移虫育王影响西方蜜蜂蜂王miRNA表达

移虫育王是大量培育蜜蜂蜂王的有效手段。近年来,大量研究表明人工移虫育王会对蜂王的发育和质量造成不良影响,并且改变其表观遗传修饰和基因表达。然而,移虫育王是否会改变蜂王体内的miRNA表达尚不清楚。本试验以西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera为研究对象,通过miRNA测序比较移虫育王（2日龄幼虫）与对照组移卵育王所培育蜂王的miRNA表达情况。结果表明：移虫育王与移卵育王培育的2种蜂王存在7个差异表达的miRNA,而这7个差异的miRNA可注释到651个靶基因。GO功能分析结果显示,这些靶基因主要富集在基因转录调控、转录因子活性、DNA结合、细胞核调控类型等方面;KEGG信号通路分析结果显示,靶基因主要富集在Wnt、Hippo信号通路和糖类代谢等方面。因此,本研究结果表明移虫育王可改变蜂王体内的miRNA表达,并可能通过调控Wnt、Hippo和糖代谢等信号通路上的靶基因来影响蜂王发育和质量。     

不同移虫日龄蜂王卵巢中hexamerin110、hexamerin70b的差异表达分析

为探究不同移虫日龄的西方蜜蜂蜂王卵巢中hexamerin110、hexamerin70b的表达及其调控机理,以β-actin为内参基因,运用q RT-PCR技术检测不同移虫日龄蜂王卵巢中hexamerin110、hexamerin70b m RNA的表达水平,用Western blot方法检测hexamerin110、hexamerin70b蛋白的表达。结果显示,hexamerin110、hexamerin70无论是在m RNA水平还是蛋白水平,随着移虫日龄的增加,其表达量均呈降低的趋势。1日龄移虫培育的蜂王卵巢hexamerin110基因表达量显著高于其他组(P0.05),1日龄移虫培育的蜂王卵巢的hexamerin70b基因的表达量极显著高于其他组(P0.01)。Hexamerin110、hexamerin70b在1日龄移虫发育的蜂王卵巢中的表达水平最高,推测其可能与蜂王生殖发育以及级型分化有关。     

4种杀虫剂对南亚实蝇各虫态不同日龄的毒力测定

为明确南亚实蝇Bactrocera tau Walker不同发育阶段、不同日龄以及不同性别成虫对常用杀虫剂的敏感度,本研究采用胃毒法测定了杀虫剂对南亚实蝇室内种群幼虫和成虫的活性,采用浸泡法测了杀虫剂对卵和蛹的活性.结果表明4种杀虫剂对南亚实蝇不同日龄各虫态的毒杀活性存在差异,随日龄增加,各虫态对不同药剂的耐药性增加,且耐药性的强弱不同.高效氟氯氰菊酯EC对南亚实蝇卵、2日龄和5日龄幼虫具有较好的毒杀活性,LC50分别为2.88 mg/L、2.08 mg/L和6.39 mg/L,辛硫磷EC、多杀霉素SC以及高效氯氰菊酯EC的杀虫活性较差,LC50分别为4.71 mg/L、3.95 mg/L和11.60 mg/L;幼虫对高效氟氯氰菊酯EC的耐药性增长较快,对多杀霉素SC的耐药性增加较慢;多杀霉素SC对2日龄和5日龄的蛹和雌雄成虫的毒杀活性较高,但耐药性增加较快,蛹对辛硫磷EC的耐药性增长较慢,雌雄成虫均对高效氯氰菊酯EC耐药性增长较慢,不同日龄的雌成虫的耐药性均高于雄成虫.由于南亚实蝇世代重叠严重,在成虫暴发期之前,可将高效氟氯氰菊酯EC作为首选药剂使用,在成虫暴发期之后防治时可将多杀霉素SC作为优选药剂使用,防治最佳时期为各虫态的初期.     

育王框位置对中华蜜蜂蜂王质量的影响

蜂王质量的好坏决定了蜂群的群势和生产性能。培育优质的蜂王有利于蜂群的饲养管理及提高经济效益。在育王过程中,育王框所处位置对王台接受率以及蜂王质量均有所影响。本研究基于免移虫育王技术,以中华蜜蜂为研究对象,探究育王框在不同类型子脾之间的位置(封盖子脾之间、幼虫脾之间以及混合脾之间)对王台接受率、蜂王个体形态指标及蜂王卵巢卵黄原蛋白基因表达的影响。研究结果表明,育王框置于幼虫脾之间蜂王幼虫接受率和蜂王卵黄原蛋白表达量显著高于封盖子脾,但对蜂王个体指标无影响。     

环境因素对安徽虫瘟霉生长发育的影响

安徽虫瘟霉是目前仅发现于我国的重要蚜虫病原真菌,对桃蚜具有明显的自然控制作用。本研究了温度和紫外光对安徽虫瘟等固体培养性状及不同温湿度组合对安徽虫瘟霉分生孢子萌发的影响。     

啶虫脒对西方蜜蜂蜂王培育质量的影响

【目的】本实验旨在研究王台中残留啶虫脒对西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂王培育质量的影响。【方法】通过融化蜂蜡并添加啶虫脒药液制作王台,使各王台中分别含4个不同剂量的啶虫脒(0, 10, 100和1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡)。同时,控制蜂王产卵6 h, 3 d后,将孵化为1日龄的幼虫分别移入各组王台中,并放入蜂群哺育。移虫后第3和6天分别统计各组王台中幼虫的接受率和封盖率,待蜂王出房时,计算其出房率,测定蜂王个体初生重、胸重和胸宽指标;采用实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)技术测定蜂王卵巢中卵黄原蛋白基因(Vg)、储存蛋白基因(hex110和hex70b)的相对表达量。【结果】100 μg/kg蜂蜡和1 000μg/kg蜂蜡这两个啶虫脒剂量组西方蜜蜂蜂王的出房率都显著低于0 μg/kg蜂蜡和10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组,而0 μg/kg蜂蜡与10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组之间及100 μg/kg蜂蜡与1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组之间出房率 均差异不显著;这4个剂量组的王台幼虫接受率和封盖率以及蜂王的初生重、胸重和胸宽均无显著差异。qPCR结果显示,Vg基因的相对表达量随啶虫脒浓度的增加而下降,其中,1 000 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组Vg基因的相对表达量显著低于10 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组和0 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量组,其余各剂量组之间差异不显著;这4个剂量组之间hex110和hex70b基因的表达量差异不显著。【结论】西方蜜蜂王台中啶虫脒残留超过100 μg/kg蜂蜡剂量时,会对蜂王培育产生不利影响。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊雄虫日龄对其交配能力和雌虫生殖力的影响

为了提高韭菜迟眼蕈蚊性信息素监控水平,本文在25℃、RH70%±5%、光周期L∶D=14∶10的条件下研究韭菜迟眼蕈蚊不同日龄雄虫的交配能力及其对雌虫生殖力的影响。结果表明,未交配雄虫平均寿命4.5d,雌虫4.2d,雌雄成虫的平均寿命无显著差异。雄虫一生最多可交配13次,且随着雄虫日龄增加,雌虫交配成功率逐渐减少。随着雄虫交配经历的增加,雌虫交配的时间延长,最长达97min。雄虫的日龄并不影响与之交配雌虫的产卵量和卵孵化率,但是雄虫的交配经历与雌虫的产卵量和卵孵化率相关,尤其当雄虫交配经历超过8次时,与之交配的雌虫的产卵量和卵孵化率显著下降。研究阐明了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生殖行为特征,为其性信息素应用提供了参考。     

二种寄生蜂寄生对不同虫龄小菜蛾精巢的影响

为探明寄生蜂引起寄主寄生性去势的机制,本文选取携带不同多分DNA病毒(Polydnavirus,PDV)的2种内寄生蜂与共同寄主小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)为寄生体系,研究不同虫龄小菜蛾被寄生后雄性生精细胞、精子束形态和精巢发育体积变化,系统比较寄生性去势程度和分别拥有2类PDV的寄生蜂在寄主精子发生和形成过程中的作用。结果表明:携带Bracovirus PDV的菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesiave stalis(Haliday)或拥有Ichvovirus PDV的半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum Hellén寄生对不同虫龄小菜蛾的精子发生和形成过程均产生明显的抑制作用,表现为不能产生精子束或精子束数量减少,但抑制程度以寄生低龄寄主时最明显。2种蜂寄生均能抑制小菜蛾精巢体积的增长,但对低龄寄主的抑制程度明显强于高龄寄主,寄生性去势程度取决于寄生时寄主虫龄。相比而言,寄生不同虫龄小菜蛾时,茧蜂引起小菜蛾寄生性去势的程度均强于姬蜂。     

D—丙氨酸对不同日龄家蝇的影响

D-丙氨酸可以明显缩短家蝇(Musca Domestica)的寿命,给不同日龄的家蝇喂养1%D-丙氨酸水溶液后,出现死亡高峰的时间不同,如1日龄为8天,16日龄为4天。这种差异可能是由于机体对氨基酸的光学异构体的识别能力随龄下降,大量D-丙氨酸与L-丙氨酸竞争,参与各种L-丙氨酸所参与的反应和蛋白合成过程,使代谢失调及反应误差率随龄增加,从而加速死亡的结果。     

蜂王幼虫与工蜂幼虫发育期食物消耗量的研究

以意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica雌性幼虫为试验材料,用鲜王浆、葡萄糖、果糖和酵母抽提物分别配制不同日龄的蜂王幼虫食物和工蜂幼虫食物,采用室内人工饲养蜜蜂幼虫技术饲养12h以内的蜂王幼虫和工蜂幼虫,直到幼虫出现排便和吐丝行为,记录幼虫生长发育期间消耗的总食物量。结果表明:1只蜂王幼虫在生长发育期平均消耗196.8mg蜂王幼虫食物,而1只工蜂幼虫在生长发育期平均消耗139.4mg工蜂幼虫食物。     

饲养密度对黄粉虫幼虫生长发育的影响

黄粉虫原是一种仓库害虫 ,由于其幼虫、蛹、成虫都含有丰富的蛋白质和多种氨基酸 ,已被作为饲用资源昆虫来开发利用。作为一种群集性的昆虫 ,黄粉虫幼虫的生长受密度影响可分为 2个阶段 ,一是幼虫孵化后 1个月这段时间内 ,高密度处理的幼虫平均体重大于低密度处理的幼虫平均体重 ;二是孵化 1个月后直到化蛹 ,这段时间低密度的幼虫生长要比高密度的幼虫快得多。密度越大 ,历期越长。但密度对化蛹率没有影响。在幼虫生长过程中 ,各处理组中只有 3 2 0头虫密度处理组的幼虫在生长 1个月后显出拥挤效应。     

The effects of temperature and prey density on the development rates and growth of damselfly larvae (Odonata: Zygoptera)

Abstract. 1. The effects of prey density and temperature on the feeding and development rates of several late instars of the larvae of three common European damselflies ( Lestes sponsa (Hansemann), Coenagrion puella (L.) and Ischnura elegans van der Linden) were investigated in a laboratory experiment.
2. Functional responses were used to estimate maximum feeding rates. Maximum feeding rates were compared between species, instars and temperatures by expressing prey consumption in terms of prey biomass consumed per unit predator biomass. Lestes was capable of feeding at almost twice the rate of either Coenagrion or Ischnura.
3. Higher feeding rates led to faster development rates and there was an interaction between species and temperature. With the exception of those with very low feeding rates, larvae maintained at higher temperatures, but similar feeding rates, developed faster. Under similar conditions of temperature and feeding rate, Lestes larvae developed faster than larvae of either Coenagrion or Ischnura.
4. Faster development rates at similar rates of food intake were achieved at the cost of reduced size-increases between instars.
5. The differences in the responses of the three species are discussed in the light of their respective life histories, and with reference to a recent model of population regulation in damselflies.     

Evaluation of the standards compliance of the queen bees reared in the Mediterranean region in Turkey

The influence of different commercial queen producers on the quality of Apis mellifera queens was assessed. It was aimed to determine the quality characteristics of queens reared by commercial queen producers located in the province of Antalya, which is an important region in queens production due to its climatic characteristics. For this purpose, the quality characteristics of a total of 105 queen bees obtained from 21 enterprises were determined. Differences between the enterprises in terms of the number of spermatozoa (P < 0.01) were determined. In terms of the diameter of spermatheca, spermatheca volume and live weight, statistical differences between the enterprises were also observed (P < 0.05). When the relationships between the measured characteristics were examined, significant values were obtained statistically between live weight and diameter of spermathecae (0.268) and spermatheca volume (0.258). It was also determined that there is a significant correlation between spermatheca diameter and spermatheca volume (0.995). The spermatheca diameter of a good quality queen bee should not be <1.2 mm, spermatheca volume 0.90 mm³ and live weight not <200 mg. Only live weight was found to be within the normal quality standard values when the average results of the quality criteria are taken into consideration. Other characters such as spermathecae diameter, spermathecae volume and number of spermatozoa in spermathecae seem to be below quality standard values.     

马尾松诱导抗性对马尾松毛虫幼虫生长发育的影响

利用不同受害方式和受害程度的马尾松 (PinusmassonianaLamb.)针饲养马尾松毛DendrolimuspunctarusWalker虫幼虫 ,研究受害松针对幼虫生长发育的影响。结果表明 :马尾松毛虫取食受害松针后 ,幼虫的取食量下降 ,排粪量减少 ,对食物的消耗和利用指数降低 ,幼虫发育速率缓慢 ,死亡率增加 ,从而影响马尾松毛虫的种群动态     

The inhibiting effect of the queen bee (Apis mellifera L.) foot-print pheromone on the construction of swarming queen cups

Experiments were conducted to determine the rôle of population density of queenright honey bee colonies, and that of the queen bee pheromonal secretions, on the induction and inhibition of swarming queen cup construction during swarming and non-swarming seasons. Construction of queen cups was induced experimentally in overcrowded queenright colonies, during winter, which is a non-swarming season. This construction was induced by high population density of bee workers: above a threshold of 2.3 bee workers/ml there was a relationship between the number of cups constructed and the colony density. During the swarming season a relationship was established between the free volume of a hive (population density) and the number of queen cups constructed: 1.5 cups in a colony that occupied 80,960 ml, compared with 77 cups in a colony hived within a volume of 20, 240 ml. Observations of the queen's movements upon combs in colonies of high and normal population densities showed that in an overcrowded colony the queen bee was almost absent from the bottom edges of the comb, where queen swarming cups and cells are constructed. The tarsal glands of queens are located in the fifth tarsomere and the glandular oily secretion is deposited by the foot-pads upon the combs surface. The rate of secretion by the queen's tarsal glands was about 13 times higher than by those of the workers. A bioassay for testing the inhibitory effects of the queen's glandular extracts on the construction of queen cups was developed. It was based on increasing worker bee population densities, and can be used effectively throughout the year in a subtropical climate.The application of tarsal and mandibular glands' secretion to comb bottom edges in overcrowded colonies (bioassay) caused the inhibition of queen cup construction. None of these two secretions affected construction of these cups when applied separately. We presume that due to colony overcrowding the queen bee is unable to deposit the non-volatile secretions from tarsal glands along the comb edges and that the deficiency of the foot-print pheromone triggers the construction of swarming cups along the non-inhibited areas.     

舞毒蛾末龄幼虫部分口器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电子显微镜对亚洲型舞毒蛾末龄幼虫口器的下颚和下唇的形态结构特征进行了观察。结果表明：在下颚和下唇须上共存在5种感器和1种角质齿,即毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、栓锥形感器、钟形感器和刺状角质齿,其中毛形感器最发达。     

Feel the heat: The effect of temperature on development, behavior and central pattern generation in 3rd instar Calliphora vicina larvae

Like in all poikilothermic animals, higher temperatures increase developmental rate and activity in Calliphora vicina larvae. We therefore could expect temperature to have a persistent effect on the output of the feeding and crawling central pattern generators (CPGs). When confronted with a steep temperature gradient, larvae show evasive behavior after touching the substrate with the cephalic sense organs. Beside this reflex behavior the terminal- and dorsal organ might also mediate long term CPG modulation. Both organs were thermally stimulated while their response was recorded from the maxillary- or antennal nerve. The terminal organ showed a tonic response characteristic while the dorsal organ was not sensitive to temperature. Thermal stimulation of the terminal organ did not affect the ongoing patterns of fictive feeding or crawling, recorded from the antennal- or abdominal nerve respectively. A selective increase of the central nervous system (CNS) temperature accelerated the motor patterns of both feeding and crawling. We propose that temperature affects centrally generated behavior via two pathways: short term changes like thermotaxis are mediated by the terminal organ, while long term adaptations like increased feeding rate are caused by temperature sensitive neurons in the CNS which were recently shown to exist in Drosophila larvae.     

Occurrence of two different development patterns in Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae during the second generation

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