利用COI基因序列分析长江与澜沧江水系日本沼虾群体的遗传结构

测定了我国长江水系和澜沧江水系的日本沼虾9个群体,共79个个体的线粒体COI基因序列片段(约450bp),结果发现有89个变异位点,共计有46个单倍型。其中云南昆明(KM)群体具有较丰富的遗传多样性(h=1.000,π=0.028),而重庆(CQ)群体的遗传多样性最小(h=0.700,π=0.008)。AMOVA分析表明,群体间的遗传变异占总遗传变异的9.66%,而90.34%的遗传变异源于群体内。采用邻接法(NJ)构建的分子系统树显示,46个单倍型明显地聚为长江中下游和长江上游与澜沧江两个族群。其结果可以为合理开发和利用日本沼虾自然野生资源,以及建立和保护日本沼虾种质资源库及基因库提供必要的参考。     

太湖日本沼虾野生群体遗传结构的微卫星分析

利用8个高度多态性的微卫星位点分析了太湖日本沼虾野生群体的遗传结构.结果表明:在15个群体中至少有3个位点经Bonferroni校正后显示杂合不足,显著偏离了HardyWeinberg平衡;15个群体中观测杂合度均大于0.683,显示出较高的遗传多样性水平,但其波动明显,如太湖东、南部的渡口和陆巷等群体的遗传多样性高于西、北部的华庄和洋渚等群体;突变-漂移平衡分析结果显示,15个群体中部分位点杂合显著过剩,偏离了突变-漂移平衡,且近期曾经历过瓶颈效应,群体数量曾经下降;群体间AMOVA分析表明,太湖日本沼虾群体间遗传分化程度较低(FST=0.011),98.9%的遗传变异来自群体内,1.1%来自群体间,并没有形成显著的遗传结构,在种质资源保护和管理上可视作一个单元;华庄与吴塘门群体间DA遗传距离达到0.206,已接近种间分类界限,故太湖日本沼虾种质资源可持续利用工作仍须深入的研究.     

利用COI基因序列分析长江与澜沧江水系日本沼虾群体的遗传结构

测定了我国长江水系和澜沧江水系的日本沼虾9个群体，共79个个体的线粒体COI基因序列片段（约450 bp），结果发现有89个变异位点，共计有46个单倍型。其中云南昆明（KM）群体具有较丰富的遗传多样性（h=1.000，π=0.028），而重庆（CQ）群体的遗传多样性最小（h=0.700，π=0.008）。AMOVA分析表明，群体间的遗传变异占总遗传变异的9.66%，而90.34%的遗传变异源于群体内。采用邻接法（NJ）构建的分子系统树显示，46个单倍型明显地聚为长江中下游和长江上游与澜沧江两个族群。其结果可以为合理开发和利用日本沼虾自然野生资源，以及建立和保护日本沼虾种质资源库及基因库提供必要的参考。     

罗氏沼虾不同群体线粒体COI基因的序列差异和遗传标记研究

利用PCR方法扩增获得罗氏沼虾（Macrobrachiumrosenbergii）线粒体DNA的COI基因,测定该基因片段序列。分析了罗氏沼虾缅甸原种F1代、江苏养殖群体和广西选育F2代3个群体共17只个体的序列核苷酸位点差异和遗传多态。结果表明,缅甸原种F1代遗传多样性最为丰富,江苏养殖群体和广西选育群体的遗传多样性相对贫乏。在长度为498bp的基因片段中,共检测到10个多态性核苷酸位点（占2.01%）,17只个体具有5种基因型,3群体各自的平均核苷酸位点差异分别为0.88%、0.07%和0。UPGMA分子系统聚类树显示,江苏养殖群体和广西选育群体的遗传关系最近,其单倍型混杂聚成一支,而缅甸原种F1群体相对独立为另外一支。COI基因可以作为区分两分支群体的遗传标记。     

淮河克氏原螯虾种群遗传结构

克氏原螯虾（Procambarus clarkii）是广泛分布于我国淡水水域的外来入侵物种,对其种群遗传结构的研究有助于了解种群扩散过程。本文测定了淮河流域自然水体中9个地理种群共151个野生克氏原螯虾线粒体COⅠ序列,获得624 bp的有效基因片段,共定义了25个单倍型。AMOVA分析结果表明,淮河流域的克氏原螯虾种群内的变异占主导地位,单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性均为中等水平,各地理种群间平均遗传差异较小（F_st=0.078）,遗传差异不显著。系统发生树并没有按地理位置形成对应族群,表明克氏原螯虾各地理种群间存在明显的基因流,各地理种群间没有形成明显的种群遗传分化。     

日本沼虾三群体线粒体16S rRNA基因片段序列的差异与系统进化

通过对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)3个群体线粒体DNA 16S rRNA基因片段进行扩增和测定,得到长度为495bp的片段,其碱基A、T、G和C的平均含量分别为28.6%、36.1%、22.7%和12.5%,AT含量明显高于GC含量。通过对日本沼虾16SrRNA基因片段遗传特征的研究发现其种内变异很小,在3个群体中只有5个位点发生转换。另外,利用其454bp的同源序列,以中国明对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)为外群探讨了沼虾属日本沼虾、罗氏沼虾(M.rosenbergii)等8种沼虾的系统进化关系。用MEGA3.1软件中的NJ法构建的分子进化树,日本沼虾3个群体先聚在一起后与海南沼虾聚在一起;另外,罗氏沼虾与马氏沼虾、短腕沼虾与贪食沼虾亲缘关系较近先聚在一起,然后再与大臂沼虾和等齿沼虾聚在一起,最后才与外群中国明对虾聚在一起。     

鄱阳湖日本沼虾15个群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用徽卫星分子标记研究鄱阳湖15个日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense野生群体的遗传多样性.结果表明:10个微卫星位点呈高度多态性,共检测到129个多态性位点;每个群体中至少有5个位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡,表现出杂合不足;15个日本沼虾群体均表现出较高的遗传多样性,其中大坝外群体和星池群体遗传多样性较高,万户和湖口群体相对较低.瓶颈效应和突变-漂移平衡分析表明,鄱阳湖日本沼虾群体近期没有经历过瓶颈效应,群体数量也没有下降.群体间F统计量及AMOVA分析显示,鄱阳湖日本沼虾群体存在极显著的遗传分化程度(FST=0.04709,P＜O.01).综上所述,鄱阳湖日本沼虾群体具有丰富的遗传多样性,可作为日本沼虾选育的基础群.     

钱塘江日本沼虾野生群体遗传变异的SSR分析

利用微卫星标记分析了钱塘江干流水域闻堰、富阳、场口、桐庐等7个野生日本沼虾群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构。结果表明:10个微卫星位点呈现高度多态性;闻堰、富阳、场口、新安江等中下游野生群体的遗传多样性水平有高于歙县和休宁两个上游群体遗传多样性水平的趋势。符号检验和Wilcoxon符号秩次检验的结果表明,钱塘江日本沼虾群体近期没有发生瓶颈效应,群体数量也没有下降。FST的范围介于0.0201～0.1069。分子方差分析结果显示,大部分的遗传变异(93.48%)存在于个体间,少部分遗传变异(6.52%)存在于群体之间。群体间FST及AMOVA分析表明,群体处于中等遗传分化水平;基于DA遗传距离构建的NJ聚类树显示,地理位置相邻的群体聚在一起。STRUCTURE分析413份参试的日本沼虾样本被分为2个理论种群,即上游歙县和休宁群体为一个理想种群,其余中下游的5个群体为另一个理想种群。日本沼虾的遗传多样性和遗传结构与所生存的地理位置具有相关性。     

青蟹线粒体COI假基因的分离和特征分析

线粒体DNA标记在遗传结构和系统进化研究中得到广泛应用,然而核假基因的存在对此有很大威胁。本文以中国东南沿海的青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)为研究对象,利用线粒体COI基因的通用引物和特异性引物进行扩增,分别得到34个假基因（nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes, Numts）和5个线粒体COI基因序列。在所获得的34个假基因中共定义了29种单倍型,根据序列的相似度,这些假基因可以分为2类,每类假基因都有各自保守的核苷酸序列。第Ⅰ类假基因存在2处插入序列和1处8 bp的缺失序列,这些位点导致了整个阅读框的移位;在第Ⅱ类假基因和5个线粒体COI序列中只有碱基替换,未发现插入和缺失序列。实验结果分析表明,这两类假基因分别代表了2次核整合事件,即核转移事件的最低值。研究结果提示了     

五个罗氏沼虾群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用16对微卫星标记对来自泰国(CP)、缅甸(MN)、孟加拉(BD)和中国(MP和DP)的共5个罗氏沼虾群体进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。结果显示, 16个微卫星位点均具有较高的多态性,平均等位基因数(Na)、期望杂合度(He)、Shannon信息指数(I)和多态信息含量(PIC)分别为17.563、0.8316、2.1662和0.7328。5个群体的期望杂合度(He)介于0.7025—0.8594,多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.6538—0.8048,表明所有群体均具有高度遗传多样性,遗传多样性水平CP>MP>BD>MN>DP。遗传分化指数(Fst)值介于0.03430—0.17333,表明所有群体间均有不同程度的遗传分化。16个微卫星位点的Fst值均大于0.05,均值为0.0977,与群体间有遗传分化相符。AMOVA分析显示群体间变异占总变异的6.22%,群体内个体间的变异占总变异的40.72%,个体内部的遗传变异占总变异的53.07%。基于Nei氏遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示, MN群体首先与MP群体聚为一类,再与DP群体聚为一类,之后再与B...     

基于SSR标记的广东栽培益智群体遗传多样性分析

为了解广东栽培益智(Alpinia oxyphylla)群体的遗传多样性,采用SSR分子标记技术对166份种质的遗传差异进行研究。结果表明,14对SSR引物共检测到88个等位基因,每对引物检测的有效等位基因为1.198～3.279,平均2.599;Shannon多样性信息指数为0.736～1.890,平均1.107。方差分析表明20.87%的变异来自组间,79.13%的变异来自组内。基于主成分分析和遗传结构分析表明,供试166份益智样本可分为4大类群,但没有反映出形态特征的规律性。因此,益智种质资源具有较高遗传多样性,且遗传变异主要发生在群体内,群体间的遗传分化较低,且基于表型性状的类型划分和基于SSR分子标记的聚类未能实现一致性。     

基于SSR标记的紫花风铃木群体遗传多样性分析

为揭示紫花风铃木(Handroanthus impetiginosus)的群体遗传变异特征,对广东省6市12个群体72份种质材料进行遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析。结果表明,9对引物共扩增出123个等位基因位点,引物的平均多态信息量为0.754,具有较高的多态性。12个群体均具有较高的遗传多样性,群体间平均有效等位基因数为3.272个,平均Shannon指数为1.159。AMOVA分析表明群体间遗传分化程度相对较低,群体内遗传分化程度较高。群体的总体遗传分化系数为0.077,处于中等程度。基于Structure分析、主坐标分析和NJ聚类分析均可将12个群体分为2大类群,分组结果具有一定相似性,表明供试紫花风铃木群体遗传结构较为简单。这为紫花风铃木优良种质资源的利用、遗传变异和科学育种提供了理论参考。     

Population genetic diversity of Chinese sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) from southeast coastal regions of China based on mitochondrial COI gene sequences

Chinese sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), an important commercial and recreational fishery species in China, whose natural resources have decreased dramatically for decades due to overfishing and environmental changes. To provide guidelines for the source conservation and management, genetic diversity and population structure of L. maculatus were analyzed based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Totally 192 individuals were sampled from five locations: Qingdao (QD), Chongming (CM), Dongtou (DT), Lieyu (LY) and Fangcheng (FC). After sequencing of a 586 bp fragment of COI gene, 20 haplotypes were defined. H4 (haplotype 4) and H8 were the dominant haplotypes and existed in all populations. Haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) of each population ranged from 0.572 to 0.721 and from 0.00129 to 0.00271, respectively. The highest Hd and π were found in DT and LY populations, while the lowest value of Hd and π were in the QD population. Genetic distance ranged from 0.0031 to 0.0027 within populations and from 0.0018 to 0.0035 between populations. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that significant genetic divergence was found in QD and FC populations. In addition, neutrality tests and mismatch distribution analysis indicated that this species experienced potential population expansion events.     

Phylogeography of a stream-dwelling frog (Pseudacris cadaverina) in southern California

Recent phylogeographic studies of animal taxa in California have revealed common geographic patterns of evolutionary divergence and genetic diversity that are generally attributable to landscape influences. However, there remains a paucity of knowledge on the evolution of freshwater taxa in southern California. Here, we investigate phylogeographic patterns in a stream-dwelling frog (Pseudacris cadaverina). Two hundred and twenty-one individuals were collected from 46 populations across the species’ range in southern California. Using 1100 bp of sequence data from cytochrome b and tRNA-Glu, we conducted phylogenetic analyses, analysis of molecular variance, and nested clade phylogeographic analysis to gain insight into the factors contributing to the distribution of genetic diversity in P. cadaverina. We tested for evidence of two putative phylogeographic breaks and tested hypotheses that genetic diversity in this species is partitioned into (1) major watersheds, (2) mountain ranges, and (3) coastal and desert regions. Our results suggest that the eastern Transverse Ranges are the center of origin for extant P. cadaverina lineages and that the observed genetic structure in this species was established during the Pleistocene Epoch. There is strong support for three major haplotype groups and a Transverse Range break in P. cadaverina that is concordant with breaks found in numerous other taxa. The distribution of genetic diversity in P. cadaverina is due in large part to the separation of populations into different major watersheds and mountain ranges. Gene flow appears to be generally limited among disjunct populations throughout the region and some desert populations have been isolated by historical habitat fragmentation.     

Phylogeography of the white-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus in Europe

Cytochrome b gene sequence variation (902 bp) was used to investigate phylogenetic relationships and genetic differentiation among the four subspecies of European white-throated dipper Cinclus cinclus (Aves; Cinclidae). Six cytochrome b haplotypes were revealed, the most common one (H 13–4) was shared by all seven populations studied. Central European C. c. aquaticus was genetically more diverse than the other subspecies (although not significantly so, due to small sample sizes), whereas our sample of the nominate subspecies from the French Pyrenees showed no haplotype variation. Pairwise comparisons of the four subspecies showed significant genetic differentiation between the taxa except for a lack of differentiation of C. c. hibernicus versus C. c. aquaticus and C. c. cinclus. The genetic structure and the phylogeographic pattern were not related to the geographic distribution of the four subspecies thus disputing the validity of the current infraspecific taxonomy of C. cinclus at least in Europe.Béatrice Lauga and Christine Cagnon contributed equally to this paper.     

罗氏沼虾良种选育研究进展

罗氏沼虾（Macrobrachium rosenbergii）是世界重要的经济虾类,畅销国内外市场,备受消费者的喜爱。中国是罗氏沼虾养殖大国,年均养殖产量占世界一半以上。种质资源是我国罗氏沼虾产业发展的原动力,处于整个产业链的最上游,并支撑着整个产业的发展。世界多国为了壮大产业规模,也纷纷开展了罗氏沼虾种质资源库的建设与良种选育。本文回顾了我国自主选育的罗氏沼虾主要品种及品系,综述了大规模家系的构建以及不同来源群体的遗传多样性分析,并对国外的良种选育现状和趋势进行了概述,最后结合国内外的研究进展,提出了良种选育的研究要点与方向,以期为今后的种质创新研究提供思路和借鉴。     

安徽省淮河水系短颌鲚群体遗传多样性

短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)是一种小型经济鱼类,同时也是大型肉食性鱼类和江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)的饵料,在食物链中占据重要地位,受过度捕捞、环境污染以及栖息地破坏等多种因素的影响,短颌鲚野生资源面临严重威胁。目前有关淮河短颌鲚遗传资源的数据仍然缺乏。本研究采用微卫星分子标记对安徽省淮河水系短颌鲚5个群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果显示,10个微卫星位点在所有短颌鲚样本中均具有高度多态性,多态信息含量(PIC)0.852～0.942;5个短颌鲚群体均显示出较高的遗传多样性水平,期望杂合度H_e为0.879～0.903,多态信息含量(PIC)0.851～0.881。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示,大多数遗传变异存在于群体内(97.88%),群体间的遗传变异仅为2.12%。5个群体遗传分化水平较低(F_st <0.05),其中,遗传分化系数最小的是浍河和颍河群体(F_st=0.004)且二者间遗传距离最近(D_a=0.161);遗传分化系数最大的是凤台和王家...     

Mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I of Manduca sexta and a comparison with other invertebrate genes

A cDNA encoding mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mt COI) from Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) was cloned and sequenced. AT (adenine-thymine) content is high and codon usage is biased and likely reflects the role of mt COI in electron transport. The encoded protein is 514 amino acids long, contains seven invariant His residues observed in COIs in all organisms and would be predicted to be composed of 12 transmembrane regions.     

Phylogeography and genetic structure of the Canarian common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) inferred with mtDNA and microsatellite loci

The widespread common chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) inhabits five of the seven Canary Islands. Sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1002 bp) revealed new insights into the systematics and phylogeography of this taxon. Additionally, a set of microsatellite loci were analyzed to examine the structure of these populations. Our results suggest that a new species of the genus Fringilla is present in the Canary Islands, which comprises at least three subspecies, but with a different distribution to that which has been morphologically accepted. The specimens from Gran Canaria are genetically distinct from those of La Gomera and Tenerife (F. c. canariensis), which suggests the existence of an undescribed taxon. Furthermore, nuclear microsatellite data suggest an ongoing incipient speciation process in this population. This study provides both important conservationist implications and a basis for re-evaluating the taxonomic status of the Canarian Fringilla coelebs populations.     

亚硝酸盐胁迫对罗氏沼虾血细胞及其抗氧化酶活力的影响

【背景】亚硝酸盐是虾类集约化养殖过程中最常见的毒性污染物之一,研究亚硝酸盐胁迫对罗氏沼虾血细胞的毒性以及抗氧化酶在抗胁迫防御中的作用,能够为罗氏沼虾养殖过程中的亚硝酸盐中毒防治提供理论参考。【方法】以不同浓度(0、1、5和10 mg·L~(-1))的亚硝态氮(NO_2~--N)对罗氏沼虾进行胁迫,于胁迫后的0、6、12、24和48 h取样,应用流式细胞术检测血细胞活性氧(ROS)含量和细胞凋亡率,同时测定血细胞总数(THC)和胞内抗氧化酶活力。【结果】1 mg·L~(-1)NO_2~--N在48 h内对血细胞ROS含量、凋亡率和THC均无显著影响。5 mg·L~(-1)NO_2~--N胁迫24 h,血细胞ROS含量显著上升,THC显著下降,胁迫48 h凋亡率显著提高。10 mg·L~(-1)NO_2~--N胁迫6 h,血细胞ROS含量和凋亡率均显著上升,胁迫12 h THC显著下降。血细胞的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)的活力均不同程度地被NO_2~--N胁迫所诱导,CAT活力主要在胁迫前期提高,而GPx活力在胁迫后期提高。【结论与意义】亚硝酸盐存在浓度和时间毒性效应,一定浓度的亚硝酸盐会诱导虾血细胞产生ROS,这些ROS的过量产生诱导了血细胞发生凋亡,继而导致THC下降,这一氧化胁迫过程可能是亚硝酸盐对罗氏沼虾产生细胞毒性的重要机制之一。抗氧化酶活力的诱导表明抗氧化酶在亚硝酸盐胁迫过程中发挥防御作用。