山西兴县中奥陶统马家沟组五5亚段遗迹化石组合及其古环境意义

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘关家崖剖面奥陶系马家沟组五5亚段地层中保存大量无脊椎动物遗迹化石,可识别出居住迹、牧食迹、觅食迹三大类,共7个遗迹属、14个遗迹种,分别是Arenicolites isp.,Cylindricumisp.,Helminthopsis abeli,Helminthopsis isp.1,Helminthopsis isp.2,Lorenziniaisp.,Planolites isp.,Planolites beverleyensis,Planolites montanus,Teichichnus rectus,Thalassinoides isp.1,Thalassinoides isp.2,Thalassinoides isp.3,Thalassinoides isp.4。根据遗迹化石特征及其沉积环境,可划分3个遗迹组合:1、Helminthopsis-Planolites组合,该组合以觅食迹为主,部分为居住迹,出现在潮间带和潮下带;2、Thalassinoides-Teichichnus组合,该组合遗迹化石种类较单一,主要为觅食迹,分布于潮间带和潮上带;3、Thalassinoides-Helminthopsis组合,该组合出现在潮间带。基于遗迹化石组合的分布特点,提出山西兴县奥陶系马家沟组五5亚段的沉积环境模式。     

Ethologic and ontogenic significance of the Pliocene trace fossil Sinusichnus sinuosus from the northwestern Mediterranean

The trace fossil Sinusichnus sinuosus Gibert 1996 is described and interpreted as an open burrow system, attributed to a crustacean tracemaker, that shares some features with fodinichnial networks, such as Thalassinoides and Ophiomorpha , and with graphoglyptid burrows, such as Protopaleodictyon and Cosmorhaphe. These similarities suggest that Sinusichnus could have been produced by an animal combining deposit-feeding and farming (or trapping) strategies. The Sinusichnus record has yielded juvenile and adult burrows, often in close association. On account of minor morphologic differences between the two, juvenile tracemakers could have employed an agrichnial feeding strategy, whereas adults could have employed fodinichnial feeding.     

Trace fossil associations related to facies of an upper Ordovician low wave energy shoreface and shelf, Oslo-Asker district, Norway

Three trace fossil associations have been identified from facies interpreted as low wave energy upper, middle and lower shoreface deposits, transitional shoreface/shelf deposits and open epicontinental shelf deposits. These were developed in pre-regressive, regressive and transgressive phases associated with eustatic sea level changes caused by the upper Ordovician glaciation. The three associations are the Skolithos-Diplocraterion association, the Diplichnites-Phycodes association and the Thalassinoides association. The Skolithos-Diplocraterion association inhabited upper, middle and lower shoreface environments, the Diplichnites-Phycodes association a lowermost shoreface environment and the Thalassinoides association inhabited offshore epicontinental shelf environmcnts. The Skolithos-Diplocraferion and Diplichnites-Phycodes associations bear strong affinities with previously described Skolithos ichnofacies assemblages (indicating shoreline environments) and the Cruziana ichnofacies forms (indicating shallow water environments down to wave base) respectively. The Thalassinoides assemblage, however, closely compares with assemblages described from Mesozoic epicontinental shelf sequences. Trace fossil diversity achieves a maximum in the lowermost shoreface environment and reduces in deeper water and shallower water environments. This accords with diversity patterns identified in analogous Jurassic epicontinental palaeonvironments. The stratigraphic distribution of some trace fossil association boundaries accords with those of contemporary body fossil associations. However, several body fossil associations are included within the volume of distribution of a single trace fossil assemblage. □ Trace fossil association, shoreface and shelf, Oslo district, upper Ordovician.     

山东莱阳盆地早白垩世莱阳群的遗迹化石

山东莱阳早白垩阳群自下而上分为瓦屋夼组,林寺山组,止风庄组,水南组,龙旺庄组和曲格庄组。为一套河湖相沉积,产有较丰富,分异度较高的非海相遗迹化石和兽脚类恐龙足迹化石,共鉴定出遗迹属11个,未定属1个,其中遗迹种9个,未定种2个,遗迹化石是：Cochlichnus anguines,Diplocraterion parallelun,Helminthoidichnites tenuis,Palaeophycus tubularis,Planolites montanus ,Scolica sp.,Scoyenia gracilis,Skolithos linearis,Taenidium cameromensis,Thalassinoides sp.,恐龙足迹化石是：Paragrallator yangi,这些化石按习性可分为4类,即：居住构造, 爬行迹,觅食[迹和牧食迹,其中又以前3种为主,遗迹化石在剖面上的分布不均匀,以上部的水南组,龙旺庄,曲格庄3个组最丰富。     

CLEPTOPARASITISM AND DETRITIVORY IN DUNG BEETLE FOSSIL BROOD BALLS FROM PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA

Abstract:  Traces within traces is a new ichnological field that is meant to shed light on significative palaeoecological aspects. Dung beetle fossil brood balls ( Coprinisphaera ispp.), from the Middle Eocene – Lower Miocene Sarmiento Formation of Patagonia, Argentina, show two different trace fossils excavated in its infillings and/or wall that reveal the presence and relationships among different components of past dung communities. Tombownichnus pepei n. isp. is represented by elongated pits, circular to elliptical in cross-section, occurring in the centre or beside ovoid mounds in the internal surface of the Coprinisphaera wall. These traces record the activity of cleptoparasites, such as other dung beetles or flies, whose larvae were probably carried passively with the dung for provisions. Tombownichnus pepei would represent the pupation chambers excavated by full grown larvae in the Coprinisphaera wall after completing their development inside provisioned dung. The other trace fossil, Lazaichnus fistulosus is represented by circular to subcircular borings occurring in Coprinisphaera walls, in connection with an internal gallery in their infillings. Its connection also with meniscate burrows and chambers in the surrounding palaeosol attributable to aestivation chambers of earthworms revealed that these organisms would have been active cleptoparasites or detritivores in dung beetle fossil brood balls.     

Lower Cretaceous (Albian) shell-armoured and associated echinoid trace fossils from the Sácaras Formation, Serra Gelada area, southeast Spain

The Sácaras Formation (Albian, Lower Cretaceous) of the Serra Gelada succession (Prebetic of Alicante), southeast Spain, comprises carbonate‐rich, upwards thickening parasequences in which many types of trace fossils have been identified. The present study focuses on two types of tubular trace fossil characterized by features of their external coating. The first type is represented by a shell‐covered, structured trace fossil, up to 4?cm in diameter and 40?cm in length, built horizontally, from rectilinear (type 1) to gently curved (type 2), which envelopes an unstructured pipe of grey silty sediment. The coating is characterized by imbricated, flat particles, mainly orbitolinid foraminifers and other planar bioclasts, forming thin concentric layers; in cross section the bioclasts produce a typical plumed structure. This trace fossil represents a new ichnogenus and ichnospecies, here named Ereipichnus geladensis. Particle arrangement of the external coating is similar to that of terebelloid tubes, but Ereipichnus is a horizontal trace fossil, whereas structured worm tubes are vertical. The second type is a grain‐coated trace fossil, tubular in shape, with a simple internal structure. The coating is often reddish with respect to the neighbouring dark grey sediment and shows a slightly coarser‐grained texture, which envelopes the internal muddy pipe. This type, which yielded echinoids, was produced by irregular or heart‐shaped sea‐urchins (spatangoids) and is attributed to Scolicia or Cardioichnus. Facies analysis of the Serra Gelada succession with Ereipichnus and Scolicia or Cardioichnus locally shows other types of branched trace fossils (primarily represented by different forms of Thalassinoides) and bioturbation is developed in tiers, increasing upwards in abundance and diversity.     

机会（r—选择）和均衡（Ｋ—选择）遗迹化石的现代生态学解释

介绍地质记录中在不稳定的沉环境下,由于生活条件的恶化（盐度的变,严酷的温度,低含氧量及移动的沉积基底等）以及沉积事件（浊流沉积和风暴沉积）所产生的机会(r-选择）遗迹化石和均衡（Ｋ－选择）遗迹化石及其特点以及机会行为方式的古生物证据。对现代底栖生物的生态学研究,揭示现代机会生物均衡生物的生态特征（居群策略）描述由于破坏事件导致动物群消除后重新移居的现代实例,有助于了解地质记录中机会(r-选择）遗迹化石和均衡（Ｋ－选择）遗迹化石的成因及其古生态特征。     

Icehouse, cool-water carbonate ramps: the case of the Upper Pliocene Capodarso Fm (Sicily): role of trace fossils in the reconstruction of growth stages of prograding wedges

An integrated approach, based on the use of trace fossils combined with analysis of physical and biogenic structures, identification of key surfaces, and reconstruction of stratigraphic architecture, proved to be of critical value in defining the depositional environments, elucidating the dynamics of progradation, and characterizing the various systems tracts of Upper Pliocene progradational wedges (Capodarso area, Sicily) generated by cool-water carbonate ramps. The studied succession consists of a stack of six cycles, consisting of terrigenous mudstones passing upwards into biocalcarenite wedges with distinct clinoforms. The prograding biocalcarenite bodies show seaward-increasing height and steepness of the clinoformed front as a result of development into increasingly deeper water, and may be regarded as the record of distally steepened ramps, dominated by storm-induced downwelling flows. Evidence of forced-regressive progradation is provided by stratal geometries, physical structures, and trace fossil assemblages existing at the top of the bodies, which attest to a gradual increase in energy level at the top of the ramp, concurrently with the progression of seaward outbuilding of the bodies. Three trace-fossil suites (Thalassinoides/Piscichnus, Scolicia, Dactyloidites) are shown to be linked with the successive growth stages of individual prograding wedges, whereas abandonment stages, characterized by starvation of sediment input, are marked by the Ophiomorpha suite. The Capodarso ramps, like other Plio-Pleistocene equivalents of the Mediterranean area, are small, high-gradient ramps, with stratigraphical architecture controlled by high-amplitude, orbitally driven glacio-eustatic changes. An ecologically and bathymetrically based subdivision of the ramps into inner, mid and outer ramp environments is hardly applicable, as most of the wedge progradation occurs in highly dynamic conditions, dominated by physical processes of transport and resedimentation of skeletal material, which result in faunal composition dominated by allochthonous material. The use of trace fossils is of critical value in this context, due to the scarcity of ecological information provided by faunal elements.     

Ophiomorpha irregulaire, Mesozoic trace fossil that is either well understood but rare in outcrop or poorly understood but common in core

The distinctive trace fossil, Ophiomorpha irregulaire, differs from other ichnospecies of Ophiomorpha in the so-called “meander maze” configuration of its horizontal course, and by the possession of unevenly distributed, elongated, tapering wall-lining pellets. The ichnospecies has been described, without doubt, from only two outcrop localities, both Late Cretaceous in age and both lying within the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. Only a single, almost convincing example of the trace fossil has been reported elsewhere, in a Lower Jurassic outcrop in Italy. Apart from this last occurrence, the distribution of O. irregulaire in outcrop suggests that the trace fossil has a restricted time span and geographical range. In contrast, O. irregulaire is identified more commonly in cores, and these occurrences show no clear geographical restrictions and are reported in sediments of Jurassic as well as Cretaceous age. Outcrop exposures of Jurassic and Cretaceous sediments have been extensively studied by ichnologists and if the large, eye-catching O. irregulaire were as common as is suggested by core material, then the trace fossil would not have escaped notice in outcrop.Identification of the trace fossil in core is generally made on the basis of two-dimensional, vertical sections. The characteristic meander maze form cannot be seen in this view, and the identification is thus based almost entirely on the special shape of the lining pellets. As is well known, the identification of large trace fossils in the restricted format of core lacks the security of extensively exposed trace fossils in outcrop. The discrepancy between age and geographic distribution of O. irregulaire in outcrop and core suggests that some misidentification is occurring in core analysis.     

塔里木盆地晚泥盆世东河塘组河口湾相遗迹化石

河口湾具有特定的环境条件和沉积组成,其遗迹化石具有半咸水沉积的遗迹群落特征。描述和分析塔里木盆地塔中4井区上泥盆统东河塘组河口湾沉积中的遗迹化石和生物扰动构造后,发现3类遗迹组构,其中Ophiomorpha遗迹组构发育在纯净砂岩中,与河口湾潮汐砂坝有关;Skolithos遗迹组构发育在薄层砂岩中,与河口湾砂坪有关;Palaeophycus遗迹组构发育在泥岩中,与河口湾泥坪、砂泥坪有关。     

New Miocene scarabeid and hymenopterous nests and early miocene (santacrucian) paleoenvironments,patagonian Argentina

Three new trace fossils are described from Miocene paleosols of southern Argentina. Celliforma pinturensis, n. ichnosp. and Celliforma rosellii, n. ichnosp. are interpreted as cells of digging bees, possibly Anthophoridae, and Coprinisphaerafrenguellii, n. ichnosp. are brood balls of dung‐beetles. Both burrowing bees and dung‐beetles are common nesters in relatively open areas, confirming previous reconstructions of the paleoenvironment of the Pinturas Formation. A brief review of scarabeid and bee fossil nests from South America is presented, and we propose that constructed nests have a higher preservation potential than excavated nests. This fact explains their more common occurrences as trace fossils in paleosols. A new ethological category, calichnia, is proposed for hymenopterous and coleopterous traces, in which adult individuals make nests exclusively for larvae.     

Phytolith analysis of Coprinisphaera,unlocking dung beetle behaviour,herbivore diets and palaeoenvironments along the Middle Eocene–Early Miocene of Patagonia

The analysis of the total number of phytoliths, and the absolute frequencies of the different morphotypes, extracted from fossil dung beetle brood balls (Coprinisphaera) from the Middle Eocene–Early Miocene Sarmiento Formation (Patagonia, Argentina), revealed that this trace fossil represents a concentrated locus for phytolith sampling. Particularly, differences found in the total number of phytoliths among parts of that trace fossil and the bearing paleosol, allowed to infer that the infilling represents mostly a sample of the original surrounding soil, whereas in most cases the wall shows a significantly higher number of phytoliths than in the paleosol or infilling. Modern brood balls also revealed that in an environment with high density of grasses, the walls, composed of soil and dung fibres, showed a lower concentration of phytoliths than the soil. In contrast, in other environment with scarce grass coverage, the dung, which had a higher concentration of phytoliths than the soil, added to the wall produced an increase in the number of phytoliths in it. Accordingly, the larger number of phytoliths of the Coprinisphaera wall in comparison with that of the paleosol, would be reflecting the addition of dung fibres to the wall in palaeoenvironments with moderate to poor presence of phytolith-bearing plants. The absence of differences in the total number of phytoliths between the internal and the external layer of the brood ball wall, suggests that the dung fibres would have been uniformly distributed in most of the wall, due to the addition of dung fibres during the brood ball construction by the dung beetle. In contrast, the absence of differences among wall and paleosol or infilling, could be suggesting that no dung fibres were added to construct the wall, that those added had no phytoliths, that the Coprinisphaera involved could had been a brood ball of a necrophagous scarab, or that the soils were richer in phytoltihs than the dung. Those balls that showed evidence of increased numbers of phytoliths in the wall, likely caused by dung fibres added to it, enable the study of diet preferences of the herbivores that produced the dung. Differences found in the phytolith morphotype frequencies among the wall, and the other two samples (infilling and paleosol), allow to infer that some herbivores were more generalists among phytolith-bearing plants feeding on the most abundant grasses and palms, whereas others preferred more rare grasses and dicots.     

The trace fossil Cruziana semiplicata and the trilobite that made it

A set of criteria is suggested for associating a trace fossil with a plausible fossil: (1) close association in the field; (2) concurrent stratigraphic range; (3) a minimal choice of candidates available that could have made the trace; (4) consistent size range between trace fossil population and that of the maker; and (5) consistent biogeographic ranges for both. In the Upper Cambrian Andam Formation of Oman, there is a rare, direct association between trilobite body fossils and the trace fossil Cruziana in the same rock succession. An association of the trilobite Maladioidella cf. colcheni with the trace fossil Cruziana semiplicata is supported by the criteria listed. Maladioidella is associated with C. semiplicata over a wide geographical area in western Gondwana. It is therefore likely that some Cruziana species were made by trilobites.     

First Report: Trace Fossil Assemblage Ptychoplasma (P. excelsum,P. vagans), Dendroidichnites (D. irregulare), Ctenopholeus (?C. kutcheri) and Bergaueria (B. hemispherica) in the Cretaceous Rocks of Bagh Formation,Mainland Gujarat,India

Abstract

This report documents the discovery of repichnia trace fossils Ptychoplasma (P. excelsum and P. vagans) and Dendroidichnites (D. irregulare); the fodichnia traces ?Ctenopholeus (?C. kutcheri) and cubichnia traces Bergaueria (B. hemishperica) from silty limestones of the Cretaceous Bagh Formation. These trace fossils have significant implications for the depositional facies and the paleo-environmental interpretations of the Bagh Formation, which have long been debated. Previously identified traces of Protovirgularia were also found in association with the newly discovered trace fossils, indicating the coexistence of both wedge and cleft-foot bivalves. The western area of the mainland Gujarat is known for its abundance and diversity of trace fossils. The trace fossil bearing Cretaceous rocks in the region occur as thin irregular detached patches and linear outcrops. Previous studies documenting trace fossil assemblages from the Bagh Formation characterised them as a combination of dwelling, feeding and locomotion forms, with the stratigraphic unit becoming less fossiliferous westward. Trace fossils in this formation have been studied and described by many workers in the surrounding areas; however, ichnofossils described in this study are new to the Bagh Formation in this area. These trace fossils were observed on recently exposed outcrops along road cuts associated with new road construction from Khasra to Mogra village around Kadipani in Mainland Gujarat.     

A Large Trace Fossil in Nodular Limestones (Lower Devonian,Czech Republic): Sedimentological Consequences,Ethology and Taphonomy

Large star-like trace fossil was found on the upper bedding plane of nodular limestone of the Praha Formation (Pragian, Devonian) at Praha, Czech Republic. It was tentatively placed to the ichnogenus Capodistria. It is interpreted as a feeding trace that originated on the seafloor surface. The structure consists of 10–11 radial rays and its longer axis is 60 cm. The rays are preserved as concave epireliefs, up to 10 mm deep and 25 mm wide. The trace fossil partly intersects nodules that cover surfaces of most bedding planes of the Praha Formation, demonstrating that the nodules formed during the earliest stages of diagenesis.     

扬子区晚震旦世动物化石新材料

扬子区晚震旦世地层中已有多种类型的动物及遗迹化石的报道。文中补充了不同地区和层位的骨骼及遗迹化石新材料,包括：江西上饶王家院陡山沱组顶部磷块岩中的磷酸盐化“十”字形骨针和云南晋宁王家湾灯影组上段隧石条带中的单轴双射硅质骨针,它们可能分属于钙质海绵和普通海绵类;贵州瓮安陡山沱组上段磷质白云岩中的可疑壳状化石;宜昌三斗坪金瓜墩陡山沱组下部（第二段）遗迹化石;瓮安陡山沱组上段及湖北南漳灯影组上段底部磷质硬底中的生物扰动构造。另外还报道了贵州清镇桃子冲剖面桃子冲组最底部的瓶状动物（Pro-tolagena limbata）化石,并认定桃子冲组与灯影组之间为假整合接触,其底界并无跨入震旦系的证据。     

山东省东北部车镇凹陷古近系沙河街组滨浅湖沉积中的遗迹群落

济阳坳陷车镇凹陷古近系沙河街组滨浅湖沉积中产有十分丰富的动物遗迹化石,共鉴定出遗迹属 10个,未定属 1个,其中遗迹种 7个,未定种 4个。遗迹化石包括Beaconitesantarcticus, Beaconitescapronus, Planolitesmontanus, Macaronichnussegregatis, Taenidiumbarretti, Cochlichnusanguineus, Gordiasp., Skolithossp., Ophiomorphanodosa, Sagittichnussp.和Favreinasp.。这一遗迹化石群落主要是无脊椎动物的进食迹、觅食迹、居住迹和停息迹,其中大部分呈全浮痕保存,少数呈上浮痕保存,并形成于经常干旱和周期性泛滥的滨浅湖沉积环境中。该群落可识别出两个遗迹化石组合,即 1)Beaconites Taenidium组合,它主要产自干旱气候条件下的滨浅湖沉积环境;2)Sko lithos Ophiomorpha组合,它代表了丰水期水体能量相对较高的滨湖沉积环境。     

塔里木盆地西北缘志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组上段的遗迹化石

通过对塔里木盆地柯坪地区志留系塔塔埃尔塔格组上段遗迹化石的研究,识别出8属8种。根据组成、产状、分布规律及其围岩沉积特征,划分为2种不同沉积环境条件下的遗迹组合,即(1)Thalassinoides-Maca-ronichnus遗迹组合,主要组成分子有Thalassinoides suevicus,Macaronichnus segregatis和Rhizocorallium ganx-iensis等,形成于高氧高能的砂坪沉积环境;(2)Scoyenia-Beaconites遗迹组合,常见组成分子有Scoyenia gracilis,Beaconites antarcticus,Planolites vulgaris,Palaeophycus wutingensis和Monocraterioncf.tentaculatum,形成于混合坪-泥坪沉积环境。     

Lower Jurassic Arthropod Resting Trace from the Hartford Basin of Massachusetts,USA

Cheliceratichnus lockleyi ichnogen. nov. et ichnosp. nov. is a new ichnotaxon of arthropod resting trace (cubichnium) from the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian) East Berlin Formation in Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA. The trace fossil is preserved as showing many of the external anatomical features of the exoskeleton, which resemble those of some chelicerates, notably sun spiders (Solifugae). The resting trace is directly associated with a trackway of the ichnospecies Acanthichnus cursorius Hitchcock. This is the first described fossil resting trace of a solifugan-like arthropod, and the first direct evidence of a trackmaker of A. cursorius.     

贵州台江早、中寒武世凯里组的遗迹化石

凯里组发现遗迹化石９属１４种，主要是以ＰｈｙｃｏｄｅｓｐｅｄｕｍＳｅｉｌａｃｈｅｒ为主的遗迹群落，重要的遗迹属如：Ｃｏｃｈｌｉｃｈｎｕｓ，Ｇｏｒｄｉａ，Ｍｏｎｏｍｏｒｐｈｉｃｈｎｕｓ，Ｏｌｄｈａｍｉａ，Ｐｌａｎｏｌｉｔｅｓ，Ｔｒｅｐｔｉｃｈｎｕｓ等常见于世界各地寒武纪Ｃｒｕｚｉａｎａ遗迹相。根据遗迹化石表明凯里组沉积于盐份、含氧量正常，海水能量中等的浅海软基底潮下带环境。