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本文综述了梅毒的实验室诊断的分子生物学方法,特别是多聚酶链反应(PCR)和Western免疫印迹等新的分子生物学检测技术在诊断早期梅毒、先天性梅毒和神经性毒素等方面的研究进展,着重讨论了PCR诊断梅毒的多方面情况,并对PCR、Western免疫印迹技术与经典兔感染试验进行了评价。 相似文献
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梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体(Tp)感染所引起的性传播疾病。梅毒感染可引发机体多系统慢性持续性损害,可垂直传播,还可明显增加感染和传播艾滋病的危险性。尽管付出相当的努力,但Tp不同寻常的生物学特征及当前梅毒疫苗方法学的不足严重阻碍了梅毒疫苗的研究进程,迄今为止,国内外仍然没有切实有效的疫苗能预防Tp感染。简要介绍了梅毒感染后机体免疫应答特点,综述了梅毒疫苗的类型及疫苗发展中可能存在的障碍,并进一步提出了今后梅毒疫苗设计的新方向。 相似文献
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高国帅;王安琦;王龙;张全超 《人类学学报》2024,(5):744-756
本文对出土于新疆吐鲁番加依墓地青铜至铁器时代的2例罕见脊椎病理性损伤个体,进行了古病理学分析与诊断。经鉴定,个体M172是一名10-12岁的未成年人,个体M167是一名35岁左右的女性,两例个体的脊椎均出现较为严重的骨性溶解病变:终板损坏,内部松质骨溶蚀、吸收,椎体中部空化形成中空现象。其中个体M172除第7胸椎和第3腰椎发生溶解病变之外,手指、耻骨、肩胛骨等多部位均发现局灶性溶骨损伤,肋骨和胫骨局部反应性新骨显著;个体M167的第3、4腰椎由于溶解严重发生椎体塌陷特征。通过CT和X光影像学分析骨骼损伤形态、骨骼损伤区域特征,并结合临床医学资料进行鉴别诊断,认为两例个体患有化脓性骨髓炎、布鲁氏菌病、放射线菌病、骨癌转移以及一些其他真菌感染的可能性较小,推测这两例个体疑似罹患脊柱结核病。 相似文献
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正2008年,考古学家在以色列的Atlit-Yam遗址中发现一些疑似有结核病理损伤的人类骨骼遗存。之后通过对其中两具骨骼遗存(一例妇女,一例婴儿)进行分子生物学检测,结果显示其生前的确患有结核病。Atlit-Yam遗址为一处前陶新石器遗址,据碳十四测定,年代距今约9000年。所以,该遗址中发现的病例是迄今为止年代最早的结核病例。这是结核病古病理研究中比较典型的一个案例。那么先让我们来了解一 相似文献
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目的评价化学发光微粒子免疫法(chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay, CMIA)检测临床血清标本梅毒螺旋体抗体的敏感性和特异性。方法用梅毒螺旋体颗粒凝集试验(TVeponema Pallidum particie agglutination test,TPPA)法作为对照标准,采用CMIA法检测2012年11月到12月1200例住院患者的血清标本,并用卡方检验评价两种检测方法对同一个样本的化验结果的一致性。结果1200例血清标本中用CMIA法检出阳性率为11.3%,TPPA法检出阳性率为10. 9% ,以TPPA为标准,CMIA法敏感性为96. 9%,特异性为99. 2%,其中CMIA法检测血清S/CO值〉 4. 00的110例,用TPPA确认107例阳性,阳性预测值(PPV)为97.3%;CMIA法S/C0值在1.0-9.0,TPPA可出现阴性结果。结论CMIA法可替代TPPA法进行梅毒螺旋体抗体检测,对于CMIA法检测S/C0值1. 0-4.0的需进一步复检。 相似文献
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梅毒螺旋体部分膜蛋白的研究现状 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
梅毒螺旋体(Tp)目前尚不能体外培养,抗原获取困难,从而影响到Tp致病机制、实验室诊断方法及疫苗的研究。随着分子生物学技术的发展和Tp全基因序列的解析、多种重组Tp膜蛋白的成功表达及其结构功能的日益明确,为Tp发病机理的研究、诊断方法的更新和疫苗的研制奠定了良好的基础。 相似文献
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目的探讨梅毒血清抗体检测与临床的相关性。方法对我院10710例进行梅毒血清抗体检测者,根据性别、年龄的不同比较它们之间的关系,并进行分析结果判断与临床的相关性。结果不同性别患者梅毒血清抗体检测无显著性差异(P〉0.05),而不同年龄患者梅毒血清抗体检测有显著性差异(P〈0.01)。结论由于患者自身原因、试剂原因及HIV感染等因素,造成梅毒血清抗体试验有一定的假阳性和假阴性,因此对梅毒血清抗体试验结果应结合病史及临床情况进行综合分析判断。 相似文献
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梅毒是一种由梅毒螺旋体(Treponema.pallidum,Tp)感染所引起的慢性性传播疾病。近年来,其发病率居高不下,引起了全社会广泛的关注。随着分子生物技术的发展和人们的不断探究发现,膜蛋白可能在Tp致病过程中与宿主黏附、宿主免疫炎症反应等方面起着非常重要的作用,可能为Tp的主要致病因子。因此,对Tp膜蛋白的研究是认识其对宿主的致病性和进行致病机制研究的关键,就Tp的几种主要免疫相关膜蛋白的研究进展作了简要综述。 相似文献
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梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体(Tp)引起的一种严重危害人类健康的性传播疾病,其中TprK是Tp的一个重要的膜蛋白,从属于TprP重复蛋白家族,具有增强Tp逃避宿主免疫反应和维持慢性感染的能力,可能是Tp有效疫苗的组分之一。现就TprK膜蛋白的研究现状作一综述。 相似文献
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一期梅毒实验室诊断差异性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
目的通过梅毒螺旋体初筛试验、确认试验和鉴别诊断试验,探讨一期梅毒实验室诊断差异性,最大限度减少漏诊与误诊,为深入研发新型早期梅毒诊断试剂奠定基础。方法依据2000年中国卫生部防疫司颁布的性病诊断标准,临床筛选一期梅毒患者86例(研究组)和非梅毒患者100例(对照组),对患者血清进行甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST)初筛和梅毒螺旋体明胶颗粒凝集试验(TPPA)确认。筛选临床体征、TRUST法和TPPA法三者结果有差异的患者进一步鉴别诊断,鉴别诊断主要应用荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)法、免疫PCR法与自身抗体检测等试验。结果初筛TRUST法灵敏度和特异性分别为62.8%、93.0%;确认TPPA法灵敏度与特异性分别为66.3%、100%。TRUST法和TPPA法两者结果差异占12.8%;临床体征诊断、TRUST法和TPPA法三者结果差异占41.9%。TPPA法与TRUST法两者均阴性的一期梅毒患者中,FQ-PCR阳性率达88.0%,免疫PCR阳性率占40.0%。TPPA法阳性、TRUST法阴性的一期梅毒患者免疫PCR法与TPPA法结果一致;TPPA法阴性、TRUST法阳性11例患者中结核抗体阳性2例,类风湿因子阳性3例与抗Sm抗体结果阳性6例。结论一期梅毒患者实验室诊断结果差异性较大,漏诊与误诊的比例较高,有待研发新型的诊断试剂和提高诊断水平。 相似文献
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Charlotte J. Houldcroft Simon J. Underdown 《American journal of physical anthropology》2016,160(3):379-388
High quality Altai Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes are revealing which regions of archaic hominin DNA have persisted in the modern human genome. A number of these regions are associated with response to infection and immunity, with a suggestion that derived Neanderthal alleles found in modern Europeans and East Asians may be associated with autoimmunity. As such Neanderthal genomes are an independent line of evidence of which infectious diseases Neanderthals were genetically adapted to. Sympathetically, human genome adaptive introgression is an independent line of evidence of which infectious diseases were important for AMH coming in to Eurasia and interacting with Neanderthals. The Neanderthals and Denisovans present interesting cases of hominin hunter‐gatherers adapted to a Eurasian rather than African infectious disease package. Independent sources of DNA‐based evidence allow a re‐evaluation of the first epidemiologic transition and how infectious disease affected Pleistocene hominins. By combining skeletal, archaeological and genetic evidence from modern humans and extinct Eurasian hominins, we question whether the first epidemiologic transition in Eurasia featured a new package of infectious diseases or a change in the impact of existing pathogens. Coupled with pathogen genomics, this approach supports the view that many infectious diseases are pre‐Neolithic, and the list continues to expand. The transfer of pathogens between hominin populations, including the expansion of pathogens from Africa, may also have played a role in the extinction of the Neanderthals and offers an important mechanism to understand hominin–hominin interactions well back beyond the current limits for aDNA extraction from fossils alone. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:379–388, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Analysis of the skeletal remains of 50 Confederate veterans provided a unique opportunity to explore the dental health of a geriatric sample. These men, who died between 1907-1932, had an average age at death of 76.7 years. Ninety percent were institutionalized at the Confederate Home for Men (Austin, TX) prior to their deaths. This elderly sample was assessed in terms of caries, antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), abscesses, and linear enamel hypoplasias. On a per tooth basis, the AMTL rate was 57.2%. Of 39 dentate men, 33 (84.6%) had dental caries, and 24.4% (121 of 496) of teeth were carious. Ten (25.0%) of the dentate men had hypoplastic teeth. At least one abscess was seen in 14 (28%) of 50 individuals. Results from this geriatric institutionalized sample are compared to contemporaneous historical samples. Disparities in dental health among these groups may be due to differences in average age at death, and these comparisons allow a better understanding of dental changes that occur with age. The sample is also compared to modern elderly samples: modern groups have higher caries rates, possibly because they retained more teeth. This finding may be due in part to diets in the United States becoming increasingly cariogenic over time. In addition, dental care has moved from the reactive practices seen in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (such as tooth extractions) to modern proactive solutions dedicated to preserving and restoring teeth (such as tooth brushing, fluoride treatments, and dental fillings). 相似文献
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Gabriel Wrobel 《American journal of physical anthropology》2014,155(3):476-481
A Maya burial of a late adolescent (Burial 98‐3) found in the rockshelter entrance of Actun Uayazba Kab (AUK), Belize, displays a combination of lesions that is consistent with scurvy. Signs include large, active lesions on the posterior surfaces of maxilla; relatively mild porotic hyperostosis along the midline of the skull on the parietals and occipital; cribra orbitalia; potential pinprick lesions on the greater wings of sphenoid and temporal; reactive lesions on the palate, temporal lines of frontal and parietals, and external and internal surfaces of zygomatics; small lesions on the popliteal surfaces of both femora; and periodontal disease. Identification of scurvy at AUK potentially informs the analysis of other primary burials and scattered bone found there and at other nearby sites, which often reveal evidence of nonspecific lesions that are usually attributed to anemia and infection, but that are also consistent with scurvy. The social and ecological context of this Protoclassic (0–AD 300) individual, who lived in a rural agricultural community with no evidence of complex social hierarchy, contrasts with typical discussions of disease among the Maya, which tend to focus on the degrading effects of overcrowding and resource deficiencies. While scurvy has been largely overlooked in the Maya area, this study supports earlier arguments for its presence that were based largely on clinical and ethnographic analogies and suggests the need to incorporate scurvy into broader synergistic models of ancient health. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:476–481, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
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Gross and radiographic changes characteristic of inadequate bone mineralization due to rickets are described in 21 immature skeletons from a 19th century urban population from Birmingham, England. The aims of the study are as follows: to evaluate and if possible augment existing dry-bone criteria for the recognition of rickets in immature skeletal remains; to investigate the value of radiography for the paleopathological diagnosis of rickets; and to compare and contrast the expression of rickets in this group with that previously documented for a rural agrarian population from Wharram Percy, England. Some gross skeletal signs of rickets which were not previously well-documented in paleopathological studies are noted. The worth of radiography for evaluating structural changes to both cortical and trabecular bone in the disease is demonstrated, and features useful for the interpretation of vitamin D deficiency are discussed. The pattern of skeletal elements affected and the severity of changes differs in the Birmingham group from that seen in the comparative rural population. It is emphasized that a variety of factors may influence the expression of rickets in paleopathological material, including rate of skeletal growth, age cohort affected, and intensity of vitamin D deficiency. Nevertheless, careful analysis, not only of the frequency of rickets but also of the degree of severity of lesions and the patterning with respect to skeletal elements affected, may enable more nuanced understanding of the biocultural context of the disease in earlier populations. 相似文献
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Objectives
Identifying scurvy and rickets has important implications for understanding adaptations and variability among past communities, and bioarchaeologists now regularly evaluate these conditions. Due to the increased number of studies, cases with less clear-cut lesions and variable preservation are now frequently reported. Despite an improved understanding of the biological mechanisms for disease expression, there is a lack of consensus on the language used to express diagnostic certainty, limiting comparability. This article aims to address these issues and provide recommendations on more consistent diagnostic terminology using widely accepted diagnostic methodology based on biological mechanisms.Materials and Methods
We review diagnostic terms used in bioarchaeology by considering published cases of rickets, scurvy and co-occurrence alongside M.B.B.'s past project notes. We also consider differences in the diagnosis of rickets and scurvy in living and archeological individuals.Results
We provide recommendations on a framework that can be used to show diagnostic certainty in cases of rickets, scurvy, and co-occurrence. Core lesions of rickets and scurvy are used alongside a limited lexicon of diagnostic terminology based on the Istanbul protocol.Discussion
It is not the number of lesions that determines whether an individual is assigned to a particular diagnosis category, but rather the range and expression of lesions present. Avoiding a “tick-list” approach to core lesions of these diseases will be critical to ensure that identifying rickets and scurvy continues to contribute to understanding adaptations and variability among past communities. The framework allows more consistency in diagnostic certainty, facilitating greater comparability in research. 相似文献17.
This paper presents a profile of evidence of disease in a skeletal sample from Taumako Island, Southeast Solomon Islands, Melanesia, and aims to increase awareness of the prehistoric Pacific Island disease environment. It also addresses issues of lesion recording, quantification, and interpretation. Two methodologies for the determination of lesion prevalence were applied, one based on prevalence in observable individuals and one in skeletal elements. The aim of these methodologies was to provide objective data on skeletal lesions in this sample, with transparency in methods for application in comparative studies. The types of lesions observed were predominantly osteoblastic and affecting multiple bones, particularly in the lower limbs. The individual analysis yielded a prevalence of lesions affecting 56.4% of the postcranial sample from birth to old age. As expected, the skeletal element analysis yielded a lower prevalence, with 15.0% of skeletal elements affected. The skeletal element analysis also revealed a pattern of greater lower limb involvement, with a predilection for the tibia. The pattern of skeletal involvement was similar in both analyses, suggesting the validity of employing either method in paleopathological studies. A differential diagnosis of the lesions included osteomyelitis, treponemal disease, and leprosy. Metabolic disease was also considered for subadult lesions. Based on lesion type, skeletal distribution, and epidemiology of lesions in the sample, an etiology of yaws (Treponema pertenue) was suggested as responsible for nearly half the adult lesions, while multiple causes, including yaws, were suggested for the lesions in subadults. 相似文献
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