轻对环境的污染。     

不同助剂对甲维盐微乳剂在水稻叶片上附着性能的影响

选用合适的助剂有利于提高农药在水稻叶片上的持留量,解决现有杀虫剂利用率偏低的问题。本文以水稻为试材,测定2.3%甲维盐微乳剂分别与4种农药助剂混用后,其药液表面张力、铺展面积、叶片最大持留量的理化性能差异。结果表明4种助剂均能降低药液表面张力,提高叶片持留量,提高铺展面积。当助剂浓度达到150 mg/L后,铺展面积不再增加;200 mg/L后,药液表面张力达到最低;300 mg/L后,叶面持留量达到最大。其中乳化剂1#表现最优,其次是乳化剂2#,然后是JFC,OP-10。因此,在稻田喷雾中,可利用增加助剂含量来达到降低用药成本和减少环境污染的目的。     

农药助剂对茚虫威防治番茄潜叶蛾的减量增效作用

为评价农药助剂对15%茚虫威悬浮剂防治番茄潜叶蛾Tuta absoluta(Meyrick)的减量增效作用,分别向减量10%、20%、30%的15%茚虫威悬浮剂药液中添加500 ppm的有机硅silwet 408、矿物油、芦荟精油助剂,测定其对番茄潜叶蛾的田间防效。结果显示：相同浓度下,添加农药助剂后的防效均显著高于15%茚虫威悬浮剂的防效,相对常规用量通过添加有机硅Silwet 408、矿物油或芦荟精油可使农药减量10%～20%。田间应用将15%茚虫威悬浮剂按照常规用量减量10%～20%,通过添加有机硅Silwet 408、矿物油或芦荟精油可有效防治番茄潜叶蛾。     

多旋翼无人机施药防治甘蔗绵蚜的研究

本文报道了应用多旋翼无人机喷施农药防治甘蔗绵蚜Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner大爆发的研究。作者根据甘蔗绵蚜大爆发的特点,应用多旋翼无人机进行飞防试验;并根据多旋翼无人机施药特点,自行研究了2种微胶囊杀虫剂ALV-1501和ALV-1502,以及2种喷雾助剂SPA-01和SPA-02,进行防治蚜虫试验。试验结果显示:ALV-1501剂量2.25 L/hm2,药后1 d防治效果为60.02%,药后5 d为54.14%,ALV-1502剂量2.1 L/hm2,药后1d和5 d的防治效果分别为76.35%和81.35%。ALV-1501中分别添加0.6 L/hm2SPA-01和SPA-02,防治效果分别比单用提高1.42-1.47倍和1.16-1.45倍;ALV-1502中分别添加0.6 L/hm2SPA-01和SPA-02,防治效果分别比单用时提高1.23-1.25倍和1.15-1.16倍。3 m/s、5 m/s和8 m/s 3个飞行速度试验,对绵蚜的防治效果分别为:99.72%-99.97%、81.6%-99.81%和63.52%-68.77%。     

几种药剂及施药方式对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果

对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guen e高龄幼虫防治药剂31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME和当地几种常用药剂及不同施药方法对防治效果影响进行试验。结果表明:(1)毒死蜱(48%乐斯本EC)有较好速效性,药后1 d可达理想防效,三唑磷与氟出腈、氟铃脲复配的药剂(31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME、21%氟虫腈.三唑磷EC、15%氟铃脲.三唑磷EC)药后3d才能达到理想防效;(2)药后3d,各处理均达到理想防效,防效依次为31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME1.5L/hm2>31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME1.05L/hm2>21%氟虫腈.三唑磷EC1.5L/hm2>48%毒死蜱EC1.5L/hm2>15%氟虫腈.三唑磷EC1.5L/hm2>15%阿维菌素.毒死蜱EC1.5L/hm2;(3)分虫龄防效统计,药后3d供试药剂对1龄以下(施药时虫龄,后同)幼虫防效均在91%以上,对2~3龄幼虫,31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME保持90%以上的防效,其它处理防效明显下降,对4龄以上高龄幼虫,31%氟虫腈.三唑磷1.5L/hm2细喷雾处理防效仍达95.6%,其它处理防效很低。(4)细喷雾可提高31%氟虫腈.三唑磷ME对稻纵卷叶螟的防治效果,尤其是对高龄幼虫,与工农16型1.8mm孔径喷片的常规喷雾相比,1.2mm孔径喷片细喷雾处理药后3 d防效提高5.5%,东方红18型弥雾处理防效提高7.8%,其中,弥雾处理对1~2龄幼虫防效提高4.7%,对4~5龄幼虫防效提高了20.8%。     

五种药剂对芒果及豆角田蓟马的防效试验

为筛鉴高效低毒的蓟马防治药剂,将20％烯啶虫胺AS等五种杀虫剂对芒果和豆角田蓟马进行了田间药效试验,通过虫口减退率和校正防效两个指标对试验进行结果分析.结果表明,20％烯啶虫胺AS对茶黄蓟马Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood和花蓟马Frankliniella intonsa Trvbom两种蓟马的防效均较为突出,其中以1 mL/L的20％烯啶虫胺AS效果最好,药后第5 d对茶黄蓟马和花蓟马的防控效果还分别维持在84.18％、77.36％,持效期较长,其次0.5％印楝素EC+N-go对两种蓟马也有较好的防效5％啶虫脒EC+N-go对茶黄蓟马的防效优于花蓟马,而20％啶虫脒*20％丁硫克百威WDG对花蓟马的防效优于茶黄蓟马各药剂对两种作物较安全.     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418