利用拟杆菌分子标记物对粪便污染溯源的研究进展

拟杆菌(Bacteroidales)是粪便污染的主要标志之一,近年来被广泛应用在水体微生物溯源领域,并展现了良好的应用前景.拟杆菌微生物溯源的优势在于不需要纯培养过程,直接根据拟杆菌具有的宿主特异性生物标记引物设计,通过检测水体中拟杆菌生物标记的存在情况来判断粪便污染来源.本文从人、猪、反刍动物等拟杆菌特异性生物标记的发现、引物设计以及其应用综述了拟杆菌在微生物溯源中的研究进展,指出了应用过程中的局限性.本文还对拟杆菌在溯源中的应用进行了展望.提出了寻找新的宿主特异性拟杆菌生物标记是研究的主要方向,在应用研究中应注重与其他溯源方法相结合以使溯源结果更加准确.     

性激素变化对小鼠肠道菌群构成的影响

肠道菌群在维持宿主免疫和消化系统功能方面发挥着重要作用,肠道菌群的多样性和丰富度是衡量宿主健康状况的重要生理指标。性激素对动物生长发育发挥重要作用,但其对肠道菌群构成影响的相关实验研究相对较少。本研究以模式生物小鼠（Mus musculus）为对象,探究性激素的变化对小鼠肠道菌群构成的影响。采用外科手术方式建立小鼠去势模型,通过16S r RNA高通量测序技术,研究性激素对小鼠肠道菌群构成的影响。研究结果表明,雌性小鼠和雄性小鼠去势后,性激素水平显著下降。肠道菌群在门水平上,正常小鼠和去势小鼠肠道细菌群落均由拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、埃普西隆杆菌门（Epsilonbacteraeota）、髌骨细菌门（Patescibacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、软壁菌门（Tenericutes）、脱铁杆菌门（Deferribacteres）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）和蓝藻细菌门（Cyanobacteria）组成,主要菌群为厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门物种,两门占物种相对丰度百分比...     

低氧暴露对大鼠肠道微生物群落的影响

【背景】低氧暴露时机体会对物质的吸收和代谢作出调整,以维持自身的能量需求。肠道微生物参与了宿主众多生理过程,尤其在宿主消化、代谢、免疫等多方面发挥了重要作用。而目前对于低氧暴露过程中宿主肠道微生物群落结构和功能的动态变化,以及这些变化与宿主习服低氧之间的关系则少有报道。【目的】研究大鼠暴露于低氧环境后其肠道微生物群落的结构和多样性,探讨低氧暴露对宿主肠道微生物群落的影响,以及肠道微生物群落的变化与宿主代谢之间可能存在的关系。【方法】分别收集低氧暴露1、7、14、21和28 d的实验组(模拟海拔4 500 m)和对照组(43.5 m)的SD大鼠粪便样品,通过IlluminaHiSeq测序平台对样品进行16SrRNAV3-V4区测序,利用Uparse、Qiime、LEfSe和PICRUSt软件分析肠道微生物群落结构、丰度、多样性、组间差异,并利用KEGG数据库对肠道微生物的功能进行预测。【结果】不同低氧暴露时间组和对照组SD大鼠肠道微生物群落特征具有明显差异。低氧暴露组SD大鼠的肠道微生物群落中拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)、拟杆菌科(Bacteroidaceae)、普氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)、普氏菌属(Prevotella)和普氏菌种(copri)的相对丰度较高且具有统计学意义。相应时间的对照组SD大鼠肠道微生物群落中瘤胃球菌科(Ruminococcaceae)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)、梭菌纲(Clostridia)和梭菌目(Clostridiales)等相对丰度较高且具有统计学意义。功能预测发现遗传信息处理和代谢相关通路在低氧暴露组SD大鼠肠道微生物中明显富集。【结论】低氧暴露过程中SD大鼠肠道微生物群落结构和多样性呈动态变化,碳水化合物代谢相关菌群(普氏菌和拟杆菌)明显增加,可能参与了宿主能量代谢调整,有利于机体对低氧环境的习服。     

拟杆菌与肠道微生态

人和动物的肠道正常微生态体系对于维持机体的健康有重要作用。文章主要介绍了肠道中的优势厌氧菌—— 拟杆菌的作用及其作用机理, 从其基因组角度揭示它对宿主益生作用的根源, 为进一步认识动物与其共生菌的互惠关系提供了重要依据, 同时也为动物肠道疾病的防治提供重要的理论基础。     

拟杆菌与肠道微生态

人和动物的肠道正常微生态体系对于维持机体的健康有重要作用.文章主要介绍了肠道中的优势厌氧菌--拟杆菌的作用及其作用机理,从其基因组角度揭示它对宿主益生作用的根源,为进一步认识动物与其共生菌的互惠关系提供了重要依据,同时也为动物肠道疾病的防治提供重要的理论基础.     

共生菌Cardinium在宿主体内的分布、检测及其生殖调控作用

内共生菌是存在于宿主细胞内,与宿主存在互利共生关系的一类细菌。内共生菌在节肢动物的生长和繁殖过程中起着十分重要的作用, 包括向宿主提供食物中缺乏的营养物质、调控宿主生殖方式,增强宿主适应性等。Cardinium属于拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes,通过细胞质遗传,具有诱导宿主细胞质不亲和、产雌孤雌生殖、雌性化等生殖异常现象,并且还可影响宿主的适合度,以利于其本身在宿主不同种群和世代间的分布和传播。由于Cardinium是近几年人们新发现的一类新型内共生菌,目前对其在节肢动物宿主体内的分布、其生物学生态学功能等尚不完全明确。本文在综合国内外文献资料的基础上,从Cardinium在节肢动物体内的分布、其在昆虫种群的传播规律及其检测手段、其对节肢动物宿主的生殖调控作用等几个方面进行了综述,并对其应用前景进行了展望,以期引起更多的学者关注该胞内共生菌,推动人们对该内共生菌的研究及利用。     

双歧杆菌免疫调节作用的研究进展

双歧杆菌是人和动物肠道内最重要的生理性细菌之一,参与宿主的多种生态效应和生理作用,对维持宿主健康起着重要的作用。本文总结了近年来双歧杆菌对肠黏膜上皮细胞的黏附及其引发机体免疫反应的研究进展,并对肠黏膜免疫系统做了简要描述。     

植物乳杆菌、苹果醋酸杆菌和酿酒酵母三种微生物对黑腹果蝇行为和发育的影响

[目的]肠道微生物在宿主的多种生命活动中发挥重要作用.本研究旨在通过研究植物乳杆菌Lactobacillus plantarum,苹果醋酸杆菌Acetobacter malorum和酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae 3种微生物对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster觅食、产卵和发...     

脆弱拟杆菌的研究进展

脆弱拟杆菌是定殖于哺乳动物肠道中的共生菌,同时也是临床感染病例中常见的条件致病菌。本文从致病及益生特性两大方面综述脆弱拟杆菌的研究现状,着重讨论了脆弱拟杆菌作为潜在益生菌在预防和治疗糖尿病及免疫性疾病中所起的重要作用,从而为筛选及应用益生脆弱拟杆菌菌株提供一定的参考。     

鲍曼不动杆菌Ⅱ型分泌系统的研究进展

鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)是一种医院常见的革兰阴性致病菌,可引起宿主的一系列疾病,严重时可导致全身感染,危及生命。Ⅱ型分泌系统(typeⅡsecretion system, T2SS)广泛存在于革兰阴性菌中,是其重要的毒力因子,通过释放毒素和水解酶获取营养,提高细菌在宿主细胞内生存和增殖的能力。研究证实,鲍曼不动杆菌也含有T2SS,且T2SS在鲍曼不动杆菌感染致病过程中发挥着重要的作用。近些年来,与鲍曼不动杆菌相关的T2SS研究一直是医学微生物领域关注的焦点之一。现对鲍曼不动杆菌T2SS的组成、结构和致病性方面作一概述,并对T2SS抑制剂的潜在靶点进行展望。     

Expression in Escherichia coli of cryptic tetracycline resistance genes from Bacteroides R plasmids

The putative clindamycin resistance region of the Bacteroides fragilis R plasmid pBF4 was cloned in the vector R300B in Escherichia coli. This 3.8-kb EcoRI D fragment from pBF4 expressed noninducible tetracycline resistance in E. coli under aerobic but not anaerobic growth conditions. The fragment does not express tetracycline resistance in Bacteroides, a strict anaerobe. The separate tetracycline resistance transfer system in the Bacteroides host strain V479-1 has no homology to the cryptic determinant on pBF4. In addition, this aerobic tetracycline resistance determinant is not homologous to the three major plasmid mediated tetracycline resistance regions found in facultative gram-negative bacteria, represented by R100, RK2, and pBR322. A similar cryptic tetracycline resistance fragment was cloned from pCP1, a separate clindamycin resistance plasmid from Bacteroides that shares homology with the EcoRI D fragment of pBF4. This study identifies cryptic drug resistance determinants in Bacteroides that are expressed when inserted into an aerobically growing organism.     

Method for isolation of Bacteroides bacteriophage host strains suitable for tracking sources of fecal pollution in water

Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides are potentially a good tool for fecal source tracking, but different Bacteroides host strains are needed for different geographic areas. A feasible method for isolating Bacteroides host strains for phages present in human fecal material is described. Useful strains were identified for application in Spain and the United Kingdom. One strain, GA-17, identified as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, was tested in several locations in Europe with excellent performance in Southern Europe.     

Distribution of the human faecal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis, its bacteriophages and their relationship to current sewage pollution indicators in bathing water

Although several bacteria are currently used as possible indicators of human pathogens in sewage-polluted sea water, they are often viewed as inadequate and especially inadequate as indicators of viral pathogens. This study investigates the distribution of Bacteroides fragilis and closely related Bacteroides spp. and their associated bacteriophages in sea water frequently used for recreational purposes. These organisms may provide a potentially more appropriate indicator. Bacteroides fragilis is one of about 10 species which are loosely placed together in the 'B. fragilis' group. Samples down-current from a sewage outfall were examined for the presence of B. fragilis group organisms and associated bacteriophages. Numbers were correlated with current bacterial and possible viral indicators at these sites. These B. fragilis group isolates were used as hosts to successfully isolate bacteriophages. The host range of these bacteriophages was investigated. It is hoped to expand this study by using these B. fragilis group hosts and their bacteriophages to identify a more suitable, European-wide, indicator of bacterial pathogens which can also be used to detect bacteriophages which are suitable as viral indicators.     

多形拟杆菌对肥胖大鼠减肥影响的初步研究及毒性实验

目的研究人体肠道内的多形拟杆菌对肥胖大鼠的减肥作用。方法从人体肠道中提取、分离和鉴定1株多形拟杆菌。建立高能饲料诱发的大鼠肥胖模型,给大鼠灌胃多形拟杆菌菌液,25 d后观察大鼠体重及肠道内多形拟杆菌的数量变化。结果灌胃多形拟杆菌菌液的给药组的大鼠体重与灌胃生理盐水的模型组相比,增长慢（P〈0.05）,差异有显著性,且体内拟杆菌数量多于模型组,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。结论提示多形拟杆菌菌液对肥胖大鼠有一定的减肥作用。     

Dietary long-chain n-3 PUFA, gut microbiota and fat mass in early postnatal piglet development--exploring a potential interplay

Dietary n-3PUFA and gut bacteria, particularly Bacteroidetes, have been suggested to be related to adiposity. We investigated if n-3PUFA affected fat storage and cecal bacteria in piglets. Twenty-four 4-day-old piglets were allocated to formula rich in n-3PUFA (～3E%) from fish oil (FO) or n-6PUFA from sunflower oil (SO) for 14 days. We assessed body weight, fat accumulation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and microbial molecular fingerprints. Dietary PUFA-composition was reflected in higher erythrocyte n-3PUFA in the FO- than the SO-group (P<0.001). Principal component analysis revealed group differences in the overall microbiotic composition, which involved a larger Bacteroides community in the SO-group (P=0.02). There was no significant difference in body fat percentage and no relationship between fat accumulation and gut Bacteroides. Hence, this study does not support an impact of n-3PUFA or microbiota on fat accumulation during the postnatal maturation period. The impact of dietary PUFA on the gut Bacteroides warrants further investigation.     

Development of an in vitro integration assay for the Bacteroides conjugative transposon CTnDOT

Integrated self-transmissible elements called conjugative transposons (CTns) are responsible for the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in many different species of bacteria. One of the best characterized of these newly recognized elements is the Bacteroides CTn, CTnDOT. CTnDOT is thought to have a circular transfer intermediate that transfers to and integrates into the genome of the recipient cell. Previous investigations of the mechanism of CTnDOT integration have been hindered by the lack of an in vitro system for checking this model of integration and determining whether the CTnDOT integrase alone was sufficient to catalyze the integration reaction or whether host factors might be involved. We report here the development of an in vitro system in which a plasmid containing the joined ends of CTnDOT integrates into a plasmid carrying a CTnDOT target site. To develop this in vitro system, a His-tagged version of the integrase gene of CTnDOT was cloned and shown to be active in vivo. The protein produced by this construct was partially purified and then added to a reaction mixture that contained the joined ends of the circular form of CTnDOT and a plasmid carrying one of the CTnDOT target sites. Integration was demonstrated by using a fairly simple mixture of components, but integration was stimulated by a Bacteroides extract or by purified Escherichia coli integration host factor. The results of this study demonstrate both that the circular form of CTnDOT is the form that integrates into the target site and that host factors are involved in the integration process.     

Analysis of a Bacteroides conjugative transposon using a novel "targeted capture" model system

Large conjugative transposons (CTn's) are widespread among Bacteroides spp. and they are responsible for the high rates of Bacteroides tetracycline resistance, which is mediated by the tetQ gene. These elements are self-transmissible and conjugation can be induced up to 1000-fold by the addition of tetracycline to cultures prior to mating. In addition to self-transfer, the Bacteroides CTn's, such as CTn341, are able to mobilize unlinked genetic elements such as plasmids and mobilizable transposons in a tetracycline-inducible manner. To study the molecular properties of these unique elements, a vector was designed to capture CTn's for analysis in heterologous hosts. This plasmid, pFD670, consisted of the low-copy vector pWSK29, the RK2 oriT, an ermF gene, and a tetQ gene fragment containing the N-terminus and promoter. The vector was transferred into Bacteroides recipients containing CTn341 where it integrated into the tetQ gene by homologous recombination. This integrated construct then was transferred back into an Escherichia coli host where it replicated as a plasmid, pFD699, about 56 kb in size. Further analysis showed that pFD699 could be transferred into Bacteroides hosts where it displayed the same tetracycline-inducible properties as the native CTn341. The captured element appeared to utilize a circular intermediate in both transfer and transposition, and integration into the chromosome seemed to be random. Hybridization studies with a range of Bacteroides CTn's encoding tetracycline resistance revealed a great deal of homology between most of the CTn's but there was much variation seen in the restriction patterns of these elements, suggesting great diversity among this group.     

Host distributions of uncultivated fecal Bacteroidales bacteria reveal genetic markers for fecal source identification

The purpose of this study was to examine host distribution patterns among fecal bacteria in the order Bacteroidales, with the goal of using endemic sequences as markers for fecal source identification in aquatic environments. We analyzed Bacteroidales 16S rRNA gene sequences from the feces of eight hosts: human, bovine, pig, horse, dog, cat, gull, and elk. Recovered sequences did not match database sequences, indicating high levels of uncultivated diversity. The analysis revealed both endemic and cosmopolitan distributions among the eight hosts. Ruminant, pig, and horse sequences tended to form host- or host group-specific clusters in a phylogenetic tree, while human, dog, cat, and gull sequences clustered together almost exclusively. Many of the human, dog, cat, and gull sequences fell within a large branch containing cultivated species from the genus Bacteroides. Most of the cultivated Bacteroides species had very close matches with multiple hosts and thus may not be useful targets for fecal source identification. A large branch containing cultivated members of the genus Prevotella included cloned sequences that were not closely related to cultivated Prevotella species. Most ruminant sequences formed clusters separate from the branches containing Bacteroides and Prevotella species. Host-specific sequences were identified for pigs and horses and were used to design PCR primers to identify pig and horse sources of fecal pollution in water. The primers successfully amplified fecal DNAs from their target hosts and did not amplify fecal DNAs from other species. Fecal bacteria endemic to the host species may result from evolution in different types of digestive systems.     

太子参内生细菌RPB-32的分类鉴定及其代谢物对小鼠肠道微生物群落的影响

【背景】肠道微生物在宿主肠道微环境稳态中起着至关重要的作用。众多因子,如抗生素、饮食和年龄等会干扰这种微平衡,引起菌群平衡发生改变,进而影响到机体健康状况。太子参具有心肌保护、增加免疫、抗氧化、抗糖尿病、抗应激、抗疲劳等药理活性,而太子参内生菌代谢物对肠道微生物的调控作用以及可能对机体健康的影响目前还未见报道。【目的】研究太子参内生菌RPB-32分类地位及其代谢提取物对小鼠肠道微生物的调节作用,以探讨其对机体健康的影响。【方法】对RPB-32进行传统方法和分子鉴定。将120只KM小鼠随机分为溶剂对照组(3%乙醇)及石油醚提取物、正丁醇提取物和乙酸乙酯提取物低、中、高剂量组(n=12)。小鼠灌胃处理14 d后采集粪便,通过选择性培养基培养及宏基因组测序[溶剂对照(S.F.1为3%乙醇溶液)、乙酸乙酯提取物高剂量组(S.F.2)]检测灌胃前后小鼠肠道微生物的变化。【结果】常规传统方法与分子鉴定结果表明RPB-32为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)。与空白对照组相比,给予内生菌代谢提取物的乙酸乙酯中剂量组、乙酸乙酯高剂量组、正丁醇低剂量组、正丁醇中剂量组及正丁醇高剂量组乳酸菌数量明显增加...     

Non-contiguous finished genome sequence of Bacteroides coprosuis type strain (PC139)

Bacteroides coprosuis Whitehead et al. 2005 belongs to the genus Bacteroides, which is a member of the family Bacteroidaceae. Members of the genus Bacteroides in general are known as beneficial protectors of animal guts against pathogenic microorganisms, and as contributors to the degradation of complex molecules such as polysaccharides. B. coprosuis itself was isolated from a manure storage pit of a swine facility, but has not yet been found in an animal host. The species is of interest solely because of its isolated phylogenetic location. The genome of B. coprosuis is already the 5(th) sequenced type strain genome from the genus Bacteroides. The 2,991,798 bp long genome with its 2,461 protein-coding and 78 RNA genes and is a part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.