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2003年9月～2004年8月对南充城区的鼠形小兽群落进行研究,应用聚类分析将其划分为3种群落：C1以微尾鼩（Anourosorex squamipes）＋褐家鼠（Rattus norvegicus）为主的居民区附近的垃圾地带鼠形小兽群落;C2以微尾鼩＋大足鼠（Rattus nitidus）为主的河谷-风景区鼠形小兽群落;C3以微尾鼩＋褐家鼠＋黑线姬鼠（Apodernus agrarius）为主的校园鼠形小兽群落.其群落多样性指数和均匀性指数均以C3最高,C2次之,C1最低,导致其原因可能与生境和食物丰富度有关. 相似文献
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1983～1996 年对云南瑞丽、陇川、盈江和保山4 市县居民区小哺乳动物的长期调查,经聚类分析,该地区的小哺乳动物可划分为3 种群落: (1) 以黄胸鼠+ 大臭鼠句为主的瑞丽、陇川室内外小哺乳动物群落; (2) 以黄胸鼠+ 大臭鼠句+ 小家鼠为主的盈江、保山室内和盈江室外小哺乳动物群落; (3) 以黄胸鼠+ 大臭鼠句+ 灰麝鼠句为主的保山室外小哺乳动物群落。其群落多样性指数以群落(3) 为最高(1.5897) ,群落(1) 、(2) 较低,分别为1.099 0 ,1.042 5。4 市县在同一坝区小哺乳动物室内、外唯一不能聚为同一群落的保山室外黄胸鼠数量骤减是第3 群落多样性增加的主要原因,亦是鼠疫在该坝区不能长期保存的原因。因此小哺乳动物群落结构与鼠疫的保存和传播机制之间的关系非常密切。 相似文献
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中国云南洱海周边小兽体表吸虱多样性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在2003—2004年对云南大理洱海周边小兽体表寄生吸虱进行了调查,诱捕小兽3303只,隶属4目7科、15属、21种,共收集14635只吸虱,共计5科、6属、21种。调查点位于洱海周边3个不同方位,恰好处于无量山（洱海东部）、哀牢山（洱海南部）和苍山（洱海西部）3座山的连接地段,由于洱海的天然隔离使这3个方位形成了同地域（经度、纬度、海拔和动物地理区划相同）异生境的地理景观。此项研究的目的是调查同地域异生境里小兽体表吸虱在物种多样性、丰富度、群落结构、相似性和分布。结果表明吸虱的物种多样性低,群落结构简单。吸虱的丰富度、分布和物种多样性随着宿主和生境的不同而存在着显著的差异,这可能暗示着生态环境影响着吸虱和它相对应的小兽宿主的构成和分布。某种宿主经常有某种固定的吸虱,在动物分类上近缘关系较近的小兽宿主,其体表昆虫群落相似性较高。洱海周边不同方位同种小兽宿主上的吸虱物种相同,这个结果强烈暗示着吸虱与其对应宿主之间有明显的协同进化关系。 相似文献
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2005年3月～2006年2月对四川省南充市郊区的鼠型小兽进行了调查。共捕获鼠型小兽1499只,隶属于2目2科7种,根据优势种分为两个群落:微尾鼩 黑线姬鼠群落中除优势种外,还捕到少量大足鼠、社鼠、褐家鼠和灰麝鼩,主要分布于住宅区以外的农田林地;褐家鼠 黄胸鼠群落,有少量微尾鼩,分布于住宅区。采用Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、均匀性指数、Hurlbert生态优势度和物种数对沟谷地、半坡地、坡顶地以及住宅区4种微生境中捕获的小兽进行了分析。住宅区的多样性指数、均匀性指数最高,其次为沟谷地。 相似文献
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傅琰华;耿秋扎西;涂飞云;缪宁;费立松;赵成 《四川动物》2015,34(4):570-573
四川都江堰\"中华熊猫谷\"是新建的圈养大熊猫野化放归的训练场所。于2010年3月—2014年10月,采用夹日法对该地区小型兽类进行了5次调查。结果表明:1)2243夹日共采集到小型兽类标本238号(捕获率10.6%),隶属2目3科8属13种,其中,北社鼠Niviventer confucianus、短尾鼩Anourosorex squamipes和黑腹绒鼠Eothenomys melanogaster为优势种;2)以生境类型看,弃耕地群落捕获率(11.73%)高于次生林(8.98%);3)从小型兽类群落多样性看,弃耕地(H=0.670)与次生林(H=0.677)差别不大,但弃耕地物种数明显多于次生林;4)2010年到2014年调查期间,小型兽类的数量明显减少。 相似文献
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1989年4~11月在四川省唐家河自然保护区,用去除取样法对该保护区内小型兽类群落的物种密度和生物量进行研究。共安置11000多铗日,捕获小型兽类846只,隶属21种。采用回归方法计算出唐家河自然保护区4个不同小型兽类群落夏季物种的密度,分别为18·85、23·01、15·99和25·38只·hm-2;平均密度为19·49只·hm-2。夏季生物量分别为1053·9、1497·13、1051·99和1815·15g·hm-2,平均生物量为1273·04g·hm-2。在唐家河自然保护区小型兽类群落中,主要优势种社鼠的生物量在群落C1、C2、C3分别达到91%、90%、79%,另一优势种藏鼠兔的生物量则占群落4总生物量的79%。它们决定了唐家河自然保护区小型兽类群落的主要特征。 相似文献
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Understanding the feeding behaviour of the species that make up any ecosystem is essential for designing further research. Mammals have been studied intensively, but the criteria used for classifying their diets are far from being standardized. We built a database summarizing the dietary preferences of terrestrial mammals using published data regarding their stomach contents. We performed multivariate analyses in order to set up a standardized classification scheme. Ideally, food consumption percentages should be used instead of qualitative classifications. However, when highly detailed information is not available we propose classifying animals based on their main feeding resources. They should be classified as generalists when none of the feeding resources constitute over 50% of the diet. The term ‘omnivore’ should be avoided because it does not communicate all the complexity inherent to food choice. Moreover, the so-called omnivore diets actually involve several distinctive adaptations. Our dataset shows that terrestrial mammals are generally highly specialized and that some degree of food mixing may even be required for most species. 相似文献
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1. Non-volant animals in tropical rain forests differ in their ability to exploit the habitat above the forest floor and also in their response to habitat variability. It is predicted that specific movement trajectories are determined both by intrinsic factors such as ecological specialization, morphology and body size and by structural features of the surrounding habitat such as undergrowth and availability of supportive structures. 2. We applied spool-and-line tracking in order to describe movement trajectories and habitat segregation of eight species of small mammals from an assemblage of Muridae, Tupaiidae and Sciuridae in the rain forest of Borneo where we followed a total of 13,525 m path. We also analysed specific changes in the movement patterns of the small mammals in relation to habitat stratification between logged and unlogged forests. Variables related to climbing activity of the tracked species as well as the supportive structures of the vegetation and undergrowth density were measured along their tracks. 3. Movement patterns of the small mammals differed significantly between species. Most similarities were found in congeneric species that converged strongly in body size and morphology. All species were affected in their movement patterns by the altered forest structure in logged forests with most differences found in Leopoldamys sabanus. However, the large proportions of short step lengths found in all species for both forest types and similar path tortuosity suggest that the main movement strategies of the small mammals were not influenced by logging but comprised generally a response to the heterogeneous habitat as opposed to random movement strategies predicted for homogeneous environments. 4. Overall shifts in microhabitat use showed no coherent trend among species. Multivariate (principal component) analysis revealed contrasting trends for convergent species, in particular for Maxomys rajah and M. surifer as well as for Tupaia longipes and T. tana, suggesting that each species was uniquely affected in its movement trajectories by a multiple set of environmental and intrinsic features. 相似文献
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四川美姑县大风顶国家级自然保护区小型兽类生物多样性分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为评价美姑大风顶国家级自然保护区小型兽类多样性,利用香农一威纳多样性指数和一种基于信息测度的GF指数。经计算,香农一威纳多样性指数表明：农田一耕地为主的生境类型的小型兽类,以四川短尾鼩、高山姬鼠、黄胸鼠和社鼠为主要的群落组成,其物种多样性指数(H)和均匀性指数(J)分别是1．1374和0．8599;原始森林为主的生境类型的小型兽类,以川西白腹鼠和食虫类为主,其各多样性指数H=0．3307和J=0．3465;高山草甸为主的生境类型的小型兽类,以鼠兔类和姬鼠类为主,其H=0．3704和J=0．3881。为了得到补充和对照,参考了该区小型兽类已有的资料运用G-F指数评价其生物物种多样性,首先计算科间多样性(F)和属间多样性(G),然后,再利用F指数和G指数的比值进行标准化处理,得出GF指数值,说明保护区小型兽类种属间的多样性。该区小型兽类D-F指数为0．6977,即小型兽类种属间多样性较高,但和香农一威纳指数评定多样性有一定差异。保护区的建设还需进一步加强,包括人为干扰在内的一切干扰尚需排除。 相似文献
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Kathryn Culhane Rahel Sollmann Angela M. White Gina L. Tarbill Scott D. Cooper Hillary S. Young 《Ecology and evolution》2022,12(5)
The frequency of large, high‐severity “mega‐fires” has increased in recent decades, with numerous consequences for forest ecosystems. In particular, small mammal communities are vulnerable to post‐fire shifts in resource availability and play critical roles in forest ecosystems. Inconsistencies in previous observations of small mammal community responses to fire severity underscore the importance of examining mechanisms regulating the effects of fire severity on post‐fire recovery of small mammal communities. We compared small mammal abundance, diversity, and community structure among habitats that burned at different severities, and used vegetation characteristics and small mammal functional traits to predict community responses to fire severity three years after one mega‐fire in the Sierra Nevada, California. Using a model‐based fourth‐corner analysis, we examined how interactions between vegetation variables and small mammal traits associated with their resource use were associated with post‐fire small mammal community structure among fire severity categories. Small mammal abundance was similar across fire severity categories, but diversity decreased and community structure shifted as fire severity increased. Differences in small mammal communities were large only between unburned and high‐severity sites. Three highly correlated fire‐dependent vegetation variables affected by fire and the volume of soft coarse woody debris were associated with small mammal community structures. Furthermore, we found that interactions between vegetation variables and three small mammal traits (feeding guild, primary foraging mode, and primary nesting habit) predicted community structure across fire severity categories. We concluded that resource use was important in regulating small mammal recovery after the fire because vegetation provided required resources to small mammals as determined by their functional traits. Given the mechanistic nature of our analyses, these results may be applicable to other fire‐prone forest systems, although it will be important to conduct studies across large biogeographic regions and over long post‐fire time periods to assess generality. 相似文献
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对甘肃省莲花山自然保护区秋季森林小型哺乳类群落的种类组成、多样性和生物量进行了初步研究共捕获7种138只,其中洮州绒鼾、大林姬鼠、中国鼩鼱为群落优势种。区系组成上,东洋界物种偏多。洮州绒鼾、大林姬鼠两种的生物量占绝对优势,水份可能足决定研究区域群落生物量的重要因素。 相似文献
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- Despite considerable interest in the impacts of forest‐defoliating insects and pesticide‐based suppression of defoliator outbreaks on non‐target arthropods, studies have often been hampered by the unpredictability of outbreaks.
- We evaluated the long‐term impacts of forest defoliation by gypsy moths, and the suppression of their outbreaks with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), on native moths. Three years after a gypsy moth outbreak, moth diversity and abundance were compared among sites that were defoliated but not sprayed with Btk (defoliated sites), defoliated and sprayed (Btk sites) or neither (undisturbed sites). We conducted separate evaluations of the effects of disturbance history on the overall moth community, taxonomic subgroups (families) and moths differing in their dietary overlap with gypsy moths.
- Analyses of the full moth community revealed no effects of disturbance history on local (α) moth diversity or diversity of moths among sites (β‐diversity). The α‐ or β‐diversities of moths classified by their dietary overlap with gypsy moths (overlapping, partially overlapping, not overlapping) were also not affected by disturbance history. However, taxonomic affiliation was important. Geometridae α‐diversity in late summer was significantly lower in defoliated sites than in Btk or undisturbed sites. No effects of disturbance history on moth abundances were found.
- We conclude gypsy moth defoliation had negative effects on a major moth family (Geometridae), although Btk application may have protected Geometridae from the adverse effects of gypsy moth defoliation. The results of the present study help to clarify the relative, and sometimes countervailing, effects of defoliators and microbial pesticides on forest communities.
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GUO Xian‐guo GONG Zheng‐da QIAN Ti‐jun FENG Xi‐guan DUAN Xingde LI Wei ZHANG Xi‐kun 《Insect Science》2000,7(2):169-177
Abstract Fleas on the body surface of a certain species of small mammal form a special flea community. On the basis of a series of calculations, a comparison of flea communities on ten species of small mammals in the foci of human plague in Yunnan Province, China, was carried out through a fuzzy clustering analysis. The three flea communities on Rattus flavipectus, Rattus nitidus and Rattus rattus sladeni, which belong to the same genus (genus Rattus) showed a higher similarity than others and they clustered into a group in the phenogram of the clustering analysis. Other flea communities on Anourosorez squamipes Suncus murinus Crocidura attenuata Apodemus draca Eothenomys eleusis, Niviventer confucianus and Mus pahari showed lower similarities between each other. The result suggests that the small mammal hosts may be the most important factor which strongly influence the similarity of ectoparasitic flea communities. When the hosts have a close affinity in the taxonomy, the flea communities on their body surface tend to be similar. The hosts in different genera in this case study tend to have different types of ectoparasitic flea communities. 相似文献
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Falko Theo Buschke Marie Watson Maitland Terence Seaman 《African Journal of Ecology》2011,49(1):81-90
A method for assessing the alpha and beta diversity components of a macroinvertebrate community across numerous spatial scales is presented. Findings were not empirically linked to ecological questions as the purpose of this study was primarily the demonstration of a diversity partitioning method. Sampling was carried out at three sites on the upper Modder River in the Free State Province, South Africa between April 2008 and January 2009. Communities were analysed by investigating the relative frequency of species in specific biotopes, a Similarity Profile (SIMPROF) and cluster analyses of the Bray‐Curtis similarities between samples, and the partitioning of species richness and Shannon diversity across multiple spatial scales. Findings revealed that sites showed significant clustering (SIMPROF P < 0.05; <20% Bray‐Curtis similarity), and the species frequencies indicated preference to selected microhabitats. Species richness and Shannon diversity of macroinvertebrates differed significantly (5% confidence levels) from randomly simulated values for sampling sites, biotopes and seasons indicating that diversity is clustered and not homogeneously distributed. The diversity partitioning could have potential in diversity assessment for conservation biology, land management and environmental impact assessments. 相似文献
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Francisco Javier Ancin&#x;Murguzur Arnaud Tarroux Kari Anne Brthen Paco Bustamante Sbastien Descamps 《Ecology and evolution》2021,11(15):10483
- Stable isotopes analysis (SIA) of carbon and nitrogen provides valuable information about trophic interactions and animal feeding habits.
- We used near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and support vector machines (SVM) to develop a model for screening isotopic ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ 13C and δ 15N) in samples from living animals. We applied this method on dried blood samples from birds previously analyzed for δ 13C and δ 15N to test whether NIRS can be applied to accurately estimate isotopic ratios.
- Our results show a prediction accuracy of NIRS (R 2 > 0.65, RMSEP < 0.28) for both δ 13C and δ 15N, representing a 12% of the measurement range in this study.
- Our study suggests that NIRS can provide a time‐ and cost‐efficient method to evaluate stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen when substantial differences in δ 13C or δ 15N are expected, such as when discriminating among different trophic levels in diet.
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- A better understanding of the effects of exotic species is fundamental for ecosystem management, given that biological invasions are major agents of change affecting native biodiversity worldwide. However, exotic species can also have positive effects on native communities, for instance by providing additional food sources.
- We reviewed dietary studies in the scientific literature published between 1980 and 2016 in order to examine the role of exotic mammals in the diets of 42 terrestrial species of the mammalian order Carnivora from South America. We recorded information about species' characteristics and analysed the ways in which they relate to exotic mammal consumption.
- We found 62 references in which 11 carnivores from four families were reported to consume exotic mammals. Using only dietary studies in which the frequency of occurrence of each prey item was presented, we compiled 152 cases from 56 papers.
- The frequency of occurrence of exotic mammals in the diet of South American carnivores reached on average 21%. The more common prey–carnivore interactions occurred with exotic lagomorphs, while exotic ungulates were less frequently consumed and were only preyed upon by pumas Puma concolor. Consumers with mainly carnivorous habits consumed exotic mammals more frequently than frugivorous or omnivorous species.
- The carnivore species and the location of the study area influenced the frequency of occurrence of exotic mammals in the diets described. Certain carnivores, including the puma, culpeo fox Lycalopex culpaeus, Pampas fox Lycalopex gimnocercus, lesser grison Galictis cuja and Molina's hog‐nosed skunk Conepatus chinga, consumed more exotic mammals than average, and the occurrence of exotic mammals was the highest in the diets of carnivores in the southwestern regions of South America.
- Exotic mammals in South America can create new food web interactions in the native carnivore community and can serve as an important food resource for some native species. This is particularly true in human‐transformed landscapes, where native prey populations have declined. Thus, it is important to consider the role of exotic mammals in the conservation of native carnivore populations.