Spatial distribution pattern of Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker (Blattaria:Polyphagidae) and the effects of soil properties on its survival

为了明确中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker在自然界的分布及土壤性质对其存活的影响,运用森下氏分散指数( Morisita's index of dispersion)研究了中华真地鳖种群空间格局;测试了4种不同土壤含水量(16％～29％)条件下中华真地鳖的卵孵化率与若虫存活率,还测试了以野外不同来源土壤(山脚栖息土、堆肥、菜园土、蘑菇料发酵土和黄砂红壤土)饲养时中华真地鳖若虫的存活率.结果表明,中华真地鳖若虫在室外为聚集分布,成虫为均匀分布,从地面到40 cm的土壤深度都分布有中华真地鳖.土壤初始含水量21％和24％的卵孵化率最高,其他含水量的卵孵化率均显著较低(P＜0.05),土壤初始含水量29％时的若虫存活率最低.堆肥、山脚栖息土更适合中华真地鳖生存.结果可为该虫的采集、饲养和深入研究提供科学的依据.     

温度对中华真地鳖生长发育及酶保护活性的的影响

为了阐明温度对中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker.各虫态存活率、发育历期、卵孵化率的影响,及温度对中华真地鳖保护酶活性的影响,分别测定了中华真地鳖在不同温度(18℃,22℃,26℃,30℃和34℃)下饲养对存活率、发育历期、卵孵化率,及保护酶活性的影响。结果显示,温度对中华真地鳖的存活率和发育历期有显著影响,在18℃、22℃、26℃、30℃下中华真地鳖存活率分别为0.45、0.49、0.55、0.56,显著高于在34℃下0.27的存活率(df=4,20;F=7.414;P=0.001)。相同温度下雌性若虫期发育历期大于雄性若虫期发育历期。在这5个温度下,卵期分别为74.6,65.9,53.3,44.5,39.4 d(F=24.251;df=4,20;P0.05);雌虫世代发育历期分别为286.2,258.6,228.2,198.6,182.5 d(F=72.846;df=4,20;P0.05);雄虫世代发育历期分别为263.3,232.6,216.2,186.4,169.3 d(F=38.332;df=4,20;P0.05)。中华真地鳖体内存在着清除自由基的SOD、POD、CAT保护酶系统,且不同温度饲养对保护酶POD、SOD活性、CAT的活性有明显的影响(P0.05),其中CAT活性在26℃最高,在34℃最低;POD活性在26℃和30℃下最高,在34℃下最低;SOD活性在30℃下最高。结合发育历期、存活率和卵孵化率考虑,26℃和30℃可做为人工大规模饲养的参考温度。     

无土壤基质饲养中华真地鳖

设置中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis Walker的无基质和有基质饲养条件,研究生长繁育期和越冬期各龄段中华真地鳖的生长、蜕皮、存活率和雌虫产卵情况。有基质饲养条件以饲养土为基质;无基质饲养条件不以任何材料作为饲养基质,只用黑色潮湿的材料对试虫保湿和避光。结果表明:在食料充足的条件下,有、无饲养基质对中华真地鳖的生长发育无明显影响。无基质饲养条件下的生长繁育期大龄若虫和成虫存活率较高,且成虫的月产卵数也相对较高。表明无基质饲养技术可在地鳖虫饲养实践中推广,据此初步设想了无基质饲养地鳖虫的容器构造。     

中华真地鳖六地理种群若虫生长发育研究

本文对中华真地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis六个地理种群进行了研究,发现中华真地鳖体长与体宽呈显著一元线性回归关系,不同地理种群斜率（体形）存在差异。六个地理种群各龄若虫发育历期并不随龄期增长而延长。天津种群雌性若虫期发育历期显著大于其它种群,其它种群间除江苏种群外均无显著差异。雄性若虫期发育历期除天津种群外均无显著差异。同一地理种群,雌性若虫期发育历期大于雄性若虫期发育历期。以上结果表明,中华真地鳖不同地理种群间在形态和生物学上均有一定的差异。     

中华真地鳖低龄若虫消化道结构及取食习性

解剖喂食不同饲料中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker的低龄若虫 ,结果表明 ,低龄若虫消化道与成虫消化道结构相同 ,具有胃盲囊和马氏管 ;嗉囊、中肠和后肠分别占消化道总长的比率与中龄若虫相同 ,具有消化食物的能力。观察消化道各部分的滞留物变化情况 ,发现 1龄若虫取食了饲养土中的腐殖质和配合饲料 ,表明孵化后的若虫需要喂食以满足营养需要。     

温度和氮肥对褐飞虱存活、生长发育和繁殖的交互作用

在实验室条件下,研究了不同温度（20 ℃、23 ℃、26 ℃、29 ℃和32 ℃）和氮肥水平（不施氮：0 kg·hm^-2;高氮：250 kg·hm^-2）对褐飞虱存活、发育和繁殖的影响和交互作用.结果表明：在20 ℃~29 ℃范围内,随着温度的升高,褐飞虱的卵孵化率和若虫存活率提高,卵和若虫历期缩短,成虫寿命缩短,同时产卵量增加;32 ℃时, 褐飞虱卵孵化率和若虫存活率降低、卵和若虫历期延长、成虫生殖力降低;在不同温度下,高氮植株上的褐飞虱卵孵化率和若虫存活率、成虫生殖力均明显高于低氮稻株上的褐飞虱,同时高氮植株上褐飞虱的卵和若虫历期明显短于低氮稻株上的褐飞虱,说明施用高水平氮肥提高了褐飞虱对逆境条件的生态适应性;温度和氮肥对褐飞虱卵存活率、若虫历期和产卵量的交互作用显著,表明全球气候变暖和长期施用高水平氮肥很可能是近年来褐飞虱猖獗暴发的重要原因.     

中华真地鳖雌虫产卵习性及其卵的发育

在室内饲养条件下,通过对不同月龄的中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker雌成虫产卵量调查,并对卵块的质量品级和发育进度进行划分。结果表明1月龄至3月龄中华真地鳖的产卵能力较强;饱满、无破损、形状规则的卵块孵化较好;在卵的各发育阶段,卵块和卵粒的形态变化较明显,以此确立了卵发育的分级标准。     

中华真地鳖生物学特性初步研究

中华真地鳖Eupolyphagesinensis系夜出性昆虫 ,其活动主要发生在夜间 ,1 9～ 2 4时活动最盛 ,且蜕皮高峰主要集中在后半夜。该文描述了初龄若虫的形态特征 ,对若虫的发育历期、蜕皮时间及卵鞘的孵化进行了研究 ,并比较了中华真地鳖若虫的消化道 ,提出了地鳖虫食品开发的流程 ;同时简要论述了地鳖虫基础研究及药用和食用开发过程中存在的问题     

中华真地鳖在饲养池内的分布格局

运用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、聚块性指数和负二相参数等指标比较分析了中华真地鳖EupolyphagasinensisWalker在饲养池内的空间分布格局。结果显示 ,中华真地鳖在饲养池内的空间分布格局为聚集分布 ,并喜好聚集在饲养池的边缘。随着虫口密度的增大 ,向饲养池中央扩散。     

斑翅肩花蝽布丁人工饲料的饲养效果评价

斑翅肩花蝽 Tetraphleps galchanoides Ghauri是铁杉球蚜 Adelges tsugae (Annand) (hemlock woolly adelgid)的重要天敌。为开展斑翅肩花蝽的人工繁殖, 我们自主研制了一种主要成分为蛋白质、 脂肪、 碳水化合物的原料配制布丁人工饲料, 所配制人工饲料产率为74.5%, 含水率为8.6%, 感官评定得分为81.7分。为评价斑翅肩花蝽布丁人工饲料的饲养效果, 在实验室以铁杉球蚜作对照, 用布丁人工饲料饲养斑翅肩花蝽, 测定了斑翅肩花蝽若虫发育历期、 存活率及成虫繁殖力, 并调查了若虫和成虫林间捕食量。结果表明： 用布丁人工饲料饲养的斑翅肩花蝽若虫发育历期（103.2±6.5 d）与对照的若虫发育历期（105.7±8.4 d）不存在显著差异（P>0.05）; 用布丁人工饲料饲养的斑翅肩花蝽若虫存活率（73.2%）略低于对照的若虫存活率（77.4%）, 而且第1, 2和3代成虫获得率相近; 取食布丁人工饲料的斑翅肩花蝽成虫, 在产卵前期、 产卵期、 产卵量与对照组均无显著差异, 但孵化率、 成虫寿命存在显著差异, 取食布丁人工饲料的卵孵化率为85.8%, 成虫寿命为51.9±4.0 d, 而对照组的卵孵化率仅为71.4%, 成虫寿命仅为37.4±2.6 d。林间释放用布丁人工饲料饲养的斑翅肩花蝽, 若虫和成虫均有效捕食铁杉球蚜。因此, 此种布丁人工饲料可用于大量饲养繁殖斑翅肩花蝽, 满足大面积生物防治铁杉球蚜的需要。     

冬虫夏草与产地植物及土壤的重金属含量测定

本文测定了野生采集和人工培育冬虫夏草、人工培育冬虫夏草子实体、冬虫夏草发酵菌液、冬虫夏草寄主蝙蝠蛾昆虫食物(蕨麻Potentilla anserine和珠芽蓼Polygonum viviparum),以及野生冬虫夏草产地土壤中5种重金属元素(铜Cu、铅Pb、砷As、镉Cd、汞Hg)的含量。结果表明,人工培育冬虫夏草、人工培育冬虫夏草子实体、冬虫夏草发酵菌液、蕨麻块根、珠芽蓼种子的5种重金属元素含量符合《中医药-中药材重金属限量》ISO国际标准;而野生冬虫夏草,除砷含量(6.170 mg/kg)超标外,铜、铅、镉、汞元素含量均符合要求。按国家标准《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 1516-2018),四川产地土壤(KDX)与青海产地土壤(GD、HN)的5种重金属含量均低于农用土壤污染风险筛选值;而四川产地土壤(KDT),除镉含量(0.923 mg/kg)高于风险筛选值而低于风险管制值外,其余4种元素含量均低于风险筛选值。结果为人工培育冬虫夏草的质量控制提供了参考。     

吉首蒲儿根种群土壤养分特征与分布格局

吉首蒲儿根是近年发现的新物种,对其仅有的3个自然样地生境表层土壤养分特征进行分析,并运用相邻格子法研究其种群分布格局。结果显示:(1)吉首蒲儿根生于海拔300～370m的瀑布下或溪沟边,群落为草丛、灌丛或次生灌丛;种群生境土壤含水量较为丰富,约为34.28%,pH值为8.51～8.60,有机质含量为107 500～143 300mg·kg-1,全氮含量为2 800～3 500mg·kg-1;有机质、全氮、全钾的含量显著高于对照样地,铜元素含量显著低于对照样地,而铁、磷、锰、铬、铅和锌含量与对照样地无显著差异。(2)土壤含水量、有机质、氮素的缺乏及铜含量的增加可能是限制该种群扩展的重要因素。(3)仅有的3个吉首蒲儿根种群的分布格局均呈集群分布,但聚集程度有所差异,方差/均值比率分别为6.68、14.39、11.53,t检验差异显著。(4)流沙瀑布种群的斑块聚集尺度为64m2,夯峡瀑布种群为8m2,而雷公洞种群的斑块大小尚无法判定。研究认为,吉首蒲儿根种群的分布格局可能与该物种的繁殖方式、种子传播的有限性及生境异质性有关。     

冬虫夏草生境选择主导因子

采用样方法对冬虫夏草生境的海拔、坡度、植被和土壤等环境因子进行了探索研究。结果表明:(1)冬虫夏草主要分布在海拔4000～4500m、坡度为15°～30°的上坡位高山草甸中。(2)PCA分析表明:植被和地形是影响冬虫夏草分布的主导因子。(3)不同深度土壤养分含量统计分析表明:在不同深度层次的土壤中,水分、pH值、全氮和全磷的差异不显著,有机质、有机碳、水解氮和有效磷的差异极显著。(4)对土壤养分含量判别分析表明:5cm土壤中,吸湿水、有机碳、有机质和水解氮显著影响冬虫夏草种群分布;15cm土壤中,全氮显著影响冬虫夏草种群分布;25cm土壤中,吸湿水、有机碳和有机质显著影响冬虫夏草种群分布;而自由水、pH值、全磷和有效磷对冬虫夏草种群分布的影响不显著。(5)植物盖度、植物数量和坡度直接影响冬虫夏草种群分布,而土壤则通过影响植物和土壤温湿度来间接影响冬虫夏草种群分布。     

Seedling recruitment and survival of an endangered limestone endemic in its natural habitat and experimental reintroduction sites

The largest and most fecund population of the endangered Purshia subintegra is restricted to limestone mesas in Verde Valley, Arizona, USA, where habitat destruction is imminent. To examine factors limiting its distribution and potential for expansion, we compared recruitment and survival of seedlings growing in soils from occupied and unoccupied habitat in caged field experiments and compared survival of caged and wild seedling cohorts from 1998 to 2003. In field tests, seeds germinated in soils from occupied and unoccupied habitats. Seedling survival, however, was greatest in currently occupied habitat and dropped to zero in some unoccupied habitats with the onset of severe drought. Among 16 factors measured, soil moisture significantly explained between 62% and 71% of the variation in recruitment in both wild and caged plots. Shrubs conferred protection to wild seedlings, but decreased caged seedling survival. For 5 yr following germination, caged seedlings had greater survival than natural seedling cohorts indicating that reintroduction was comparatively more successful than natural recruitment. Expansion of P. subintegra into novel habitats is limited by soil moisture capacity, and this condition varied during the experimental time frame. Reintroductions to limestone mesas are possible and most promising if cages and supplemental watering are used.     

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and on lettuce after soil fumigation

Long-term survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in soil and in the rhizosphere of many crops after fumigation is relatively unknown. One of the critical concerns with food safety is the transfer of pathogens from contaminated soil to the edible portion of the plants. Multiplex fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction was used in conjunction with plate counts to quantify the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in soil after fumigation with methyl bromide and methyl iodide in growth chamber and microcosm laboratory experiments. Plants were grown at 20 degrees C in growth chambers during the first experiment and soils were irrigated with water contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. For the second experiment, soil microcosms were used in the laboratory without plants and were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and spiked with the two fumigants. Primers and probes were designed to amplify and quantify the Shiga-like toxin 1 (stx1) and 2 (stx2) genes and the intimin (eae) gene of E. coli O157:H7. Both fumigants were effective in reducing pathogen concentrations in soil, and when fumigated soils were compared with nonfumigated soils, pathogen concentrations were significantly higher in the nonfumigated soils throughout the study. This resulted in a longer survival of the pathogen on the leaf surface especially in sandy soil than observed in fumigated soils. Therefore, application of fumigant may play some roles in reducing the transfer of E. coli O157:H7 from soil to leaf. Regression models showed that survival of the pathogen in the growth chamber study followed a linear model while that of the microcosm followed a curvilinear model, suggesting long-term survival of the pathogen in soil. Both experiments showed that E. coli O157:H7 can survive in the environment for a long period of time, even under harsh conditions, and the pathogen can survive in soil for more than 90 days. This provides a very significant pathway for pathogen recontamination in the environment.     

珍稀濒危植物绣球茜(Dunnia sinensis Tutcher)的生境特征和繁殖技术

对中国特有珍稀濒危植物绣球茜(Dunnia sinensis Tutcher)开展了分布范围、种群大小、生境特征、繁殖技术和保护状况研究。研究结果表明,绣球茜主要分布于广东省境内龙门县南昆山省级自然保护区、台山市北峰山森林公园、台山市古兜山林场和阳春市八甲峨凰嶂省级自然保护区、新会市崖西镇鹅坑水库、珠海高栏岛东侧海岸、电白县罗坑镇马房村等7个地点的公路边坡次生疏林或荒坡上,其所在群落的植物多样性较低,绣球茜是阳生性种类,其主要伴生种是芒萁(Dicranopteris linearis Underw)。绣球茜所在群落的土壤为酸性赤红壤,土层较薄,养分含量较高。该种野外个体约有2380株,因公路、水库和工厂建设导致绣球茜丧失栖息地是导致其种群减少的主要原因。本文所研究的4个地点的绣球茜种群,有台山市北峰山和龙门县南昆山的2个种群处于衰退中。根据世界自然保护联盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature,IUCN)标准,该种可列为极濒危级(CR)。绣球茜的种子在湿润河沙+泥炭生境下自然发芽率仅8%,生根剂ABT、萘乙酸、IBA吲哚-3-丁酸浸泡后的扦插条存活率为分别为13.3%、20.0%和20.0%。建议:(1)对该种加强就地保护,对保护区外的分布点设立保护小区,同时防止保护小区内乔木层郁闭影响绣球茜的更新;(2)对所有分布点的植株进行有遗传多样性代表性的迁地保护;(3)开展全球变化背景下的野外回归;(4)在引种驯化的基础上开展种苗生产和栽培基质等商品化生产研发。研究结果对这类需要适度干扰的珍稀濒危植物的保护和可持续利用有参考价值。     

新疆野生多伞阿魏生境土壤理化性质和土壤微生物

对新疆准尔盆地南缘的野生多伞阿魏(Ferula ferulaeoides(Steud.)Korov)生境的土壤理化性质和土壤微生物进行了研究。结果表明:阿魏土壤的pH值范围在8.50—10.38之间;含水率1.94%—4.33%;速效氮(碱解氮)含量在7.18到38.01mg/kg之间,随土层深度的增加而迅速递减;速效磷的含量在1.65到7.79 mg/kg之间,随土层深度的增加而迅速递减;速效钾含量在140.72到363.78 mg/kg之间;有机质含量在5.47到13.89 g/kg之间。在各样地每克土中土壤微生物的平均数量分别为:细菌为1.75×105,放线菌为1.04×105,真菌为2.65×103。细菌主要生活在0—10 cm的表层,10 cm以下数量变化不大;而放线菌和真菌则主要分布在中间两层,即10—20 cm和20—30 cm。     

金属矿区芒草种群对重金属的积累及其与土壤特性的关系

通过分析大型综合金属矿区中经历不同污染强度与污染时间胁迫的芒草（Miscanthus sinensis）种群对4种主要重金属的积累状况,初步揭示芒草对这些重金属的积累特性与土壤重金属含量的关系。结果表明,1芒草根茎叶对4种重金属的的积累顺序为：根〉叶〉茎;2芒草对Cd、Pb的积累量与土壤中这两种重金属含量之间存在显著（P〈0．05）正相关关系;对Cu、Zn的积累量与土壤含量之间无显著相关,主要是因为土壤最高Cu与Zn含量已超过芒草对这两种元素积累所需的最大量,成为对芒草构成胁迫的主要因子。在该矿区的酸性条件下,芒草对Pb、Zn、Cu3种重金属的吸收率随pH值升高而升高,pH接近的样地,芒草的吸收率主要受土壤重金属含量的影响。结合各种群对四种重金属的积累状况判断,强度胁迫下的种群可能已发生耐性分化,从而产生较其它种群更强的耐重金属特性。总体上芒草是一种多重金属耐性植物,对这四种重金属的耐性顺序是：Cd〈Cu〈Zn-Pb。     

Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Soils from Jiangsu Province,China

Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is recognized as a hazardous microorganism in the environment and for public health. The E. coli O157:H7 survival dynamics were investigated in 12 representative soils from Jiangsu Province, where the largest E. coli O157:H7 infection in China occurred. It was observed that E. coli O157:H7 declined rapidly in acidic soils (pH, 4.57 – 5.14) but slowly in neutral soils (pH, 6.51 – 7.39). The survival dynamics were well described by the Weibull model, with the calculated t_d value (survival time of the culturable E. coli O157:H7 needed to reach the detection limit of 100 CFU g⁻¹) from 4.57 days in an acidic soil (pH, 4.57) to 34.34 days in a neutral soil (pH, 6.77). Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that soil pH and soil organic carbon favored E. coli O157:H7 survival, while a high initial ratio of Gram-negative bacteria phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) to Gram-positive bacteria PLFAs, and high content of exchangeable potassium inhibited E. coli O157:H7 survival. Principal component analysis clearly showed that the survival profiles in soils with high pH were different from those with low pH.