Effects of larval density on food utilization efficiency and digestive enzyme activity of the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

为了阐明草地螟Loxostege sticticalis大发生种群幼虫取食行为特征,在室内条件下(温度22±1℃,相对湿度70％)对不同幼虫密度[1,10,30头/瓶(650 mL)]饲养草地螟幼虫的食物利用率及消化酶活性进行了研究.结果表明:幼虫中等(或高)密度对草地螟幼虫相对中肠重量、相对取食量、粪便干重、食物利用率和近似消化率及总蛋白酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活性影响显著.幼虫相对中肠重量以10头/瓶的幼虫密度最大,1头/瓶的幼虫密度最小.随着幼虫密度的增加,幼虫相对取食量和粪便干重增加,而虫体干重减轻,幼虫食物利用率降低.幼虫密度30头/瓶的幼虫相对取食量和粪便干重显著高于1和10头/瓶的,而30头/瓶的幼虫食物利用率显著低于1头/瓶的.幼虫近似消化率随幼虫密度的逐渐增加而显著降低.幼虫密度10头/瓶的幼虫总蛋白酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶的活性显著高于1和30头/瓶的,而淀粉酶的活性受幼虫密度影响不显著.随幼虫密度的增加,幼虫相对中肠重量与总蛋白酶和亮氨酸氨肽酶活性变化趋势较为一致,消化酶活性的变化可能与相对中肠重量大小有关.因此,幼虫密度是影响草地螟幼虫取食行为的重要因子,这些结果为阐明草地螟大发生种群与一般种群的为害特征提供了重要理论依据.     

粘虫幼虫密度对幼虫食物利用率的影响

本文对粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)不同幼虫密度下(1头/瓶、15头/瓶、30头/瓶)5龄至预蛹和6龄至预蛹的幼虫食物取食量、粪便排泄量、近似消化率、体重增长和粗生长效率等进行了研究。结果表明：幼虫的食物取食量、粪便排泄量随幼虫密度的增加而加大,表明群居或幼虫密度的增加可使幼虫的取食量增加从而使为害加重。但是,幼虫的体重增长则随幼虫密度的增加而下降,这是因为近似消化率和粗生长效率也随幼虫密度的增加而下降的缘故。由此认为,食物利用率下降是高密度条件下粘虫个体较小的主要原因之一。但是,些效应均随幼虫密度影响的消失而消失。     

幼虫密度对草地螟生长发育及繁殖的影响

为了明确幼虫密度对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis种群增长的影响, 对室内条件下（温度22±1℃, RH 70%±5%, 光周期16L∶ 8D）不同幼虫密度[1, 10, 20, 30和40头/瓶（650 mL）］饲养的草地螟生长发育及繁殖进行了研究。结果表明: 幼虫密度对草地螟幼虫体色、 发育历期和存活率, 以及蛹重和成虫生殖等有显著影响。随着幼虫密度的增加, 幼虫体色黑化程度呈增强趋势, 幼虫密度大于10头/瓶时的体色黑化值均显著大于幼虫密度为1头/瓶时的体色黑化值（P<0.05）。20头/瓶的幼虫和蛹历期最短, 且随幼虫密度的增加而显著延长（P<0.05）。幼虫存活率以10头/瓶最高, 其他幼虫密度的幼虫存活率显著较低（P<0.05）。蛹重以1头/瓶的最重, 并随幼虫密度增加而显著下降（P<0.05）。成虫产卵量和交配率分别以1和20头/瓶的幼虫密度最高, 幼虫密度升高则产卵量、 交配率逐渐降低。成虫产卵历期随着幼虫密度的增加逐渐缩短。雌、 雄蛾寿命分别以10和20头/瓶幼虫密度时最长, 幼虫密度过高时雌雄蛾寿命又显著缩短（P<0.05）。生命表分析表明, 幼虫密度对草地螟种群增长指数有显著影响, 以10头/瓶幼虫密度的种群增长指数最高, 幼虫密度过高或过低时种群增长指数下降。据此认为, 幼虫密度是影响草地螟种群增长的重要因子之一。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂拌种对马铃薯甲虫幼虫食物利用和生长发育的影响

为研究马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata（Say）幼虫取食新烟碱杀虫剂噻虫嗪和吡虫啉处理（有效成分18 g/100 kg种薯拌种）播种90 d后马铃薯叶片的消化吸收和生长发育情况,在室内采用重量法测定了幼虫取食量、体重增加量、食物利用率,近似消化率以及蛹重等营养指标。 结果表明：70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂拌种后,马铃薯甲虫幼虫的取食量、体重增加量、食物利用率、食物转化率、近似消化率和相对生长率以及蛹重显著低于10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种和空白对照（P＜0.05）,发育历期显著长于10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种和空白对照（P＜0.05）;而10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂拌种后,马铃薯甲虫幼虫的取食量和3～4龄期的体重增加量与空白对照差异显著（P＜0.05）,蛹重、1～2龄幼虫的体重增长量、食物利用率、食物转化率、近似消化率、相对生长率和生长发育历期与空白对照差异不显著（P＞0.05）。 说明70%噻虫嗪种子处理可分散粉剂拌种对马铃薯甲虫幼虫的取食有显著抑制作用,不能很好地满足其生长发育营养物质的需要,幼虫取食其叶片后,近似消化率和相对生长速率显著降低,生长发育历期显著延长。 这有利于减少当季世代数,降低危害。     

二点委夜蛾适应性与玉米苗营养物质和次生代谢物质含量的关系

【目的】二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone是夏玉米Zea mays苗期的一种新发害虫。本研究旨在测定不同品种玉米苗对二点委夜蛾幼虫的生物学和营养效应,揭示其发生与玉米品种的关系。【方法】二点委夜蛾3,4和5龄幼虫分别饲喂3种普通玉米(鲁单9032、先玉335、郑单958)和1种甜玉米(超甜6)苗,测定幼虫鲜重、干重、存活率、相对取食速率(RCR)、相对生长速率(RGR)、近似消化率(AD)、食物转化率(ECD)和食物利用率(ECI),分析这些指标与玉米苗中营养物质、蜡质和次生物质含量之间的关系。【结果】不同龄期的二点委夜蛾幼虫取食玉米苗的生物学和营养指标有较大差异。4种玉米苗的营养物质、蜡质和次生物质含量有显著差异。3龄幼虫取食鲁单9032和超甜6时相对取食速率、相对生长速率和近似消化率均较高,其存活率、鲜重、干重、相对取食速率、食物转化率与玉米苗可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关;相对生长速率与玉米苗蛋白质含量和氨基酸含量均呈显著正相关;存活率和相对取食速率与玉米苗总酚含量呈显著负相关;食物转化率与玉米苗单宁含量呈显著负相关。4龄幼虫取食先玉335时鲜重和干重最低,取食超甜6时近似消化率最高,取食郑单958时食物利用率最高,其鲜重、干重、相对取食速率和相对生长速率与玉米苗总酚含量呈显著负相关。5龄幼虫取食鲁单9032和先玉335时鲜重、干重和食物转化率较高,取食郑单958和超甜6时相对取食速率和近似消化率最高,取食先玉335的食物利用率最高,其相对生长速率与玉米苗蛋白质、氨基酸含量显著正相关。【结论】随着幼虫龄期的增加,二点委夜蛾在玉米上的适应性提高;二点委夜蛾幼虫对玉米的适应性与玉米叶片中可溶性糖、蛋白质和氨基酸含量呈正相关,与总酚和单宁含量呈负相关。     

亚致死剂量阿维菌素对家蚕食物利用及中肠消化酶活性的影响

采用质量法和酶活力测定法研究了阿维菌素3种亚致死剂量（LC₅、LC₁₀和LC₂₀）处理对家蚕5 龄幼虫的食物利用及中肠3种消化酶活性的影响.结果表明：亚致死剂量阿维菌素处理对家蚕5龄幼虫的生长和食物利用有明显的抑制作用,体质量及其增加量、相对生长率均显著低于对照,同时伴随着取食量、相对取食量和排粪量减少,食物利用率和食物转化率显著降低,而近似消化率升高.阿维菌素处理的家蚕,其中肠淀粉酶和蔗糖酶活性前期受到抑制且持续时间较长,但随着幼虫的生长发育,逐渐恢复正常或高于对照;而海藻糖酶活性前期受抑制时间较短,随后活性迅速增强,并维持在与对照同一水平或高于对照.这些变化说明亚致死剂量阿维菌素对家蚕仍有一定的毒性,其程度随剂量的提高而增强,可导致家蚕消化系统紊乱,进而影响其生长发育和对食物的利用.     

不同饲料对稻纵卷叶螟取食代谢及消化酶活性影响

【目的】研究稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocismedialis对水稻、玉米和人工饲料的取食代谢效应以及取食后幼虫生长发育、物质积累和中肠消化酶活性变化。【方法】在实验室条件下以水稻叶片、玉米叶片及人工饲料饲养稻纵卷叶螟,观察生长发育状况,取特定龄期幼虫测定消化代谢、营养物质积累及中肠消化酶活性。【结果】取食水稻的稻纵卷叶螟蛹重最高、历期最短,与玉米和人工饲料差异显著,取食人工饲料幼虫历期最长。取食不同饲料后单雌产卵量、产卵历期以及成虫寿命之间无显著差异;取食水稻的食物转化率显著高于玉米和人工饲料,取食人工饲料近似消化率最高;取食水稻和玉米的幼虫体内脂肪积累量显著高于人工饲料,取食人工饲料幼虫体内蛋白质和可溶性糖含量明显增加,显著高于水稻和玉米。人工饲料的幼虫体内总蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶三种消化酶活性显著高于水稻和玉米。【结论】不同饲料饲养对稻纵卷叶螟生长发育及营养物质累积均有影响,而稻纵卷叶螟幼虫可能通过调节取食量及消化酶活性的方式保证对食料中营养物质摄取。     

植物次生物质对烟青虫和棉铃虫食物利用及中肠解毒酶活性的影响

用分别添加0-5%(干重比)棉酚、烟碱、番茄苷和辣椒素4种植物次生物质的人工饲料饲养烟青虫Helicoverpa assulta和棉铃虫H. armigera 5龄幼虫48 h,测定这些次生物质对烟青虫和棉铃虫的营养效应和中肠谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）及羧酸酯酶（CarE）活性的影响。结果表明：在实验浓度下,棉酚可显著降低烟青虫的相对消化率,但对棉铃虫却有助食作用;番茄苷抑制烟青虫的取食和生长,对其近似消化率和食物利用率也有显著的抑制作用,但食物转化率有明显升高,对棉铃虫的各营养指标无显著影响;烟碱对烟青虫和棉铃虫的相对生长率均无影响;辣椒素使烟青虫的取食量有大幅度的提高,对棉铃虫的取食量无影响,但引起其相对消化率的提高。由此可见,棉铃虫对4种次生物质有普遍的适应性,而烟青虫只对寄主植物所含的烟碱和辣椒素有较好的适应性。烟青虫和棉铃虫幼虫中肠CarE活性不受4种次生物质的影响,烟碱和辣椒素对烟青虫GST有显著的诱导作用,番茄苷对烟青虫GST活性则有抑制作用,4种次生物质对棉铃虫GST均无显著影响。     

幼虫密度对甜菜夜蛾生长发育与繁殖的影响

为了研究甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)幼虫的密度对其发育及繁殖的影响,本实验观察了5种幼虫密度下（1,5,10,20,30头/瓶）,幼虫发育和成虫繁殖情况。结果表明：幼虫和蛹历期、存活率和蛹重均差异显著。幼虫和蛹历期均以20头/瓶的最短,1头/瓶的最长,其余随幼虫密度增加而延长;幼虫至蛹存活率以10头/瓶的最高,其余随幼虫密度增加而降低;1头/瓶的蛹最重,显著高于其他密度的,其余随幼虫密度增加而下降。尽管密度间成虫羽化率和产卵前期均无显著差异,但成虫产卵量、寿命和畸形率差异显著。1头/瓶的产卵量最多,其次为10头/瓶的,其余随幼虫密度增加而减少,30头/瓶的产卵量显著少于其他密度的; 密度在1～20头/瓶范围内,雌蛾寿命均较短,显著短于30头/瓶的,而雄蛾寿命以5头/瓶的最短,显著短于其他密度的（10头/瓶除外）,10头/瓶的次之,其余密度间差异不显著;不同幼虫密度下羽化的成虫畸形率差异显著,10头/瓶的最低,其余随幼虫密度增加而升高; 生命表结果表明甜菜夜蛾在10头/瓶下世代存活率和种群增长指数均最高,幼虫密度过低或过高均不利于种群增长;世代存活率（S）和种群增长指数（I）与幼虫密度之间的关系均呈抛物线关系：S =－0.2087x²+2.5694x+211.52 (R²=0.88),I=－0.0552x²+0.9166x+54.168 (R²=0.95)。结果提示幼虫密度影响甜菜夜蛾种群动态的重要生态因子之一。     

幼虫密度对二点委夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】在不同幼虫密度饲养条件下,研究二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone生长发育及繁殖的情况,明确幼虫密度对该害虫的室内种群增长的影响。【方法】本实验设置5个幼虫饲养密度即1,5,10,20和30头/瓶(750 mL),分别观察5个饲养密度下该虫的各个龄期及整个幼虫发育历期及存活率、蛹重、蛹期以及成虫生殖情况。【结果】幼虫密度对该虫幼虫各龄期及整个幼虫发育历期及存活率、蛹重、蛹期以及成虫生殖情况均有显著性影响。整个幼虫发育历期随着密度的增加而缩短,10头/瓶达到最短(18.27 d),之后随着幼虫密度的增加而显著延长;幼虫至蛹的存活率随着密度增高而显著下降,30头/瓶最低(39.37%)。蛹期随着密度的增加而延长(10头/瓶除外)。蛹重和每雌产卵量均以1头/瓶最高,随着幼虫密度的增加而显著下降。雌雄蛾寿命均以10头/瓶最长,与1和5头/瓶没有显著性差异。生命表分析显示:二点委夜蛾的种群增长指数以5头/瓶最高,幼虫密度过低或者过高均不利于种群增长。【结论】幼虫密度是影响二点委夜蛾种群增长的重要因子之一。     

Effects of larval density on flight potential of the beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Tethered-flight techniques were used to investigate the flight potential of 1-d-old adult beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), reared at densities of1, 10, 20, 30, and 40 larvae per 650-ml jar. Larval density had a significant effect on the flight potential, including total flight duration, distance, average velocity, and longest flight duration. Adults reared at a density of 10 larvae per jar, and those reared in isolation displayed the greatest and poorest flight capacity,respectively, relative to the other density treatments. Larval density also significantly affected length of the preoviposition period. Females with longer preoviposition period usually showed greater flight potential, and preoviposition period was positively correlated with flight potential. Body weight, water content, and triglyceride content of the moths were significantly affected by larval density, whereas glycogen content was not. Triglyceride content of adults reared at the different larval densities corresponded to the observed differences inflight potential, whereas water content and body weight were not related to their flight potential. These results suggest that larval density exerts a significant influence on preoviposition period and triglyceride content, which in turn influence flight potential of adult L. sticticalis.     

Effects of rearing density on larval growth and activity of digestive enzymes in Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Density dependent responses of 4th, 5th and 6th instar gypsy moth larvae were studied at the level of larval mass, midgut loading and activities of three digestive enzymes (alpha-amylase, trypsin and leucine aminopeptidase). High density significantly reduced larval mass while midgut loading (expressed as relative midgut mass) did not change except in the 5th instar where it was increased at high density. Specific amylase and leucine aminopeptidase activities were not affected by crowding. Specific trypsin activity was on average higher in crowded than in isolated larvae. High density also affected the correlations between midgut protein content and activities of two proteolytic enzymes suggesting differences in regulatory mechanisms of insect digestion. The importance of these changes for survival under stressful conditions is discussed.     

幼虫密度对草地螟血细胞数量和组成的影响

为了阐明幼虫密度对草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.（鳞翅目： 螟蛾科）细胞免疫能力的影响, 本研究调查了在活体灰菜植株上1,5,10和20头/瓶（900 mL）4种密度条件下的其5龄幼虫血细胞种类、数量和组成。结果表明： 草地螟幼虫血淋巴中有原血细胞、浆血细胞、 颗粒血细胞、珠血细胞和类绛色血细胞等5种（类）血细胞。血细胞总数、 浆血细胞、颗粒血细胞数量随幼虫密度的增加而显著递增, 但原血细胞、珠血细胞和类绛色血细胞数量在幼虫密度间的差异不明显;各种血细胞所占血细胞总数的比例在4个密度中的排序相同, 但10和20头/瓶密度下的浆血细胞比例显著高于1头/瓶的,其余4种血细胞的比例在不同密度之间无显著差异。可见, 幼虫密度主要是通过影响草地螟幼虫浆血细胞和颗粒血细胞的数量及血细胞总数, 从而影响草地螟的细胞免疫能力。     

Effect of larval density on development and diapause of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lef.) (Lep., Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions

The effect of larval density on development and diapause of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lef.) was examined. Larvae were grown on an artificial diet at densities of five, 10, 20, 30 and 40 larvae per box, under two environmental (diapause-including and diapause-averting) conditions. High larval densities resulted in increased mortality under both experimental conditions tested. Although crowded larvae showed a higher pupation rate than those reared under low densities, small differences occurred between mean larval developmental time at different densities under developmental condition. In spite of this, crowding proved effective on the intensity of diapause of this species and the duration of diapause was shorter for crowded larvae. Pupal weights of both sexes were significantly reduced at high densities while there were significant differences between pupal weights formed by larvae reared under diapause conditions and those formed by larvae reared under nondiapause conditions at all density treatments. The pupal period was significantly longer under diapause conditions than that under development conditions but density was not found to play a role on the time of the emergence of the adults produced by larvae reared under developmental or diapause conditions.     

幼虫密度对斜纹夜蛾抗病能力的影响

为了阐明斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura Fabricius幼虫密度对其抗病能力的影响,在室内条件下(温度23℃±1℃,相对湿度75%)对不同幼虫密度(1、2、5、10、15头/皿(直径为12cm))饲养的斜纹夜蛾幼虫抵抗斜纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒侵染的能力及其免疫指标进行了研究。结果表明:幼虫密度对斜纹夜蛾幼虫接种核型多角体病毒后的存活率、存活时间及血淋巴酚氧化酶活性影响显著。随着幼虫密度的增加,接种核型多角体病毒后幼虫的存活率降低,存活时间缩短。当幼虫密度达到15头/皿时,幼虫存活率显著低于其它幼虫密度。不同幼虫密度幼虫的存活时间以1头/皿的最高,15头/皿的最低,且二者之间差异显著。幼虫血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性随幼虫密度的增加而明显降低,当幼虫密度达到5头/皿时,幼虫酚氧化酶活性显著低于1头/皿的。另外,幼虫溶菌酶活性和血细胞总数受幼虫密度影响不显著。不同密度幼虫抗病性的变化与其血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性的变化趋势较为一致。所以斜纹夜蛾幼虫抗病能力的降低可能与幼虫酚氧化酶活性的下降有关。因此,幼虫密度是影响斜纹夜蛾幼虫抗病性变化的重要因子。     

Digestive proteinases of larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea: characterization, distribution, and dietary relationships.

Proteinases and peptidases from the intestinal tract of fifth-instar larvae of Heliothis (= Helicoverpa) zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) were characterized based on their substrate specificity, tissue of origin, and pH optimum. Activity corresponding to trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases A and B, and leucine aminopeptidase was detected in regurgitated fluids, midgut contents, and midgut wall. High levels of proteinase activity were detected in whole midgut homogenates, with much lower levels being observed in foregut and salivary gland homogenates. In addition, enzyme levels were determined from midgut lumen contents, midgut wall homogenates, and regurgitated fluids. Proteinase activities were highest in the regurgitated fluids and midgut lumen contents, with the exception of leucine aminopeptidase activity, which was found primarily in the midgut wall. Larvae fed their natural diet of soybean leaves had digestive proteinase levels that were similar to those of larvae fed artificial diet. No major differences in midgut proteinase activity were detected between larvae reared under axenic or xenic conditions, indicating that the larvae are capable of digesting proteins in the absence of gut microorganisms. The effect of pH on the activity of each proteinase was studied. The pH optima for the major proteinases were determined to be pH 8.0-8.5 for trypsin, when tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester was used as the substrate; and pH 7.5-8.0 for chymotrypsin, when benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester was used as the substrate.     

Phenotypic changes and the fate of digestive enzymes during induction of amber disease in larvae of the New Zealand grass grub (Costelytra zealandica)

Amber disease of the New Zealand grass grub Costelytra zealandica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is caused by ingestion of pADAP plasmid carrying isolates of Serratia entomophila or Serratia proteamaculans (Enterobacteriaceae) and causes infected larvae to cease feeding and clear their midgut to a pale amber colour where midgut serine protease activities are virtually eliminated. Using bacterial strains and mutants expressing combinations of the anti-feeding (afp) and gut clearance (sep) gene clusters from pADAP, we manipulated the disease phenotype and demonstrated directly the relationship between gene clusters, phenotype and loss of enzyme activity. Treatment with afp-expressing strains caused cessation of feeding without gut clearance where midgut protease activity was maintained at levels similar to that of healthy larvae. Treatment with strains expressing sep-genes caused gut clearance followed by a virtual elimination of trypsin and chymotrypsin titre in the midgut indicating both the loss of pre-existing enzyme from the lumen and a failure to replenish enzyme levels in this region by secretion from the epithelium. Monitoring of enzymatic activity through the alimentary tract during expression of disease showed that loss of serine protease activity in the midgut was matched by a surge of protease activity in the hindgut and frass pellets, indicating a flushing and elimination of the midgut contents. The blocking of enzyme secretion through amber disease appears to be selective as leucine aminopeptidase and α-amylase were still detected in the midgut of diseased larvae.