青海喇家遗址人类遗骸的锶同位素比值分析

喇家遗址位于青海省民和县,主体为齐家文化的遗存,距今大约3900~4300年。喇家遗址古代人类迁移活动的研究,对于探索黄河上游古代文明,推动该地区齐家文化研究,有着积极的学术意义。本文首先采用电感耦合等离子体质谱技术对喇家遗址出土的22个个体的44份牙釉质和骨骼样品进行了元素分析,根据检测结果排除了受到污染的2份骨骼样品。其次,通过热电离质谱分析方法对喇家遗址出土22个个体的42份牙釉质和骨骼样品及8个猪牙釉质样品的锶同位素比值进行了测定。检测数据表明,猪牙釉质的锶同位素比值的标准偏差远小于其他动物,可以推断猪由当地饲养的可能性是最大的,因此其牙釉质锶同位素比值可以代表当地的锶同位素水平。经过计算得到8个猪牙釉质的锶同位素比值的平均值为0.710930,将该平均值加或减2倍标准偏差可以得到喇家遗址当地的锶同位素比值范围在0.711058~0.710802之间。以此为前提可以推测,本次检测的22个个体中,有17个个体牙釉质的锶同位素比值在遗址当地的锶同位素比值范围内,可能为本地出生。还有2个个体牙釉质在当地的锶同位素比值范围上下限附近,姑且存疑;仅有3个个体牙釉质的锶同位素比值在遗址当地的锶同位素比值范围以外,表明这些个体可能在其他地区出生,去世后埋葬在遗址中。此外,数据分析还显示,本地出生人群牙釉质的锶同位素比值平均值与骨骼的锶同位素比值平均值比较接近,暗示喇家遗址当地古人类生活方式可能比较统一。     

锶同位素在森林生态系统研究中的进展

放射性成因锶同位素(87Sr/86Sr)作为一种有效的示踪工具,对理解陆相生态系统结构有极其重要的作用.而非传统稳定同位素δ88/86Sr可以揭示以前所忽略的阳离子在植被中的迁移过程.本文对锶元素在森林生态系统中的循环过程以及定量计算方法进行了综述,阐明了利用放射性成因锶同位素87Sr/86Sr在低温地表迁移过程中不分馏的特性示踪物质来源以及循环途径,利用非传统稳定锶同位素δ88/86Sr来示踪生态系统中生物分馏过程,以及锶元素在植被中的内循环机理,总结采用锶同位素在环境响应和生态系统演化的应用.指出非传统稳定锶同位素与放射性成因锶同位素联立应用将是其在陆地生态系统研究中的发展方向.     

应用古人骨的元素、同位素分析研究其食物结构

本文从原理和方法上对目前由人骨元素、同位素分析研究古人类食物结构的三个主要方面,即骨胶原碳十三、氮十五的分析,微量元素锶、钡分析以及同位素锶、铅的分析逐一做了介绍。在此基础上结合自己的工作将国内该研究领域中有关的研究现状和主要研究成果,特别是获得的新进展做了回顾和总结。     

长江三峡地区上震旦统稳定同位素异常及地层意义

三峡地区广泛发育的上震旦统,及下伏的南沱组和古城组冰碛层,有良好的生物地层控制及全球对比意义。新秭归城附近的雾河剖面,自南沱组顶部到水井沱组下部出露有利于化学地层学研究的一系列碳酸盐岩沉积,对这一剖面的碳,氧,锶同位素研究发现：1）碳,锶和氧同位素在陡山沱组顶部到灯影组底部存在明显异常;2）碳同位素在寒武系-前寒武系界线附近有负异常;3）碳同位素和锶同位素在剖面上的演化具有全球对比意义;4）陡山沱组顶部到灯影组底部的碳,锶同位素异常,与可能存在末远古纪的冰期,即所谓的“后Marinoan冰期”有关。     

鸟类组织稳定同位素分析样品的预处理方法

稳定同位素分析样品在进行同位素质谱分析之前需要适当的处理,然而如何处理尚未形成统一的标准。本文结合鸟类组织稳定同位素分析样品的测试流程,介绍了鸟类学研究领域稳定同位素技术应用中涉及的分析样品解冻清洗、干燥、分离纯化、研磨和储存等前处理方法,并对不同组织常用的处理方法及分析样品测定中有待解决的问题展开了讨论。旨在抛砖引玉,为利用稳定同位素技术开展鸟类学方面的研究提供科学参考和技术支持。     

碳与锶同位素在六盘水地下水研究中的应用

分季节采集贵州省六盘水市地下水,并分析其水化学组分、溶解无机碳及其碳同位素和锶同位素组成,研究其地下水的水质情况和污染特征。结果表明:研究区水化学组成主要是以HCO3-Ca为主,属于典型的喀斯特区域地下水组成特征;地下水方解石饱和指数SIcalcite接近稳态,具有弱侵蚀性,与pCO2之间呈负相关关系,说明有机污染物降解CO2对于水岩反应起到了相当程度的影响;枯水季节溶解无机碳含量高于丰水季节,而δ13C季节变化并不明显,同位素与水化学的分析表明,区内城镇居民区和农田区地下水受人为活动污染明显;研究区87Sr/86Sr变化不大,而污水的87Sr/86Sr在0.7080。通过水化学和同位素分析表明,人为输入对于地下水的影响与地质背景、污染源特征及水文条件等有关。     

激光同位素分析仪测定液态水的氢氧同位素及其光谱污染修正

氢氧稳定同位素示踪技术是研究土壤-作物-大气连续体(SPAC)水分循环的重要手段。激光同位素分析仪以其独特的优点逐渐得到广泛应用,但其在测量植物水时,与同位素质谱仪的测量结果存在差异。本文采用Los Gatos Research公司生产的激光同位素分析仪DLT-100分别测定植物水、土壤水、雨水和地下水等共19个样品,并用其开发的光谱污染矫正软件标记和量化水样品的污染,修正污染水样品的同位素值,然后与同位素质谱仪进行比对。结果表明:土壤水、雨水和地下水等样品均未受到污染,而植物样品均受到一定程度的光谱干扰;植物水的δD和δ18O修正范围分别是1.21‰～26.65‰和0.50‰～18.27‰。该修正方法消除了δD测定的差异,并大大降低了δ18O的偏差。可见,激光同位素分析仪法在测量土壤水、雨水和地下水同位素时可以有效地代替传统的同位素质谱仪法,但对植物水的测量时,则首先需要判断样品是否受到光谱干扰,如果受到污染,仍需同位素质谱法进行确认。     

碳同位素在湿地碳循环研究中的应用及进展

湿地碳库是区域生态系统中最重要的碳库之一,湿地碳循环是全球碳循环的重要环节。在湿地碳循环研究中,传统方法越来越不能满足人们对湿地中碳循环微观机理的了解,而碳同位素方法因其特殊的物源和过程示踪价值成为湿地碳循环研究的重要手段。本文从湿地碳循环的主要研究对象和基本研究方法出发,讨论了碳同位素方法的基本原理及其在碳循环研究中的优势,分析了碳同位素方法在湿地生物过程、水体、沉积物和土壤以及温室气体排放等方面的应用,归纳总结了碳同位素在我国湿地生态系统碳循环研究中的不足及未来发展方向。     

大气颗粒物稳定同位素组成的研究进展

大气颗粒物成分复杂,容易对环境和人体健康产生较大影响,是雾霾的主要来源。如何对大气颗粒物及其成分的来源、形成和迁移转化过程进行表征一直是大气环境科学研究中的重要课题。近年来,稳定同位素技术被广泛应用到环境污染物的来源示踪研究中。本文综述了大气颗粒物的研究进展,重点围绕大气颗粒物中的轻稳定同位素组成(主要包括碳、氮、硫和氧的稳定同位素),结合大气颗粒物的时空变化特征及特定的同位素数学模型,对大气颗粒物中物质的来源、形成过程和贡献等研究进行分析总结,并对稳定同位素技术在未来大气颗粒物研究中的应用发展趋势进行探讨。     

湖泊沉积中碳酸盐、有机质及其同位素的古气候意义

综述了近几十年来国内外湖泊沉积在全新世尺度上碳酸盐及其同位素、有机质及其同位素的研究进展.主要讨论了湖泊沉积物中碳酸盐含量、δ13Ccarb和δ18Ocarb的环境意义以及二者之间的协同变化,生物成因碳酸盐及其同位素和微量元素等的影响因素及所指示的环境意义,湖泊沉积物中有机质及其同位素和C/N等的影响因素及所指示的气候信息,同时文中还讨论了碳酸盐含量、有机质及其同位素在古气候重建中的应用.     

Strontium Isotope Signals in Cremated Petrous Portions as Indicator for Childhood Origin

Dental enamel is currently of high informative value in studies concerning childhood origin and human mobility because the strontium isotope ratio in human dental enamel is indicative of geographical origin. However, many prehistoric burials involve cremation and although strontium retains its original biological isotopic composition, even when exposed to very high temperatures, intact dental enamel is rarely preserved in cremated or burned human remains. When preserved, fragments of dental enamel may be difficult to recognize and identify. Finding a substitute material for strontium isotope analysis of burned human remains, reflecting childhood values, is hence of high priority. This is the first study comparing strontium isotope ratios from cremated and non-cremated petrous portions with enamel as indicator for childhood origin. We show how strontium isotope ratios in the otic capsule of the petrous portion of the inner ear are highly correlated with strontium isotope ratios in dental enamel from the same individual, whether inhumed or cremated. This implies that strontium isotope ratios in the petrous bone, which practically always survives cremation, are indicative of childhood origin for human skeletal remains. Hence, the petrous bone is ideal as a substitute material for strontium isotope analysis of burned human remains.     

种子与花粉的随机迁移对植物群体遗传结构分化的影响

将Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ的经典岛屿模型拓广到植物群体上,同时考虑了含有花粉和种子随机迁移的影响。并给出了３种不同遗传方式的基因（双亲遗传,父本和母本遗传）频率的期望均值和方差。理论结果证明花粉或种子的随机迁移可增加基因频率方差,其幅度取决于迁移率和迁移基因频率的方差。同绝对迁移率一样,花粉和种子的迁移率方差及迁移基因频率的方差对群体遗传结构的分化有着同样的重要。一个重要结论就是花粉或种子的随机迁移率和随机迁     

Investigating regional mobility in the southern hinterland of the Wari Empire: biogeochemistry at the site of Beringa, Peru

Empires have transformed political, social, and environmental landscapes in the past and present. Although much research on archaeological empires focuses on large-scale imperial processes, we use biogeochemistry and bioarchaeology to investigate how imperialism may have reshaped regional political organization and regional migration patterns in the Wari Empire of the Andean Middle Horizon (ca. AD 600-1000). Radiogenic strontium isotope analysis of human remains from the site of Beringa in the Majes Valley of southern Peru identified the geographic origins of individuals impacted by the Wari Empire. At Beringa, the combined archaeological human enamel and bone values range from (87)Sr/(86)Sr = 0.70802 - 0.70960, with a mean (87)Sr/(86)Sr = 0.70842 ± 0.00027 (1σ, n = 52). These data are consistent with radiogenic strontium isotope data from the local fauna in the Majes Valley and imply that most individuals were local inhabitants, rather than migrants from the Wari heartland or some other locale. There were two outliers at Beringa, and these "non-local" individuals may have derived from other parts of the South Central Andes. This is consistent with our understanding of expansive trade networks and population movement in the Andean Middle Horizon, likely influenced by the policies of the Wari Empire. Although not a Wari colony, the incorporation of small sites like Beringa into the vast social and political networks of the Middle Horizon resulted in small numbers of migrants at Beringa.     

Is the Sr isotope ratio of mosses a good indicator for Asian dust (Kosa)?

The need for monitoring Asian dust is increasing owing to concerns about its harmful effects on ecosystems and human health. Strontium isotope ratios of mosses can be used to monitor Asian dust because of the traceability of these ratios and nutrient uptake by mosses from atmospheric deposition. Hence, the present study examined the suitability of strontium isotope ratios of mosses for monitoring Asian dust. Given the higher strontium isotope ratios of Asian dust than those of domestic origins, these ratios of mosses would be higher in areas with Asian dust. Moss samples were collected from 13 sites across Japan. The strontium isotope ratios of mosses in all study sites were lower than those of Asian dust. Although western Japan is more strongly influenced by Asian dust than eastern Japan, there were no significant differences in the strontium isotope ratios between these regions. Notably, the strontium isotope ratios of mosses significantly and positively correlated with those of the local soil across the study sites. These results indicate that strontium in mosses was derived from the local soil, and this uptake pattern may be attributed to a considerable supply of soil-derived strontium. In conclusion, the strontium isotope ratio of mosses is not a suitable indicator for the influence of Asian dust in Japan. Future studies should investigate whether these results could be applied to epiphytic mosses as potential indicators for Asian dust because epiphytes are less influenced by soil-derived minerals than terrestrial mosses.

     

Combining genetic markers and stable isotopes to reveal population connectivity and migration patterns in a neotropical migrant,Wilson's warbler (Wilsonia pusilla)

We used results from the analysis of microsatellite DNA variation and hydrogen stable-isotope ratios to characterize the population structure of a neotropical migrant passerine, the Wilson's warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). The resulting information was then used to infer migration patterns and population connectivity between breeding grounds in North America and overwintering areas in Mexico and Central America. The microsatellite data revealed genetic structure across the North American continent; populations in the west were found to significantly differ from the east. Minimal genetic structure was observed among western sites. The lack of isolation by distance and low variance in FST values suggests that gene flow could play an ongoing role in limiting genetic differentiation among sites in the western part of the distribution. However, additional information including estimates of effective population size and the proximity of the population to equilibrium is required before the role of gene flow can be assessed fully. Analysis of isotope data showed a negative relationship between latitude and hydrogen isotope ratios in breeding ground individuals. There was a positive relationship between wintering ground latitude and hydrogen isotope ratios for individuals that were genetically western in origin. This is consistent with a leapfrog pattern of migration, in which genetically western birds from the northernmost breeding areas overwinter at the most southerly locations in Central America. Additionally, isotopic ratios of western birds suggest that coastal breeders overwinter in western Mexico, while western birds from further inland and at high elevations overwinter in eastern Mexico. Using information from both genetic an isotopic approaches will probably be useful for identifying patterns of migration and population connectivity between breeding and overwintering areas, both important issues for conservation efforts, and may also contribute to investigation of the evolution of migration.     

Effects of Migration on Genetic Variability and Parent–Offspring Correlation Coefficients in Anthropometric and Physiometric Phenotypes Among Three Groups of Population in Punjab, India

In the present study, we examined the migration effects on genetic variabilities and heritabilities patterns between three groups of population like parental population in Punjab, migrant from Pakistan, and migrant from other states of India in Punjab using anthropometric and physiometric traits. A total of 500 adult individuals from 300 families were studied. Statistical comparisons were carried out through mean coefficients, Student’s t test, heritability, and regression analysis. The results suggest a significant migration effect on almost all traits. Correlation coefficient for first-degree relatives, the slope factors, and heritabilities for almost all variables have been found significant among the three groups of populations. However, the discrimination is more prominent among migrant from other states of India because of more genetic heterogeneity.     

Demographic balancing of migrant and resident elk in a partially migratory population through forage–predation tradeoffs

Partial migration is widespread in ungulates, yet few studies have assessed demographic mechanisms for how these alternative strategies are maintained in populations. Over the past two decades the number of resident individuals of the Ya Ha Tinda elk herd near Banff National Park has been increasing proportionally despite an overall population decline. We compared demographic rates of migrant and resident elk to test for demographic mechanisms partial migration. We determined adult female survival for 132 elk, pregnancy rates for 150 female elk, and elk calf survival for 79 calves. Population vital rates were combined in Leslie‐matrix models to estimate demographic fitness, which we defined as the migration strategy‐specific population growth rate. We also tested for differences in factors influencing risk of mortality between migratory strategies for adult females using Cox‐proportional hazards regression and time‐varying covariates of exposure to forage biomass, wolf predation risk, and group size. Despite higher pregnancy rates and winter calf weights associated with higher forage quality, survival of migrant adult females and calves were lower than resident elk. Resident elk traded high quality food to reduce predation risk by selecting areas close to human activity, and by living in group sizes 20% larger than migrants. Thus, residents experienced higher adult female survival and calf survival, but lower pregnancy and calf weights. Cause‐specific mortality of migrants was dominated by wolf and grizzly bear mortality, whereas resident mortality was dominated by human hunting. Demographic differences translated into slightly higher (2–3%), but non‐significant, resident population growth rate compared to migrant elk, suggesting demographic balancing between resident strategies during our study. Despite statistical equivalence, our results are also consistent with slow long‐term declines in migrants because of high predation because of higher wolf‐caused mortality in migrants. These results emphasize that migrants and residents will make different tradeoffs between forage and risk may affect the demographic balance of partially migratory populations, which may explain recent declines in migratory behavior in many ungulate populations around the world.     

Compelling culture: The rhetoric of assimilation among Samoan migrants in the United States

Studies of assimilation tend to focus on whether or not members of a migrant group are adjusting to their new surroundings. This article inverts this focus, asking not how migrant groups adjust, but rather how migrant groups use the language of assimilation to explain generation gaps and other exigencies of migration. This inversion sheds light on the ways a migrant group's epistemological assumptions underlie their understandings of cultural identity, and shape how they might respond to dilemmas caused by migration. Building upon ethnographic fieldwork among Samoan migrants in the United States, the article explores how and why community workers use the rhetoric of assimilation to teach Samoan parents how to raise children in the US context.     

Population subdivision and molecular sequence variation: theory and analysis of Drosophila ananassae data

Population subdivision complicates analysis of molecular variation. Even if neutrality is assumed, three evolutionary forces need to be considered: migration, mutation, and drift. Simplification can be achieved by assuming that the process of migration among and drift within subpopulations is occurring fast compared to mutation and drift in the entire population. This allows a two-step approach in the analysis: (i) analysis of population subdivision and (ii) analysis of molecular variation in the migrant pool. We model population subdivision using an infinite island model, where we allow the migration/drift parameter Theta to vary among populations. Thus, central and peripheral populations can be differentiated. For inference of Theta, we use a coalescence approach, implemented via a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) integration method that allows estimation of allele frequencies in the migrant pool. The second step of this approach (analysis of molecular variation in the migrant pool) uses the estimated allele frequencies in the migrant pool for the study of molecular variation. We apply this method to a Drosophila ananassae sequence data set. We find little indication of isolation by distance, but large differences in the migration parameter among populations. The population as a whole seems to be expanding. A population from Bogor (Java, Indonesia) shows the highest variation and seems closest to the species center.