光照强度和氮水平对白三叶幼苗生长与光合生理特性的影响

采用植物生长箱溶液培养方式,对白三叶幼苗进行了不同光强(2个水平)和氮浓度(5个水平)处理,探讨其生长、生物量和光合生理特征对生境变化的响应.结果表明:两种光强下白三叶幼苗茎和叶生物量随氮素浓度呈先升高后降低,而根系生物量和根冠比则随氮素浓度增高而降低.光照强度降低使白三叶幼苗根、茎、叶和整株生物量分别降低67.8%、29.9%、42.5%和45.2%;低光处理使幼苗的根冠比显著下降,而比叶面积(SLA)明显提高.幼苗根系体积随氮素浓度增高而降低,高生长光强根系体积显著高于低生长光强下的白三叶.幼苗根系表面积、根系长度和根系直径随氮素浓度增加呈先增加后降低趋势,两种不同生长光强下幼苗根系长度和根系直径差异显著,而根系表面积差异不明显.白三叶叶片光合速率(Pn)随氮素浓度增加呈先增加后降低趋势,高生长光强白三叶Pn显著高于低生长光强下的白三叶.两种生长光强间叶片气孔导度(Gs),胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)无显著差异,但氮素浓度对叶片Gs、Ci和Tr均有显著影响.光、氮及其交互作用对白三叶幼苗生长发育产生了显著影响,光照不足和氮缺乏都将导致白三叶幼苗生长减弱,但幼苗对这些不利环境具有较强的调节和适应能力.     

水稻根的负向光性及其影响因素

用水培法观察水稻根的生长, 发现: (ⅰ) 水稻的种子根和不定根, 以及由这些根上长出的分枝根都有负向光倾斜生长的习性. 稻根的负向光倾斜度一般在25° ~ 60°之间, 通常高节位不定根的负向光倾斜度大于低节位不定根的, 更大于种子根的. (ⅱ) 稻根的负向光倾斜生长是由于根尖受光侧细胞的生长量大于背光侧细胞的生长量所致. (ⅲ) 感受光的部位是根冠. 对根冠遮光而给根其他部分照光时根的生长不表现出负向光性; 剥除根冠而保留根尖分生区和伸长区时根会失去负向光性; 剥除根冠而保留根冠原始细胞时稻根在新根冠长出时会恢复背光生长的习性. (ⅳ) 稻根的生长量和负向光倾斜度受光强影响, 在0~100 mmol/(m²·s)的范围内, 根的生长量随光强的提高而减少, 根负向光性角度随光强的提高而增大. (ⅴ) 在10℃ ~ 40℃的温度处理中, 30℃时稻根生长量和负向光性角度最大. (ⅵ) 蓝紫光能显著诱导稻根的负向光性反应, 而红光则无效. (ⅶ) 水培液中的生长素浓度对稻根的生长和向性反应有显著影响. 在0~100 mg/L浓度范围中, 随着生长素浓度的提高对根的伸长生长、负向光性和向重性反应的抑制程度加剧, 当生长素浓度≥10 mg/L时稻根的负向光性反应消失.     

光照对两种热带雨林树种幼苗光合能力、热耗散和抗氧化系统的影响

 研究了生长于不同光照条件下（100%、25%和8%光强）热带雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼（Pometia tomentosa）和中层树种滇南风吹楠（Horsfieldia tetratepala）幼苗的光合能力、热耗散、活性氧和保护性酶的活性。结果表明,绒毛番龙眼的最大光合速率随着生长光强的增加而提高,而滇南风吹楠在全光条件下的最大光合速率反比25%光照条件下的低。全光条件下两个树种光系统II的最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）都显著降低,表明发生了长期光抑制。当把生长于遮荫条件下的幼苗移到全光下,从凌晨到中午随着光强的增加光抑制加剧,日落时生长于8%光照条件下的绒毛番龙眼及生长于8%和25%光照条件下的滇南风吹楠的光抑制不能完全恢复。非光化学猝灭对光强的响应曲线表明,随着生长光强的增加滇南风吹楠的热耗散能力增强,而生长在全光和25%光照条件下的绒毛番龙眼的热耗散能力都比滇南风吹楠的弱。两个树种叶片中O-[]·2、H2O2含量、SOD和CAT活性均随着生长光强的增加而提高;在同一光照条件下,绒毛番龙眼叶片中O-[]·2、H2O2含量、SOD和CAT活性显著高于滇南风吹楠。上述结果表明,在光抑制条件下,冠层树种绒毛番龙眼较大程度通过提高保护性酶的活性来保护光合机构免受损伤,而中层树种滇南风吹楠却较大程度通过增强非光化学猝灭来耗散过量光能;滇南风吹楠对强光的适应性差。     

不同光环境下胡桃楸幼苗的形态可塑性及其响应研究

为了探求不同光环境对胡桃楸幼苗生长的影响,对全光照（100%光照）、中光照（60%光照）、低光照（30%光照）3种光环境下胡桃楸幼苗的生长、形态特征、生物量分配和水分特征开展研究。结果表明：胡桃楸幼苗的形态在不同光环境下存在明显的可塑性变化,生物量分配和水分特征均表现出不同程度的差异。低光照条件下,胡桃楸幼苗生长快,株高、地径分别为全光照的1.14、1.18倍;冠幅大,是全光照的1.40倍;叶片宽大,叶长和叶宽分别是全光照的1.25和1.36倍;分枝数明显少于全光照。3种光环境下胡桃楸幼苗地上部分生物量存在显著差异,地下部分差异不显著。叶片相对含水量随着光照的降低呈现逐渐增加的趋势;全光照条件下叶片饱和持水量与叶片干鲜比明显大于遮阴条件;3种光照条件下叶绿素含量差异显著。胡桃楸幼苗为适应不同光环境,在形态和生理方面都做出适应性调整,适当的遮阴处理有利于胡桃楸幼苗生长。     

土壤水分胁迫与遮荫对生姜生长特性的影响

水分胁迫使生姜叶片叶绿素含量降低,叶片气孔密度及气孔面积减小,根系活力下降。根系伤流量减少,在相同土壤水分条件下,遮光使叶片叶绿素含量增加。气孔密度减小,叶片上表皮气孔变大,而下表皮气孔变小。根系活力增强,水分胁迫显著影响生姜的生长与产量,但不同水分条件下,光强对生姜生长与产量的影响不同,正常供水条件下,生姜在自然光照条件下生长较好,产量较高;水分胁迫条件下,生姜在遮荫条件下生长较好,产量较高。     

遮荫和全光下生长的棉花光合作用和叶绿素荧光特征

 遮荫条件下（遮荫下光强相当于自然光强的40％左右）棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)叶片光合速率明显降低,仅为自然光强下生长叶片的30%～40％,叶片中RuBP羧化酶活性降低,而表观量子效率(AQY)较高。不同光照条件下生长的棉花叶片对短时间持续光强的光合诱导过程有明显的差异,由弱光转到强光下,自然光强下生长的叶片的Pn、Gs、ΦPSⅡ及非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)都能在较短的时间内达到最大值,而遮荫叶片需要的时间较长;遮荫下生长的棉花叶片的实际光化学效率,随光强的增加下降幅度较大,而自然光照下生长的叶片下降幅度较小;自然光照下生长的叶片的NPQ随光强的升高达到较高水平,而遮荫叶片在较低的光强下即达到最大值,此时NPQ较低,遮荫叶片依赖于叶黄素循环的能量耗散水平较低。遮荫叶片较低的光合速率以及过剩光能耗散能力是其转入自然强光后光抑制严重的主要原因。     

两种木兰科植物叶片光合作用的光驯化

测定了生长在全日、54%和21%日光强下需光植物火力楠(Michelia meachurei)和耐荫植物华东拟单性木兰(Parakmerialotungensis)叶片气体交换参数,用以估测降低光强对光合作用的限制和对低光的光驯化.生长在全日光强下火力楠的光饱和光合速率较华东拟单性木兰高.当日光强降低到54%,火力楠叶片光合速率降低幅度较华东拟单性木兰大.当日光降低至21%,华东拟单性木兰的表观量子产率和光能转换率较火力楠高.在全日光强下,火力楠的Vcmax较华东拟单性木兰高.随着日光强降低,两种木兰植物的Vcmax降低,当日光强降低至54%和21%,火力楠的Vcmax降幅较华东拟单性木兰大,火力楠Vcmax对光强降低较华东拟单性木兰敏感.生长光强降低,两种木兰植物内部CO2传导度(gi)降低.在低光强下火力楠仍保持较华东拟单性木兰高的gi.生长光强降低到全日光强的54%,火力楠gi对光合速率限制(Li)与在全日光强的条件下没有区别(p＞0.05),表现火力楠gi对54%日光强的驯化;在54%的光条件下,华东拟单性木兰的呼吸速率对光合速率的限制(Lr)与全日光照无差别(p＞0.05),显示呼吸速率对低光的驯化.两种木兰植物气孔导度对光合速率的限制(Ls)随光强降低而增大.在遮荫条件下种间叶特性差别明显,这亦反映出两种植物物种光合驯化的差异.火力楠gi对低光驯化,而华东拟单性木兰叶片对较高光强驯化更甚于对低光强.     

细胞分裂素对吊兰根生长和负向光性的影响

为了研究细胞分裂素对吊兰根生长和负向光性的影响,采用水培法将吊兰培养在透明玻璃缸内,并向水培液中添加6-BA和对水培吊兰根系进行单侧照光的方法,研究结果表明:(1)6-BA对吊兰不定根和侧根的生长以及负向光性都有抑制作用,抑制程度随着浓度的增加而加剧;(2)10mg·L^-16-BA处理7d后和100mg·L^-16-BA5天后不定根停止生长;(3)10-100mg·L^-16-BA处理的吊兰侧根均不能伸长,只能够在不定根表明形成凸起的结构,但凸起的数量随着6-BA浓度的增加而增加;(4)吊兰根系在无6-BA处理时在单侧光下弯曲度可达到接近90°,100mg·L^-16-BA可使其弯曲度下降至15°左右.探讨了6-BA抑制吊兰根生长和负向光性的可能机理.     

红鳞蒲桃幼苗对不同光强的生理生态响应

红鳞蒲桃群落是广西滨海天然植被的主要组成部分。由于人为干扰和天然更新困难, 植被退化严重, 分布锐减。为了解该树种苗木在自然更新中对光照环境的需求, 通过人工模拟与野外苗木生长条件相似的3 种光强处理(分别为100%、24%、6%的全光照), 研究了红鳞蒲桃1 年生幼苗的生长、叶绿素含量、光合能力和抗氧化酶活性等特征。结果表明: 随着光强的降低, 红鳞蒲桃的苗高、地径增长量显著减少; 叶绿素a、叶绿素b 含量显著增加、叶绿素a/b 比值变小; SOD 和CAT 活性显著下降, MDA 含量逐渐上升, 3 个指标在100%光强和不同遮阴处理间存在显著差异; Pmax、LSP、LCP 和Rd 随着光强的降低呈下降的趋势, 6%与100%光强处理间差异显著, 但24%和100%光强处理间差异不显著。红鳞蒲桃苗木在更新初期对光照要求较高, 1 年生苗木在全光照下的表现要优于其它遮阴处理。     

植物向光性反应的研究进展

本文对近年来有关植物向光性反应的研究结果作一综述：1) 向光素和隐花色素是植物向光反应中的主要光受体,光敏色素在植物向光性反应中也起一定的作用; 2) 对植物的光辐照度-弯曲度曲线的分析,可知植物的正向光性运动有两种反应,即第一次正向光性弯曲和第二次正向光性弯曲; 3) 拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和水稻(Oryza sativa)等植物的根系具有负向光性的特性,根的负向光性倾斜生长角度为负向光性生长和向重性生长相互作用的矢量和; 4) 生长素的胞间运输依赖于生长素载体,生长素载体的不对称分布和动态运动是生长素极性运输和向性运动的分子基础。     

Effect of Root Position on Measured Root Position on Measured Root Membrane Potentials

Root membrane potentials were measured by interposing a plantroot between two KCI solutions of different concentrations.The potentials measured across the two calomel electrodes werefound to depend on the position of the root. The potentialswere found to be lower when the root tip rather than the rootbase was in contact with the more concentrated solution. Thisindicates that the two parts of the root do not have the samein transport properties. Using an approximate theoretical treatmentthe observed potentials could be accounted for.     

Root Growth Inhibitors from Root Cap and Root Meristem of Zea mays L.

A micro-assay based on the growth inhibition of root segmentsof the seminal roots of Zea mays has been used to investigatethe root-growth-inhibiting substances in root caps and meristemsrespectively of the roots of Zea mays. This micro-assay is sensitiveto 50 pg of IAA or less. Paper chromatography of the acid fractionof methanolic extracts shows the presence of one main inhibitorin root caps and a different main inhibitor in root meristems.Neither is IAA, whose presence in meristems is sometimes indicatedby small inhibitions (or stimulations) at the characteristicRf of IAA. A Commelina leaf-epidermis assay shows the presenceof one stomata-closing ABA-like substance in root caps and onein meristems, one corresponding in Rf to the main root-growthinhibitor from the root cap. The implications of these findingsfor the geotropic responses of roots is briefly discussed.     

Root gravitropism

When a plant root is reoriented within the gravity field, it responds by initiating a curvature which eventually results in vertical growth. Gravity sensing occurs primarily in the root tip. It may involve amyloplast sedimentation in the columella cells of the root cap, or the detection of forces exerted by the mass of the protoplast on opposite sides of its cell wall. Gravisensing activates a signal transduction cascade which results in the asymmetric redistribution of auxin and apoplastic Ca²⁺ across the root tip, with accumulation at the bottom side. The resulting lateral asymmetry in Ca²⁺ and auxin concentration is probably transmitted to the elongation zone where differential cellular elongation occurs until the tip resumes vertical growth. The Cholodny-Went theory proposes that gravity-induced auxin redistribution across a gravistimulated plant organ is responsible for the gravitropic response. However, recent data indicate that the gravity-induced reorientation is more complex, involving both auxin gradient-dependent and auxin gradient-independent events.     

Root decisions

Root systems have recognizable developmental plans when grown in solution or agar; however, these plans often must be modified to cope with the prevailing conditions in the soil environment such as the avoidance of obstacles and the exploitation of nutrient-rich patches or water zones. The modular structure of roots enables them to respond to their environment, and roots are very adaptive at modifying growth throughout the root system to concentrate their efforts in the areas that are the most profitable. Roots also form associations with microorganisms as a strategy to enhance resource capture. However, while the responses of roots in nutrient patches are well-recognized, overall 'rules of response' and variation in strategy among plant species that can be applied in a number of different environments are still lacking. Finally, there is increasing evidence that root–root interactions are much more sophisticated than previously thought, and the evidence for roots to identify self from non-self roots will be briefly discussed.     

植物根的发育

介绍了目前通过模式植物拟南芥的研究,对胚胎时期胚根的起源、侧根的起源以及原后根的生长发育等问题一些有意义的研究成果,阐述了根结构与发育的控制机制,指出位置信息、静止中心、基因在根生长发育中的作用和影响。分析了根的结构与根端分生组织的关系。     

Root architecture

<正>Numerous research publications over the past 20 years have made it quite clear that a better understanding of the molecular and genetic basis for variation in root system architecture(RSA)will greatly aid the development of crop varieties with improved and more ef ficient nutrient and water acquisition under limiting conditions.In many parts of the world,especially in developing     

Root flavonoids

Informations on root flavonoids have been extensively reviewed and their functional diversity critically appraised. Root flavonoids play significant roles in protecting the plants against pests and diseases, regulating root growth and functions, influencing different aspects of nitrogen cycle and exerting allelopathic growth effects. They also constitute an essential source of Pharmaceuticals. An exhaustive list of flavonoids which are of significance in relation to these properties has been compiled. A thorough understanding of the flavonoid composition, level, metabolism and regulation in the roots of various plants may help us in developing several applied topics. Safe and specific chemicals against root pests; chemicals regulating root growth and mineral nutrition; plant varieties resistant to root pests and adverse allelopathic effects; an improved nitrogen economy in agroecosystems; desirable varieties of medicinal plants, in whose roots flavonoids are the active principles; in vitro systems for flavonoid production obtained from root cultures, at a commercial scale.