蛙胚的微波辐射及其对泽蛙胚胎发育的影响

引言近年来,微波生物学已发展成为一门相当热门的边缘学科,其研究对象主要是微波对生物体辐射时,微波场在机体内的传输、反射、功率分布以及伴随产生的生物、化学和物理的各种变化及机理。目前,人们对微波辐射下的生物效应,一般认为有两种,即热效应和非热效应。热效应较直观,看法较一致,实验证据也较多,但非热效应则不然,看法尚不一致,目前实验证据也较少。本文以实验初步证明了非热     

泽蛙早期胚胎发育的初步观察

泽蛙(Rana Iimnocharis)在我国分布很广。根据我们的观察泽蛙每年能产几次卵,胚胎发育速度快,是胚胎研究和教学实验的良好材料。为此,我们进行了泽蛙早期胚胎发育的观察,现报道如下:     

泽蛙雌核生殖单倍体发育中的核质关系

本文详细比较了由同一母体卵子产生的泽蛙单倍体和二倍体的个体发育,并依据实验结果,讨论了个体发育中的核质关系。作者认为,个体发育始末,细胞质虽然影响早期的发育和细胞分化,但是,细胞核一直起到主导作用。没有正常的染色体组数,就没有正常的细胞分化和个体发育。     

泽蛙雌核单倍体几种同工酶基因表达的研究

本研究用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳,比较泽蛙雌核生殖单倍体和泽蛙二倍体在鳃盖闭合期的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶(MDH)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶同工酶(G-6-PDH)和酯酶同工酶(EST)的表型。实验表明,单倍体的上述同工酶区带数和活力与同胚期的二倍体比较,差异甚大。由此,作者认为,泽蛙单倍体问工酶基因的表达异常是由于缺少另一套染色体基因的相互作用。     

泽蛙雌核生殖单倍体产生过程的细胞学研究

丁汉波等(1965)在福建无尾两栖类的杂交实验中发现,泽蛙(Rana limnochris Boie)♀×黑眶蟾蜍(Bufo melanostictus Schneider)♂可以产生泽蛙雌核单倍体,但是这种组合的“杂交”如何产生单倍体,在细胞学方面未深入研究。为了进一步了解其发育机理,本文主要从细胞学的角度探讨黑眶蟾蜍精子诱发泽蛙卵进行雌核生殖的过程。     

泽蛙雌核单倍体几种用工酶基因表达的研究

本研究用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳,比较泽蛙雌核生殖单倍体和泽蛙二倍体在鳃盖闭合期的乳酸脱氢酶同工酶（LDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶（MDH）、葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶同工酶（G-6-PDH）和酯酶同工酶（EST）的表型。实验表明,单倍体的上述同工酶区带数和活力与同胚期的二倍体比较,差异甚大。由此,作者认为,泽蛙单倍体同工酶基因的表达异常是由于缺少另一套染色体基因的相互作用。     

上海市城市化对金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙形态特征的影响

城市化是造成全球两栖类多样性下降的重要原因,两栖类通过表型特征(尤其是形态特征)的改变响应城市化进程。于2020—2021年4—8月沿上海市城市化梯度设置38个研究样点,共采集170只金线侧褶蛙和305只泽陆蛙成体,以获取5项形态特征数据(体长、体重、头宽、前臂长和后肢长),基于各样点的建筑、道路和林地面积占比定义城市化指数以代表城市化水平,分析上海市城市化对金线侧褶蛙和泽陆蛙形态特征的影响。结果表明：雄性与雌性金线侧褶蛙的体长与城市化指数呈显著正相关,雄性泽陆蛙的体长、头宽和后肢长,以及雌性泽陆蛙的体重和后肢长与城市化指数呈显著正相关。本研究表明,泽陆蛙对上海市城市化进程的形态特征响应强于金线侧褶蛙。     

单套染色体组在泽蛙雌核单倍体发育中的作用

本文比较了泽蛙(Rana limnocharis Boie)单倍体和二倍体的胚胎发育。结果表明:泽蛙单倍体的生活力低下,器官发生异常,自原肠胚起发育速度减慢。据此,作者讨论了单套染色体组在个体发育中的作用。     

温度和密度对雄性泽陆蛙静止代谢率的影响

为了研究环境温度和密度对雄性泽陆蛙(Fejervarya multistriata)静止代谢率的影响,本实验应用开路式动物呼吸测量仪,测定雄性泽陆蛙在不同环境温度(15、25、35℃)和密度(N=1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10)下的耗氧量,并由此计算出静止代谢率。结果表明:雄性泽陆蛙的体温随环境温度(F_(2,27)=16.958, P0.01)和密度(F_(2,27)=4.871, P=0.028)升高而升高;环境温度为15℃和25℃时,雄性泽陆蛙静止代谢率与密度显著负相关,两者的回归曲线方程分别为(15℃:RMR_(15)=-0.0078N+0.4001, R~2=0.843,P0.001;25℃:RMR_(25)=-0.0048N+0.9851, R~2=0.941,P0.001);35℃时,雄性泽陆蛙静止代谢率与密度显著正相关,回归曲线方程为(RMR_(35)=0.0551N+1.35, R~2=0.855, P0.001)。研究表明,在温度较低时,雄性泽陆蛙可以通过群居来减少能量代谢,而在温度较高时,群居会加剧泽陆蛙的能量代谢,不利于泽陆蛙的生长。     

蛙的早期胚胎发育

根据多年来对一些经济蛙类的繁殖习性及胚胎发育的观察,并结合国内外有关的研究报道,介绍了两栖动物的繁殖类型及蛙类早期胚胎发育的过程,为教学提供有益的参考资料。     

温州不同区域泽蛙染色体组型比较研究

本文报道温州四个不同区域泽蛙（ Ｒａｎａｌｉｍｎｏｃｈａｒｉｓ Ｂｏｉｅ） 的染色体组型。结果表明四处泽蛙均为２ｎ＝２６ （５ ＋８） , ＮＦ＝５２ 。温州市区、乐清、洞头泽蛙在６ｐ 上有一对次缢痕, 文成泽蛙在７ｐ 上有一对次缢痕。洞头、文成泽蛙ｎｏｓ－４、９、１１ 为ＳＭ 染色体, 其余均为Ｍ 染色体; 温州泽蛙ｎｏｓ－３、４、８ 为ＳＭ, 其余均为Ｍ 染色体;乐清泽蛙ｎｏｓ－４、９ 为ＳＭ 染色体, 其余均为Ｍ 染色体。通过温州不同区域以及国内外其它地区泽蛙染色体组型的比较, 结果差异明显, 显示泽蛙核型的多样性。     

三种蛙鸣声特征比较研究

本文用计算机鸣声分析技术对杭州地区的黑斑蛙、泽蛙和饰纹姬蛙的鸣声进行了分析。黑斑蛙鸣声一般由４个较长的脉冲组成,每个脉冲持续时间３０－５０ｍｓ,脉冲率（ＰＲ）８－１１个／ｓ。每声持续时间３７０－５１０ｍｓ,各脉冲的能量主要集中在３个能峰上,主能峰位于２．０－２．４ｋＨｚ之间。泽蛙鸣声由６－７个前后紧接的纺锤形的脉冲串组成,ＰＲ为７１．７次／ｓ,每声持续时间８４．２５±７．１２ｍｓ,主峰频率为１．３９５±０．０２３ｋＨｚ。但嵊泗岛上的泽蛙在鸣声的结构、频谱与时域特征上有些差异。在泽蛙的变音鸣声中,纯音占大部分,纯音的频率约为１．２８ｋＨｚ。饰纹姬蛙的鸣声由１１－１３个间隔较开的减幅振荡脉冲组成,每个脉冲持续时间１６．０６±２．０８ｍｓ,ＰＲ为３６．２３次／ｓ,每声持续时间３０８．６４±２２．９３ｍｓ,主峰频率为１．３６±０．０２ｋＨｚ。但与安徽宣城地区饰纹姬蛙的分析结果差异较大。３种蛙鸣声的波形结构和频谱特性各不相同,可能与它们的声囊构造有关。不同的地区蛙鸣声物理结构上的差异,可能是环境差异所致。     

ADAPTIVE GENETIC VARIATION IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TADPOLES OF THE HYBRIDOGENETIC RANA ESCULENTA COMPLEX

The distribution and proportion of the sexual species Rana lessonae to the hemiclonal hybrid R. esculenta among natural habitats suggests that these anurans may differ in adaptive abilities. I used a half-sib design to partition phenotypic and quantitative genetic variation in tadpole responses at two food levels into causal variance components. Rana lessonae displays strong phenotypic variation across food levels. Growth rate is strictly determined by environmental factors and includes weak maternal effects. Larval period and body size at metamorphosis both contain moderate levels of additive genetic variance. The sire x food interactions and the lack of environmental correlations indicate that adaptive phenotypic plasticity is present in both of these traits. In contrast, R. esculenta displays less phenotypic variation across food levels, especially for larval period. Variation in body size at metamorphosis is underlain by genetic variation as shown by high levels of additive genetic variance, yet growth rate and larval period are not. Significant environmental correlations between larval period at high food level and growth, larval period, and body size at low food, indicate phenotypic plasticity is absent. A positive phenotypic correlation between body size at metamorphosis and larval period for R. lessonae at both food levels suggests a trade-off between growing large and metamorphosing quickly to escape predation or pond drying. The lack of a similar correlation for R. esculenta at the high food level suggests it may be less constrained. Different levels of adaptive genetic variation among larval traits suggest that the sexual species and the hybridogenetic hemiclone differ in their abilities to cope with temporally and spatially heterogeneous environments.     

泥鳅雌核生殖单倍体胚胎发育的研究

本文研究了泥鳅雌核单倍体的胚胎发育。结果表明,单倍体的外部形态具有典型的单倍体综合症。单倍体的发育速度在眼黑色素期前与二倍体无明显差异,但此期以后则无法确定单倍体的发育时期。在水温为２２－２５℃时,单倍体至多存活１５ｄ。与正常二倍体卵黄囊吸尽期同时龄的单倍体,大多数内部器官或组织发育不良,细胞核小,但核质比与二倍体无明显差异。     

中国林蛙Rana chensinensis系统发育及物种形成和分化的研究

运用分支分类法,通过形态、染色体和同工酶性状分析寻找出姐妹群,建立中国林蛙各亚种系统发育分支图。并根据地理分布、古地理和古气候特点,认为中国林蛙起源于西伯利亚勒拿河以东。讨论了中国林蛙的分化及与其近缘种的亲缘关系。根据形态推测起源中心时,应考虑环境变化因素,当分布区环境不变或呈单向性变化时,保留祖征最多的亚种所在地就是该物种的起源中心。     

THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LIGHTING ON THE GROWTH AND PROMETAMORPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL RANA PIPIENS

This study was designed to investigate whether the larval development of an anuran amphibian could be modified by raising the animals in continuous light or darkness instead of under conditions of diurnal illumination, and to quantify the effects of these treatments at various intervals during this period of development.
Larvae of the frog, Rana pipiens , were raised through metamorphosis under conditions of constant light, constant darkness, or diurnal lighting. As measured by stages of development, body weight, tail length and body length at 20-day intervals, no significant differences in growth rate or metamorphic change were observed until near the middle of the prometamorphic period, which began at approximately the 50th day of development. After midmetamorphosis, a significant acceleration in the measured parameters was seen for the animals raised in conditions of constant light in comparison with those in constant darkness. Those with diurnal lighting were intermediate.
These results suggested that light, or its absence, can respectively stimulate or retard amphibian metamorphosis in late larval stages after the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid axis has matured. Neither continuous light nor continuous darkness during larval development prevented the transformation from tadpole to frog.