军都山古代人群牙齿磨耗及其饮食

以军都山墓地为代表的"玉皇庙文化"系中国北方青铜时代的一支具有鲜明地方特色的少数部族文化。本文对军都山墓地出土人骨牙齿标本作牙齿磨耗状况分析,试图为其饮食结构和社会经济形态的探讨提供线索。结果显示:军都山古代人群中,相同年龄组的男女两性牙齿磨耗差异不大;前部牙齿磨耗轻于后部臼齿,第一臼齿磨耗最重;臼齿磨耗样式大多呈现"正常平匀"式,臼齿磨耗角度大多较小,两者均随年龄而变化但没有显著的性别差异。经与其他样本组的对比认为军都山古代人群牙齿磨耗的特点可能与其社会经济农牧兼营的性质有关,推测动物性食物(肉食)可能在军都山古代人群主要饮食结构中占据重要比例,并包含有一定的农业经济成分。不同游牧人群牙齿磨耗程度差异较大,只有结合了磨耗形态及其他信息才有可能更切实地反映其饮食状况。     

新疆吐鲁番加依墓地青铜—早期铁器时代居民牙齿的磨耗北大核心CSCD

本文对新疆吐鲁番市加依墓地青铜—早期铁器时代居民的牙齿磨耗、口腔疾病和骨质隆起等特征进行了观察与研究,结果显示,加依墓地居民的牙齿磨耗较重,但前后部牙齿的磨耗程度差异不大,臼齿偏斜式磨耗现象显著,龋齿罹患率偏低。生前脱落、牙结石等口腔疾病在该人群中普遍流行,部分个体的下颌存在发育显著的骨质隆起现象。本文还通过臼齿磨耗方向指数(Wear Orientation)对加依墓地居民的偏斜式磨耗进行了量化研究,并参考相关民族学调查、考古发现以及现代医学研究成果对加依墓地居民复杂的牙齿磨耗形态和口腔疾病的成因进行了初步探讨。推测加依墓地居民的食物结构应以肉类为主,谷类亦占有一定地位;此外可能是受到恶劣生活环境及特殊谷物加工技术的影响,日常食物较为坚硬。     

新疆吐鲁番加依墓地青铜—早期铁器时代居民牙齿的磨耗

本文对新疆吐鲁番市加依墓地青铜—早期铁器时代居民的牙齿磨耗、口腔疾病和骨质隆起等特征进行了观察与研究,结果显示,加依墓地居民的牙齿磨耗较重,但前后部牙齿的磨耗程度差异不大,臼齿偏斜式磨耗现象显著,龋齿罹患率偏低。生前脱落、牙结石等口腔疾病在该人群中普遍流行,部分个体的下颌存在发育显著的骨质隆起现象。本文还通过臼齿磨耗方向指数(Wear Orientation)对加依墓地居民的偏斜式磨耗进行了量化研究,并参考相关民族学调查、考古发现以及现代医学研究成果对加依墓地居民复杂的牙齿磨耗形态和口腔疾病的成因进行了初步探讨。推测加依墓地居民的食物结构应以肉类为主,谷类亦占有一定地位;此外可能是受到恶劣生活环境及特殊谷物加工技术的影响,日常食物较为坚硬。     

俄罗斯远东地区特罗伊茨基靺鞨墓地人骨的稳定同位素分析

稳定同位素分析技术近年来发展为复原古代民族饮食结构、社会经济模式的有效手段。本文应用该技术首次对俄罗斯远东地区特罗伊茨基靺鞨墓地出土人骨中的C、N同位素比值进行了测定。结果显示,特罗伊茨基墓地古代靺鞨居民日常饮食习惯中保持着较高比例的动物性食物摄入,植物类食物的摄入中C3类植物的比重较高。结合其他相关资料,初步推测该组靺鞨居民已经有一定农业,渔猎业和饲养业在经济生活中占据重要地位,黑水靺鞨和粟末靺鞨的经济类型有所差别。本文的研究结果可以为复原古代民族的经济模式研究提供有益的线索。     

中国森林凋落物不同组分异速比例关系

森林凋落物(litterfall)是森林植物在其生长发育过程中新陈代谢的产物, 在物质循环和能量流动方面起着重要作用。该文利用已发表的我国主要森林凋落物的研究数据, 分析了不同组分(叶、枝和繁殖器官)凋落物量之间及其与总凋落物量之间的异速比例关系。结果表明: 我国森林叶、枝和繁殖器官的平均凋落物量分别为3 810.34、1 019.07和767.95 kg·hm^-2·a^-1; 温度、降水量、林龄对森林凋落物量均有一定程度的影响, 其中温度对各组分凋落物量的影响最大。叶凋落物量(L_L)与总凋落物量(L_T)之间呈等速生长关系(L_L ∝ L_T^0.96), 繁殖器官和枝的凋落物量(分别为L_P和L_B)与L_T之间呈异速比例关系, 分别为L_P ∝ L_T^1.84和L_B ∝ L_T^1.61。不同组分凋落物量之间具有显著的异速比例关系, 其异速指数均小于1.0。不同林型(常绿林和落叶林)各组分凋落物量之间的异速比例关系无显著差异。了解不同组分凋落物量与总凋落物量之间的异速比例关系可以为更加精确地估算森林生产力提供理论依据。     

内蒙古察右前旗庙子沟遗址新石器时代人骨的稳定同位素分析

稳定同位素分析技术近年来发展为复原古代民族食物结构、社会经济模式的有效手段。本文在应用该技术对庙子沟新石器时代遗址出土人骨中的C、N同位素比值进行了测定。结果显示,庙子沟新石器时代居民日常饮食习惯中保持着相当比例的动物性食物摄入,植物类食物的摄入中以C4类植物为主。结合其他相关资料,我们认为该组居民是以农业生产方式为主,狩猎业、采集业和渔猎业在经济生活中占据重要地位。本文的研究结果可以为复原新石器时代北方农牧交错带居民的经济模式研究提供有益的线索。     

甘肃临潭磨沟墓地人骨的牙齿健康状况

本文通过甘肃临潭磨沟齐家文化墓地出土的262例人骨标本的牙病情况尤其是龋病、牙周病、根尖周病以及牙结石情况的统计与分析,得知磨沟墓地古代居民牙齿疾病的基本情况:1)牙病的罹患率性别差异显著,女性龋病和根尖周病的罹患率高于男性,而在牙周病和牙结石的出现率上则是男性高于女性;2)牙病的罹患率随着年龄增长而增高;3)龋病、牙周病及根尖周病多发于臼齿,牙结石多发于门齿;4)重度磨耗牙齿多发牙周病及根尖周病;5)牙病罹患率不仅受到性别、年龄、牙位以及齿冠磨耗程度的影响,而且与磨沟组古代居民农业种植食物和采集食物并重的食物结构有关。     

西藏故如甲木墓地人群牙齿磨耗和食物结构的关系

西藏阿里故如甲木墓地位于阿里地区噶尔县,是迄今为止阿里地区发现的规模最大、埋葬最集中的古代墓葬群。2012-2014年由中国社会科学院考古研究所和西藏自治区文物保护研究所联合开展发掘工作,发现并清理了11座墓葬,其中8座墓葬的时代略早,约为公元3-4世纪。另外3座为公元7-9世纪的吐蕃时期墓葬。本文对时代略早的8座故如甲木墓地出土的人骨进行了牙齿磨耗的观察,计算了每颗牙齿的平均磨耗等级以及前后部牙齿的磨耗差别指数,并选择了7组不同时代、不同地点、不同生业类型的古代人群进行了比较分析。结果表明,故如甲木的古代人群牙齿磨耗与畜牧业人群的磨耗接近,这也符合故如甲木当时的生业类型,即以牧业为主,辅以青稞和谷物的种植栽培。从牙齿磨耗推测故如甲木的人群在食物结构中有足够的动物性食物,这与碳氮同位素的食物结构分析结果也是一致的。     

陶寺、上马、延庆古代人群臼齿磨耗速率的比较研究

本文采用Scott定义的臼齿磨耗级别系统,对陶寺、上马、延庆三组人牙的第一、第二臼齿磨耗情况进行观察,并通过主轴回归分析对其磨耗速率进行比较和讨论。在经济类型上,陶寺和上马属于农业经济,但陶寺的狩猎在其经济生活中占有一定地位;延庆畜牧业则比较发达。分析表明三组人牙均表现出臼齿磨耗速率下颌快于上颌的特点,而在性别上没有明显差异。在组间差别上,上马组的磨耗速率似略快于其他两组。磨耗速率的组内、组间差异与上下颌牙齿咬合关系、口腔咀嚼生理以及不同经济文化古人群的食物构成等差异有关。     

新疆罗布泊小河墓地居民的口腔健康与饮食

小河墓地是新疆罗布泊地区一处重要的早期青铜时代墓地。本文主要对该墓地出土颅骨所附牙齿的磨耗程度及牙结石沉积状况进行了观察、量化统计和分析,同时也对该人群其他的口腔疾病如根尖脓肿、颞下颌关节病变、生前牙齿脱落等做了简单的统计,以期从古病理学的角度获取当时居民的口腔健康、食物类型和饮食习惯等信息。本研究发现:1)小河人群的牙齿磨耗程度远远高于对比组的古代居民,其上腭圆枕及颞下颌关节炎出现率较高,存在牙齿崩裂现象,且其前后部牙齿磨耗差异不大。这一方面说明其食物加工技术比较落后,食物粗糙坚硬;另一方面小河居民的经济生活方式和食物构成都比较复杂,不同的食物对前部和后部牙齿磨耗的程度造成了不同的影响;此外,小河人群风沙肆虐的生活环境也对其严重牙齿磨耗的形成产生了一定影响。2)小河人群异常严重的牙结石沉积归功于其高蛋白质和碳水化合物的饮食,以及生活用水的水质。3)统计分析发现两性存在上、下颌犬齿的磨耗差异,而这一情况可能暗示了在家庭手工业方面存在男女分工的现象。     

Brief communication: Short- and long-term in vivo human buccal-dental microwear turnover

Buccal-dental microwear depends on the abrasive content of chewed foodstuffs and can reveal long-term dietary trends in human populations. However, in vivo experimental analyses of buccal microwear formation processes are scarce. Here, we report the effects of an abrasive diet on microwear rates in two adult volunteers at intervals of 8 days over a period of 1 month and document long-term turnover over 5 consecutive years in the same subjects under an ad libitum Mediterranean diet. Buccal microwear was analyzed on mandibular first molars using high-resolution replicas and scanning electron microscopy. Microwear turnover was assessed by recording the scratches lost and gained at each time point. Our results indicate that scratch formation on enamel surfaces increased with a highly abrasive diet compared to both pre-test and post-test ad libitum dietary controls. In the long-term analysis, scratch turnover was higher than expected, but no significant long-term trends in microwear density or length were observed, because microwear formation was compensated by scratch disappearance. Our results confirm that buccal microwear patterns on mandibular molars show a dynamic formation process directly related to the chewing of abrasive particles along with ingested food. In addition, the observed long-term stability of buccal microwear patterns makes them a reliable indicator of overall dietary habits.     

体育专业大学生指长比及其波动性不对称的特征

为探讨体育专业大学生指长比及其波动性不对称的特征,进而为体质人类学和优秀运动员身体形态特征的研究积累基础资料,本研究特招募374名18~25岁发育正常的汉族在校大学生为研究对象,按照专业和性别分为男生体育组（n=60）、男生普系组（n=143）、女生体育组（n=61）和女生普系组（n=110）,计算各个指长比及两侧指长比的波动不对称值并进行检验。结果显示男生体育组与男生普系组之间的指长比（R）存在统计学差异（P<0.05）,差异主要表现在R_2/5、R_3/5和R_4/5上,而女生体育组与女生普系组之间的指长比不存在统计学差异（P>0.05）。结果还显示男生体育组与男生普系组之间的偏差(σ)存在统计学差异（P<0.05）,差异主要表现在σ_2/3和σ_2/3上。而女生的指长比偏差在体育组与普系组之间不存在统计学差异（P>0.05）。通过分析讨论提示出大学生指长比及指长比偏差与性别和运动能力有关,R_3/5及σ_3/5可能与早期生长发育过程中的性激素的暴露水平有关,而且有望成为运动员选材的新生物标记。     

云南昆明不同产地滇蛙的食物变化比较

要真正了解一种蛙的生态习性及食性,调查和分析其不同种群、不同生长阶段和不同性别的年周期食物组成是必要的。自1998年5月至2003年11月在昆明白龙寺、花红洞和西街口逐月采集滇蛙Rana pleuraglen标本进行食性分析,结果表明,滇蛙种群间和不同生长阶段、及雌雄个体间的食量百分比上有差异。Kruskal-Wallis检验结果显示,不同种群间和不同生长阶段的食物量组成无显著差异。Mann—Whitney U检验和Kolmogorov—Smirnov Z检验结果显示,各产地雌雄滇蛙食物量组成均无显著差异。滇蛙的食物类群相对丰富,反映它是捕食的多面手。昆明地区气候稳定,不同小地域农田生境的昆虫相几乎相同。这是食物成分相同的主要原因。而滇蛙不同种群的食物成分中,一些类群所占的比例不完全相同,又反映出三地气候和／或昆虫相的微小差异。幼年组食物中双翅目和膜翅的成分高于成年Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的。这可能与上述食物类群富含幼年组个体所需要的营养成分或者比例较高有关,所以它们食之较多。     

Buccal dental microwear variability in extant African Hominoidea: taxonomy versus ecology

Buccal microwear patterns on teeth are good indicators of the abrasiveness of foodstuffs and have been used to trace the dietary habits of fossil species, including primates and hominids. However, few studies have addressed the variability of this microwear. The abrasiveness of dietary components depends not only on the hardness of the particles ingested, but also on the presence of dust and other exogenous elements introduced during food processing. These elements are responsible for the microwear typology observed on the enamel surfaces of primate teeth. Here we analyzed the variability of buccal microwear patterns in African Great Apes (Gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes), using tooth molds obtained from the original specimens held in several osteological collections. Our results suggest that ecological adaptations at subspecies or population level account for differences in microwear patterns, which are attributed to habitat and ecological conditions within populations rather than differences between species. The findings from studies on the variability of buccal dental microwear in extant species will contribute to a better understanding of extinct hominids’ diet and ecology.     

Non-occlusal dental microwear variability in a sample of Middle and Late Pleistocene human populations from Europe and the Near East

Non-occlusal, buccal tooth microwear variability has been studied in 68 fossil humans from Europe and the Near East. The microwear patterns observed suggest that a major shift in human dietary habits and food processing techniques might have taken place in the transition from the Middle to the Late Pleistocene populations. Differences in microwear density, average length, and orientation of striations indicate that Middle Pleistocene humans had more abrasive dietary habits than Late Pleistocene populations. Both dietary and cultural factors might be responsible for the differences observed. In addition, the Middle Paleolithic Neanderthal specimens studied show a highly heterogeneous pattern of microwear when compared to the other samples considered, which is inconsistent with a hypothesis of all Neanderthals having a strictly carnivorous diet. The high density of striations observed in the buccal surfaces of several Neanderthal teeth might be indicative of the inclusion of plant foods in their diet. The buccal microwear variability observed in the Neanderthals is compatible with an overall exploitation of both plant and meat foods on the basis of food availability. A preliminary analysis of the relationship between buccal microwear density and climatic conditions prevailing in Europe during the Late Pleistocene has been attempted. Cold climatic conditions, as indicated by oxygen isotope stage data, seem to be responsible for higher densities of microwear features, whereas warmer periods could correspond to a reduced pattern of scratch density. Such a relationship would be indicative of less abrasive dietary habits, perhaps more meat dependent, during warmer periods.     

Dental microwear variability on buccal tooth enamel surfaces of extant Catarrhini and the Miocene fossil Dryopithecus laietanus (Hominoidea)

Analyses of buccal tooth microwear have been used to trace dietary habits of modern hunter-gatherer populations. In these populations, the average density and length of striations on the buccal surfaces of teeth are significantly cor-related with the abrasive potential of food items consumed. In non-human pri-mates, tooth microwear patterns on both occlusal and buccal wear facets have been thoroughly studied and the results applied to the characterization of dietary habits of fossil species. In this paper, we present inter- and intra-specific buccal microwear variability analyses in extant Cercopithecoidea (Cercopithecus mitis, C. neglectus, Chlorocebus aethiops, Colobus spp., Papio anubis) and Hominoidea (Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus). The results are tentatively compared to buccal microwear patterns of the Miocene fossils Dryopithecus and Oreopithecus. Significant differences in striation density and length are found among the fossil taxa studied and the extant primates, suggesting that buccal microwear can be used to identify dietary differences among taxa. The Dryopithecus buccal microwear pattern most closely resembles that of abrasive, tough plant foods consumers, such as the gorilla, in contrast to stud-ies of dental morphology that suggest a softer, frugivorous diet. Results for Oreopithecus were equivocal, but suggest a more abrasive diet than that previously thought.     

The population biology of tench, Tinea tinea (L.), in two gravel pit lakes

The populations of tench from two gravel pit lakes of contrasting habitat type were studied. The population density of tench from St Peter's Lake, which has abundant aquatic vegetation was 176 individuals ha⁻¹ (102.2 kg ha⁻¹) compared to 0.3 individuals ha⁻¹ (0.5 kg ha⁻¹) in the Main Lake which has very little aquatic vegetation. The results of ageing tench by scales, opercular bones and otoliths were compared; all three structures gave similar results up to 9 years of age, but thereafter there were difficulties in ageing using scales and care was needed in counting annuli. The oldest tench caught was 15 years old. Growth of male and female tench was similar and fitted the von Bertalanffy model; for female tench L_∞ = 573 mm, K =0.122 and for male tench L_∞ = 586 mm, K =0.114. Recruitment was variable and strong year classes occurred in years with warm summers.     

Population demography of the endangered large blue butterfly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Maculinea arion</Emphasis> in Europe

Demographic parameters such as survival, sex ratio and abundance can profoundly affect the viability of populations and thus are of primary importance in species of conservation concern. Although numerous studies have been published on certain aspects of the ecology and evolution of the endangered Large Blue butterfly Maculinea arion, there is still a lack of detailed knowledge on its populations’ demography. Moreover, M. arion populates a variety of xerothermic habitats throughout its European range using various food plants and host ants, which leads to complications in its conservation. Our aim was to estimate demographic parameters of M. arion populations in different parts of its European range. Detailed mark-recapture sampling was conducted on populations in four different countries. We often found that daily apparent survival probability declined with increasing age of individuals, but there was no difference between male and female survival. In smaller populations, the sex ratio was rather female-biased. Our most interesting result was the lack of protandry in some populations that might be a consequence of selection against reproductive asynchrony in small populations or a polyandrous mating system. The perfect coincidence of male and female phenology can positively affect the effective population size, because the lack of reproductive asynchrony increases the chance of male–female encounters. Abundance of the studied populations ranged between 100 and 1,600 individuals, smaller populations were on the verge of extinction. Habitat of the threatened small populations was either overgrazed or abandoned, while habitat of larger, stable populations was lightly grazed.     

Temporal changes in the relationship between observed and expected sex-investment frequencies, social structure and intraspecific parasitism in Leptothorax tuberum (Formicidae)

The proportional investment in females (IF0) was observed in three Dorset (UK) populations (Portland, Holworth and St Alban's Head) of the ant Leptothorax tuberum during 1993 and 1994. The workers' optimum investment in females predicted by kin selection theory (IF_E) was calculated for these populations from relatedness values estimated from an isozyme polymorphism. Although a previous study at Portland in 1992 found IF_o and IF_E not to differ, in 1993 IF_o and IFE were significandy different from each other at Portland and St Alban's Head. In 1994 the difference was significant at Portland only. IF_o was lower than IF_E at all three sites in both years. The differences between 1992 and 1993 and 1994 were consistent with either an unresolved conflict between workers and queens for control of the IF or change in an environmental factor that affected all sites. Relatedness values showed that at Portland most nests were founded by one singly-mated queen. However, at St Alban's Head relatedness values were consistent with some serial polygyny in 1993 but not 1994, while at Holworth there was some egg-dumping by queens unrelated to the colony queen. The differences in nest structure between sites may have been related to habitat differences. In 1993 there was evidence of a split sex ratio. However, unlike 1992, the female biased nests did not have a higher relatedness asymmetry than the male biased nests.     

Gulps, wheezes, and sniffs: how measurement of beak movement in sea turtles can elucidate their behaviour and ecology

This study was performed to assess the extent to which an intermandibular angle sensor (IMASEN) may be used to elucidate the behaviour of six captive loggerhead turtles. The measuring system was glued to the beak of turtles and set to measure the intermandibular distance at 5 Hz while the turtles fed (on anchovies, squid, and live crabs), swam, rested, and breathed. The behaviour of the equipped turtles was filmed and compared afterwards to the sensor readings. The IMASEN output data allowed quantification of the number of food items ingested as well as the time between food seizure and deglutition and the type of food ingested. However, nonfeeding turtles exhibited regular jaw movements with a reduced amplitude of ca. 2.2 mm, which clearly differed from feeding movements and were caused by buccal oscillations. Such movements of the base of the buccal cavity generate a steady flow of water pass the chemosensory organs and were interrupted only during food ingestion, resting, and breathing. Breathing was clearly distinguishable by the IMASEN. The beak sensor is thus a reliable system to investigate a number of behaviours in sea turtles which encompass foraging, buccal oscillation, and respiratory frequency. It has potential for allocating time to different activities in free-ranging sea turtles and thus allows us to gain insight to their foraging and diving strategies.