马鹿茸血酶解肽体内免疫功能及抗氧化功能关系的研究

本文分别选用由木瓜蛋白酶水解天山马鹿茸血获得的肽Ⅰ、肽Ⅱ以及原血为受试样品,研究天山马鹿茸血及其酶解肽对小鼠免疫功能和抗氧化功能的影响,其中肽Ⅰ、肽ⅡDH分别为18．1％、12．2％时,清除OH·能力最强,清除率为50．8％。分别测定了脏器指数,脾细胞增殖实验,血清中溶血素和抗体生成细胞的含量以及小鼠血清总抗氧化能力、SOD活力和MDA含量。结果表明：与对照组相比较,肽Ⅱ组能极显著提高小鼠体液和细胞免疫功能,加强小鼠的抗氧化功能（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。此外,具有较强抗氧化活性的肽显示出了很强的免疫活性（P〈0．05）。     

成纤维细胞生长因子20研究进展

成纤维细胞生长因子20(FGF20)是成纤维细胞生长因子家族(FGFs)的成员之一。研究发现,FGF20具有广泛生物学活性,不仅在退行性神经系统疾病,如帕金森病中起着重要作用,还在组织修复,肿瘤发生、器官发育等方面具有重要的生物学功能。尽管作为重组蛋白药物的开发其功能和机制仍有待进一步研究,但FGF20所具备的生物学特性将会有非常广阔的研究领域和应用价值。     

成纤维细胞生长因子的生理病理作用及应用进展

成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factors,FGFs)以旁分泌或内分泌的方式参与多种生理活动的调节,维护成体组织的正常结构、功能并参与代谢调控。FGFs通过结合配体硫酸乙酰肝素或klotho使成纤维细胞生长因子受体二聚化而发挥生物学作用。过去的十年中,FGFs结构和分子机制的研究成果改变了人们对FGF信号在人类健康和疾病发生、发展中的认识,为以FGF及其受体为靶点的药物开发带来新的突破。文章综述了FGF的生理、病理作用及最新应用研究进展。     

食源性抗氧化肽研究进展

生物活性肽主要水解自食源性蛋白质,此类活性物质表现出多种生物功能,其中尤以抗氧化能力最为突出。多项研究已证实抗氧化成分的摄入与疾病的发生呈逆相关关系。生物活性肽的抗氧化作用主要表现在自由基的清除能力、脂质过氧化的抑制能力以及金属离子的螯合能力。抗氧化活性的强弱取决于活性肽的结构及其特异性氨基酸序列。本文在对氧化应激的发生进行了介绍后,先后阐述了抗氧化肽的益生功能、酶法制备工艺、抗氧化活性的检测方法、生物利用度及其食用安全性。     

FGFs/FGFRs系统对骨调节的研究进展

成纤维细胞生长因子家族(fibroblast growth factors,FGFs)及其受体FGFRs系统影响骨骼发育和形成过程,FGF与细胞表面FGFR结合,激活信号通路调控多种细胞生长、分化和凋亡。骨是FGF的重要靶器官,研究表明FGFs/FGFRs系统对骨组织成骨细胞、破骨细胞、软骨细胞的增殖和分化起重要调控作用,本文就FGFs/FGFRs系统对骨组织调节研究进展进行综述。     

多肽的降胆固醇活性研究进展

近年来,具有降低血液中胆固醇含量功能的多肽逐渐成为活性肽的研究热点。本文论述了降胆固醇活性肽的作用机理和检测方法,并对降胆固醇活性肽的研究进展进行了综述。     

aFGF对大鼠卵巢颗粒细胞生长及分化的影响

卵巢颗粒细胞的生长及分化影响卵泡的发育,在卵巢生殖机能中占重要地位。除已知卵泡刺激素(FSH)可影响颗粒细胞的生长及分化外,近年发现,一些肽类物质特别是生长因子如表皮生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGFs)、胰岛素样生长因子等都可影响颗粒细胞的生长及分化,参与卵巢生殖机能的调控。FGFs是一类多功能因子,具有广泛的生     

成纤维细胞生长因子的转化研究及药物研发进展

成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factors,FGFs)是生物体内重要的生长因子,对来源于中胚层和神经外胚层的组织细胞具有广泛的生物学作用,参与创伤修复、神经修复、代谢调控、新生血管形成和胚胎发育等过程。随着分子生物学等技术的不断进步,生物科学家们对FGFs的研究不断深入,FGFs有望成为一种新的治疗手段,为疾病的治疗提供新思路。目前,FGFs运用于烧伤创面及慢性溃疡创面治疗已有新药上市应用。文章就FGFs在创伤修复、神经修复、代谢调控和内脏缺血性损伤等领域的转化研究及其药物研发进行介绍。     

乳铁蛋白肽(Lactoferricin)作用机制研究进展

近年来抗菌肽由于自身的优点成为抗生素的替代品 ,并已成为研究与开发的热点 ,其中乳铁蛋白肽因其强大的生物学功能而备受关注。就其结构、功能进行了综述 ,并根据其结构和生物学活性的关系探讨该肽的作用机制 ,同时也提出了乳铁蛋白肽研究中存在的一些问题及相应对策。     

芽胞杆菌产生的脂肽类抗生素的结构和应用

脂肽类抗生素不仅对细菌、真菌有抗菌作用,而且对支原体、寄生虫和病毒等也具有显著的抑制作用。其主要包括表面活性素(Surfactins)、伊枯草菌素(Iturins)和芬芥素(Fengycins),其中Iturins和Fengycins有抗真菌活性,Surfactins有抗支原体、抗病毒等活性。综述了芽胞杆菌产生的脂肽类抗生素的结构、功能和应用,为其在农业和医药的研究与应用提供参考。     

Stabilization of fibroblast growth factors by a non-cytotoxic zwitterionic detergent, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (chaps)

Summary The potential usefulness of a zwitterionic detergent, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS), in the stabilization of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) was examined. Among several detergents, CHAPS was found to be not only non-cytotoxic but also most useful in handing the diluted preparations of FGFs. The advantages are as follows: 1) at lower concentrations than 0.01% CHAPS did not affect growth factor activity of calf serum (CS) and the growth rate of BLAB/c 3T3 cells. The primary culture of rat prostate epithelium and colony formation of NRK-49F cells were hardly influenced by CHAPS lower than 0.003%; 2) the loss of FGFs that usually occurs due to their adherence to the surface of storage containers was effectively prevented by inclusion of 0.1% CHAPS; 3) the recovery of FGFs after storage or dialysis was significantly enhanced by inclusion of 0.1% CHAPS; 4) CHAPS at lower concentrations than 0.1% does not interfere with amino acid analysis, except that Thr may be misled only when the ratio of protein/CHAPS is low; 5) amino acid sequence analysis was hardly disturbed by CHAPS up to 0.5%. These results indicate that CHAPS is useful as a stabilizing agent for various kinds of polypeptides capable of showing biological activity at a low concentration. Editor's statement Polypeptide growth factors and hormones, especially heparin-binding growth factors (FGF), are notoriously troublesome to handle in purified form at extremely low concentrations. This report demonstrates an interesting solution to this problem.     

Fibroblast growth factors

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) make up a large family of polypeptide growth factors that are found in organisms ranging from nematodes to humans. In vertebrates, the 22 members of the FGF family range in molecular mass from 17 to 34 kDa and share 13-71% amino acid identity. Between vertebrate species, FGFs are highly conserved in both gene structure and amino-acid sequence. FGFs have a high affinity for heparan sulfate proteoglycans and require heparan sulfate to activate one of four cell-surface FGF receptors. During embryonic development, FGFs have diverse roles in regulating cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. In the adult organism, FGFs are homeostatic factors and function in tissue repair and response to injury. When inappropriately expressed, some FGFs can contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer. A subset of the FGF family, expressed in adult tissue, is important for neuronal signal transduction in the central and peripheral nervous systems.     

Heparin binding preference and structures in the fibroblast growth factor family parallel their evolutionary diversification

The interaction of a large number of extracellular proteins with heparan sulfate (HS) regulates their transport and effector functions, but the degree of molecular specificity underlying protein–polysaccharide binding is still debated. The 15 paracrine fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are one of the paradigms for this interaction. Here, we measure the binding preferences of six FGFs (FGF3, FGF4, FGF6, FGF10, FGF17, FGF20) for a library of modified heparins, representing structures in HS, and model glycosaminoglycans, using differential scanning fluorimetry. This is complemented by the identification of the lysine residues in the primary and secondary binding sites of the FGFs by a selective labelling approach. Pooling these data with previous sets provides good coverage of the FGF phylogenetic tree, deduced from amino acid sequence alignment. This demonstrates that the selectivity of the FGFs for binding structures in sulfated polysaccharides and the pattern of secondary binding sites on the surface of FGFs follow the phylogenetic relationship of the FGFs, and so are likely to be the result of the natural selection pressures that led to the expansion of the FGF family in the course of the evolution of more complex animal body plans.     

Fibroblast growth factors

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are heparin-binding protein mitogens that induce division of most cultured cells derived from embryonic mesoderm and neuroectoderm. Terminally differentiated neurons also respond in vitro by eliciting outgrowth of neurites. In vivo, FGFs have been shown to induce DNA synthesis, cell migration, blood vessel growth, and dermal wound closure. The protein and nucleic acid sequences for two different FGFs, denoted acidic and basic FGF, have been determined and recognized to be homologous. Additional genes recently have been identified that extend this protein family.     

Structural basis for antagonism by suramin of heparin binding to vaccinia complement protein

Suramin is a competitive inhibitor of heparin binding to many proteins, including viral envelope proteins, protein tyrosine phosphatases, and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). It has been clinically evaluated as a potential therapeutic in treatment of cancers caused by unregulated angiogenesis, triggered by FGFs. Although it has shown clinical promise in treatment of several cancers, suramin has many undesirable side effects. There is currently no experimental structure that reveals the molecular interactions responsible for suramin inhibition of heparin binding, which could be of potential use in structure-assisted design of improved analogues of suramin. We report the structure of suramin, in complex with the heparin-binding site of vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP), which interacts with heparin in a geometrically similar manner to many FGFs. The larger than anticipated flexibility of suramin manifested in this structure, and other details of VCP-suramin interactions, might provide useful structural information for interpreting interactions of suramin with many proteins.     

Expression and processing of biologically active fibroblast growth factors in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Chemically synthesized genes for bovine and human fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) were expressed in heterologous microorganisms. Although the intracellular expression or secretion of acidic and basic FGFs in Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae yielded recombinant growth factors with high biological activity, the resulting proteins had structural microheterogeneity due to modified amino termini. Expression of amino-terminal extended forms of human acidic and basic FGFs in S. cerevisiae gave rise to soluble, but cell-associated polypeptides, with potent biological activity. These yeast-derived proteins were processed in vivo by removal of initiation codon-derived methionine residues and by amino-terminal acetylation. Both of these processes have been observed in mammalian tissues. The yeast systems described here, therefore, provide a good model system for the expression of FGFs as intracellular proteins, but more importantly they give high levels of authentically processed human FGFs with many potential medical applications. Since the recombinant proteins have all the biological activities of their native counterparts, their possible applications in wound healing, tissue grafting, nerve regeneration, and treatment of ischemia are discussed.     

Functional phylogeny relates LET-756 to fibroblast growth factor 9

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are secreted regulatory proteins involved in various developmental processes. In vertebrates, the FGF superfamily comprises 22 members. In non-vertebrates, six FGF genes have been identified in Ciona intestinalis, three in Drosophila melanogaster, and two (let-756 and egl-17) in Caenorhabditis elegans. The core of LET-756 shares a 30-50% sequence identity with the various members of the superfamily. The relationships between vertebrate and non-vertebrate FGFs are not clear. We made chimeric FGFs by replacing the core region of LET-756 by the cores of various mammalian, fly, and worm FGFs. LET-756 deleted in its core region was no longer able to rescue the lethal phenotype of a let-756 null mutant, and only chimeras containing the cores of FGFs 9, 16, and 20 showed rescue capacity. This core contains an internal motif of six amino acid residues (EFISIA) whose deletion or mutation abolished both the rescue activity and FGF secretion in the supernatant of transfected COS-1 cells. Chimera containing the core of C. intestinalis FGF9/16/20, a potential ortholog of FGF9 lacking the complete EFISIA motif, was not able to rescue the lethal phenotype or be secreted. However, the introduction of the EFISIA motif restored both activities. The data show that the EFISIA motif in the core of LET-756 is essential for its biological activity and that FGFs 9, 16, and 20, which contain that motif, are functionally close to LET-756 and may be evolutionary related. This non-classical mode of secretion using an internal motif is conserved throughout evolution.     

Fgf genes in the basal chordate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ciona intestinalis</Emphasis>

In vertebrates, a number of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been shown to play important roles in developing embryos and adult organisms. However, the molecular relationships of the vertebrate FGFs are not yet completely understood, partly due to the divergence of their amino acid sequences. To solve this problem, we have identified six FGF genes in a basal chordate, the ascidian Ciona intestinalis. A phylogenetic analysis confidently assigned two of them to vertebrate FGF8/17/18 and FGF11/12/13/14, respectively. Based on the presence of the conserved domains within or outside of the FGF domains, we speculate that three of the other genes are orthologous to vertebrate FGF3/7/10/22, FGF4/5/6 and FGF9/16/20, respectively, although we cannot assign the sixth member to any of the vertebrate FGFs. A survey of the raw whole genome shotgun sequences of C. intestinalis demonstrated the presence of no FGF genes other than the six genes in the genome. The identification of these six FGF genes in the basal chordate gave us an insight into the diversification of specific subfamilies of vertebrate FGFs.