小径竹对亚高山暗针叶林优势 树种林窗更新的影响

在亚高山岷江冷杉林中选取面积≤50m2,50~150m2,>150m2的林窗,每种类型内均包含3种小径竹盖度(≤20%、20%~50%、>50%),共调查林窗9个,并调查包含这3种小径竹盖度的三块林下对照样地,研究了该类森林林窗更新与小径竹生长的关系。结果表明:(1)无论林窗大小,林窗内的更新幼苗数量都比林下的多,林窗更新是岷江冷杉群落更新的主要途径;(2)所选林窗均为发育早期,林窗对更新树种的种类组成和数量的影响主要表现在幼苗上。糙皮桦幼树及幼苗数量随林窗面积的增加而急速增加,它的更新更需要较大的林窗;(3)不同小径竹盖度下幼苗的密度呈现显著性变化,小径竹的生长明显抑制了森林幼苗的更新及填充的进程;(4)华西箭竹的分散程度随林窗面积的增大而降低,而平均高度和基径则有增加的趋势。     

Reproductive characteristics in an understory bamboo and gradual environmental changes after its dieback provide an extended opportunity for overstory tree regeneration in a mixed cool-temperate forest in central Japan

• The reproductive characteristics of understory bamboo and the effects of dieback on overstory tree seedlings through temporal changes in the environment at the forest floor have only been examined in a few bamboo species, due to the unpredictable occurrence of flowering events and long intervals between them but provide valuable information on tree regeneration and succession in a forest with dense dwarf bamboo cover.
• We investigated environmental conditions and assessed seedlings (< 30-cm tall) of the dwarf bamboo Sasa borealis and overstory tree species at 44–50 measurement points during 2016–2021, which included a S. borealis mass flowering event in 2017. We also conducted seed germination tests to determine germination rates and patterns in S. borealis. Environmental factors affecting seedling recruitment of S. borealis and of overstory trees were analysed using spatiotemporal generalized linear mixed models in the Bayesian framework.
• We observed gradual temporal changes in the environment, including increasing canopy openness and decreasing maximum height of dead S. borealis culms. The seeds germinated slowly and the emergence of current-year S. borealis seedlings peaked in spring–summer in 2019. The tree seedling density after 2019 increased significantly compared to that before the dieback. The model results suggest that tree seedling establishment was enhanced by increased light availability.
• Continuous field observation beginning before S. borealis dieback revealed gradually enhanced tree recruitment in response to slow decay of the remaining dead culms and slow recovery of S. borealis. The seedling regeneration pattern of understory bamboo partly contributes to a prolonged opportunity for overstory tree regeneration.

     

Dense understory dwarf bamboo alters the retention of canopy tree seeds

Tree seed retention is thought to be an important factor in the process of forest community regeneration. Although dense understory dwarf bamboo has been considered to have serious negative effects on the regeneration of forest community species, little attention has been paid to the relationship between dwarf bamboo and seed retention. In a field experiment we manipulated the density of Fargesia decurvata, a common understory dwarf bamboo, to investigate the retention of seeds from five canopy tree species in an evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest in Jinfoshan National Nature Reserve, SW China. We found that the median survival time and retention ratio of seeds increased with the increase in bamboo density. Fauna discriminately altered seed retention in bamboo groves of different densities. Arthropods reduced seed survival the most, and seeds removed decreased with increasing bamboo density. Birds removed or ate more seeds in groves of medium bamboo density and consumed fewer seeds in dense or sparse bamboo habitats. Rodents removed a greater number of large and highly profitable seeds in dense bamboo groves but more small and thin-husked seeds in sparse bamboo groves. Seed characteristics, including seed size, seed mass and seed profitability, were important factors affecting seed retention. The results suggested that dense understory dwarf bamboo not only increased seeds concealment and reduced the probability and speed of seed removal but also influenced the trade-off between predation and risk of animal predatory strategies, thereby impacting the quantity and composition of surviving seeds. Our results also indicated that dense understory dwarf bamboo and various seed characteristics can provide good opportunities for seed storage and seed germination and has a potential positive effect on canopy tree regeneration.     

查干湖湿地浮游植物与环境因子关系的多元分析

采用野外采样调查的方法,结合聚类(Cluster)、多维排序尺度(MDS)、冗余度分析(RDA)以及Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰度指数等手段,研究了查干湖湿地2012年平水期(5月)和丰水期(9月)浮游植物的种群结构特征、多样性及其与环境因子的相关性。调查期间共发现浮游植物127种,隶属于5门53属,其中硅藻门52种,占40.94%,绿藻门46种,占36.22%;蓝藻门25种,占19.69%。从浮游植物丰度看,平水期蓝藻最为丰富(占丰度的39.85%),其次为硅藻(占36.19%)和绿藻(占21.33%),而丰水期绿藻(占70.84%)占绝对优势。查干湖湿地研究区可划分为主湖区和新庙泡两个区域,浮游植物丰度时空差异显著:其平均值为平水期(658.0×104个/L)丰水期(459.3×104个/L),主湖区丰度是新庙泡的8—10倍。相关分析表明:平水期和丰水期浮游植物丰度均与盐度呈显著正相关;平水期浮游植物丰度与pH值、磷酸盐(PO3-4)显著负相关,说明平水期浮游植物丰度空间差异主要受盐度和营养盐的影响,主湖区盐度(52.0 mg/L)是新庙泡(16.0 mg/L)的3.3倍,同时主湖区的磷酸盐(PO3-4)(0.045 mg/L)是新庙泡(0.012 mg/L)的3.8倍;而丰水期由于营养盐没有显著差异,浮游植物丰度空间差异主要受盐度影响。除野外调查结果外,基于Bray-Curtis相似性计算的聚类和多维排序尺度分析也表明据研究区可划分为主湖区和新庙泡两个区域。RDA显示:影响查干湖湿地浮游植物分布的关键环境因子,平水期是pH值、TN和BOD5,丰水期是盐度、PO3-4和BOD5。平水期优势属喜低碱、低磷素、高氮素的生境,而丰水期优势属则喜欢微碱性、高盐度、高磷素、高BOD5的生境。调查期浮游植物优势种群为温带小型藻类,能迅速吸收营养盐并进行繁殖生长,在较高营养盐条件下可以形成较高的相对丰度。根据浮游植物生态指标对查干湖湿地水质污染程度进行现状评价表明查干湖湿地处于β-中度污染水平。     

小径竹密度对雷公鹅耳枥幼苗早期更新的影响

通过去除法控制竹丛密度,人为设置4种竹丛密度梯度[密度1:(3.83±0.53)株/m~2;密度2:(16±1.80)株/m~2;密度3:(39±1.69)株/m~2;密度4:(69±2.15)株/m~2],测定不同密度竹丛下的微环境(包括土壤温度、湿度、电导率、凋落物厚度),研究竹丛密度及微环境对雷公鹅耳枥(Carpinus viminea Wall.)幼苗数量、存活动态、生长情况的影响。结果显示,竹丛密度对环境有显著影响,随着竹丛密度的增加,竹丛盖度、凋落物厚度、土壤温度升高明显;雷公鹅耳枥幼苗萌生量显著减少,4组密度梯度中幼苗数量分布依次排序为:密度1(28.53±3.14)株/m~2密度2(17.36±1.45)株/m~2密度3(12.36±0.93)株/m~2密度4(8.92±0.93)株/m~2,表明随着小径竹密度增加,其对雷公鹅耳枥幼苗萌发的抑制作用越强;小径竹的密集生长可对雷公鹅耳枥幼苗的存活率产生影响,且对幼苗的生长具有一定抑制作用。研究结果表明小径竹密集生长的环境不仅抑制了雷公鹅耳枥新生幼苗的分布和幼苗生长,还对种群的更新以及森林群落的演替产生一定的负面影响。     

4个观赏竹种的光合特性及其影响因子分析

本研究以白纹阴阳竹( Hibanobambusa tranquillans f. shiroshima H. Okamura )、鼓节竹( Bambusa tul doides‘Swolleninternode')、花秆早竹( Phyllostachys violascens f. viridisulcata P. X. Zhang et W. X. Huang)和美丽箬竹(Indocalamus decorus Q. H. Dai)4个观赏竹种为供试材料,分析了各竹种的光响应和CO2响应曲线及参数、光合和气体交换参数以及相关环境因子的日变化规律,并通过相关性分析、逐步多元回归分析和通径分析探讨了影响4个竹种叶片净光合速率( Pn)的主要因子。测定结果表明：随光合有效辐射强度( PAR)或胞间CO2浓度( Ci)的提高,各竹种叶片的Pn值均逐渐增大,但增幅有一定差异;各竹种的光响应和CO2响应参数均有较大差异,其中,白纹阴阳竹叶片的表观量子产量( AQY)最低,CO2饱和点( CSP)和CO2补偿点( CCP)也较低,其他参数均最高;而花秆早竹叶片的AQY和CCP值均最高,而其他参数总体上均最低。4个竹种的光合及气体交换参数日变化曲线均有一定差异;美丽箬竹叶片Pn值日变化曲线呈“双峰型”;白纹阴阳竹、鼓节竹和花秆早竹叶片的Pn值日变化曲线均呈“单峰型”,峰值分别出现在14：00、10：00和12：00;总体上看,4个竹种叶片的气孔导度( Gs)、Ci、蒸腾速率( Tr)和水分利用效率( WUE)总体上具有相似的日变化趋势。分析结果表明：按照总影响效应由高至低进行排序,对白纹阴阳竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、Tr、大气CO2浓度( Ca)、Ci,对鼓节竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、Tr、Ca、Gs,对花秆早竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、Tr、Gs、气温( Ta)、Ci,对美丽箬竹叶片Pn值的主要影响因子为PAR、空气相对湿度( RH)、Ta、Ca、Tr、Gs。综合分析结果显示：4个竹种中,白纹阴阳竹光合能力最强,但对弱光的适应和利用能力较弱,CO2同化能力强且适应范围广;鼓节竹和美丽箬竹对光和CO2的利用能力和适应范围均居中;花秆早竹光合能力和CO2同化能力最差,但对弱光的适应和利用能力较强,CO2适应范围较窄。     

Development of microsatellite markers for the dwarf bamboo species Sasa cernua and Sasa kurilensis (Poaceae) in northern Japan

Ten polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated from the dwarf bamboo species Sasa cernua and Sasa kurilensis. The applicability of these markers was confirmed by genotyping of open‐pollinated seeds and leaf samples from natural populations. Genotypes of seeds from each culm shared at least one allele from the maternal parent without contradiction. All 10 loci were polymorphic in S. cernua with 2–15 alleles (average H_E = 0.532). Eight loci were polymorphic in S. kurilensis with 2–10 alleles (average H_E = 0.532). These markers will be useful in detailing the extent of clonal and sexual reproduction in these species.     

Spatial genet dynamics of a dwarf bamboo: Clonal expansion into shaded forest understory contributes to regeneration after an episodic die-off

The ability of clonal plants to spread horizontally and to share resources within genets has long been considered advantageous in spatially heterogeneous environments, yet our understanding of how such traits relate to its widespread success and dominance is still limited. Using a dwarf bamboo, Sasa kurilensis, that often dominates cool-temperate forest understorys, we investigated how population recovery over 20 years after an episodic die-off may be augmented by clonal expansion via rhizomes. Previous analyses on genet demography using 9-m² plots showed that more productive genets were more likely to survive, spread laterally, and replace less productive ones. In this study, we examined whether the recovery of biomass in lower light microsites, where biomass recovery was initially slower, was supported by the spread of productive genets at larger scales, from surrounding higher-light microsites. We found that the biomass recovery in lower-light plots was more supported by genets that spread clonally into the plots. Such genets that spread from outside plots produced larger culms than those that had originally germinated there. Whereas genets that contributed much to the biomass of the low-light plots spread extensively from higher-light microsites, the spatial extent of genets that originally germinated in these plots was quite limited, so that the patterns of clonal expansion appeared to be unidirectional along the light gradient. Our findings suggest that clonal expansion of productive genets from higher-light into shaded microsites may be important for S. kurilensis to proliferate across heterogeneous light environments.     

树木外生菌根菌与环境因子关系研究进展

土壤、气候和立地因子等环境因子影响树木外生菌根菌的种类及数量。本文通过查阅大量国内外文献 ,综述了外生菌根菌与土壤、季节气候及立地因子等环境因子的相互关系 ,探讨了环境因子对外生菌根菌的影响 ,揭示了外生菌根菌研究中所关注的环境因子问题。同时 ,提出了外生菌根菌与环境因子关系今后研究的主要内容与方向 ,旨在为森林生态系统的可持续经营和退化森林生态系统的恢复、改造等提供科学依据。     

生物土壤结皮对种子萌发和幼苗建植的影响研究进展

生物土壤结皮（BSC）在陆地生态系统中具有重要的生态地位,尤其是旱地生态系统中,BSC占据了种子植物之间的广阔地面。因此,BSC的发展必然影响种子植物更新过程与植被空间格局;但其作用方式、影响程度等因相关研究涉及多气候要素、土壤类型、BSC组成物种和种子植物物种的差异及其不同组合,导致目前的研究结论存在广泛争议。研究综合论述了BSC改变地表微形态对种子传播过程的影响;BSC改变土壤特性（物理、化学、生物学）对种子萌发和幼苗存活与建植等关键环节的影响;并结合种子形态特征及种子萌发、幼苗建植的性状等,综合分析了BSC对种子传播、种子萌发与幼苗建植等更新过程的潜在影响机理;探讨了目前研究矛盾性结论产生的原因。总体来说,深入研究并全面揭示BSC对种子植物更新过程的影响,应加强学科交叉,将分子生物学、植物生理学、生物化学等微观研究,与遥感、野外生态因子过程监测、控制实验等宏观、中观研究结合,从机理到过程方面动态研究BSC对种子植物更新过程的影响,并引入水文模型、气候模型、种群动态模型等模型预测方法,研究气候变化、各类干扰频发的情景下,BSC对种子传播、萌发及幼苗建植过程的潜在影响,以期促进对BSC与种子植物间相互关系的研究,加深对干旱脆弱生态系统植被发展规律的认识。     

相岭山系大、小熊猫主食竹类峨热竹的生长发育与环境因子间的相互关系

1994～1996年,在相岭山系冕宁县治勒自然保护区设点,对大熊猫和小熊猫主食竹类峨热竹与其它环境生态因子间的相互关系进行了长达3a的研究。研究结果表明,峨热竹的生长发育与环境生态因子如海拔、郁闭度、坡度和坡向之间有极其显著的相关关系,环境因子对其株高、基径、密度、发笋率、老笋比例和成竹死亡率等有较大的影响。随海拔高度的增加,竹子变矮变细,老笋比例下降;上层乔木郁闭度增加,竹子变稀,发笋率、老笋比例和成竹死亡率均降低。坡度增大,竹子变稀并且细而矮。阳坡的竹子率发笋高于阴坡。     

不同植被防护措施对三峡库区土质道路边坡侵蚀的影响

为了探明沙湖浮游动物密度、生物量、分布与水环境因子之间的关系,运用多元逐步回归分析、通径分析和典范对应分析方法对2009年4月、7月、10月、2010年1月测定的沙湖浮游动物密度、生物量数据与水环境因子进行多元分析。结果表明:沙湖浮游动物密度与叶绿素a含量、总氮、总磷之间呈显著线性相关,影响沙湖浮游动物密度的主要水环境因子依次为叶绿素a含量、总氮、总磷;浮游动物生物量与叶绿素a含量、总氮、透明度、化学需氧量(CODMn)之间呈显著线性相关,影响浮游动物生物量的主要水环境因子依次为叶绿素a含量、总氮、透明度、化学需氧量;叶绿素a含量和总氮对浮游动物的直接影响作用最强,其他水环境因子主要通过影响叶绿素a含量间接影响浮游动物密度及生物量。浮游动物与水环境因子的CCA排序结果将分别适应不同水环境的16种浮游动物分为3组,叶绿素a含量、化学需氧量、水温和总磷是影响沙湖浮游动物群落特征及时空分布的主要水环境因子。     

环境因子对大亚湾人工鱼礁上附着生物分布的影响

通过对深圳大亚湾人工鱼礁区7个月(2008-04～2008-10)挂板实验,同时监测相应的环境因子指标.以附着生物丰度数据进行了除趋势对应分析(DCA),并根据附着生物丰度数据和7个环境因子进行了典范对应分析(CCA).共鉴定出附着生物54种,物种鉴定结果表明实验试板上的常见种有华美盘管虫 (Hydroides elegans)、三角藤壶( Balanus trigonus)、细肋肌蛤(Musculus mirandus)等.DCA种类排序图可明显地看出每种附着生物都有自己的分布中心和分布区域;CCA分析结果表明深度、透明度、溶解氧是影响附着生物群落变化的最主要环境因子,其次是盐度和温度.CCA排序图较好地反映了人工鱼礁上附着生物分布与各环境因子的相互关系.     

上海市蕨类植物分布特点及其与环境因子关系分析

在查阅资料和标本基础上,对上海市33个样地蕨类植物进行了野外调查,初步确定了上海市自然分布的蕨类植物23科31属50种,并讨论了归化种与栽培种及曾有记录而可能消亡的种类。采用双向指示种法（TWINSPAN）和典范对应分析（CCA）方法对蕨类植物分布特点及其与环境因子关系进行了分析。结果表明：（1）蕨类分布的样点可分为3组,第1组为市区样点,种数为0～4种;第2组为市郊样点,种数为0～8种;第3组为佘山岛、佘山地区、大金山岛,是上海蕨类最丰富地区,种数达26种以上。（2）影响上海蕨类植物生长的主要环境因子为基质、郁闭度和人为干扰。     

次生栎林蒸腾强度与生态因子的关系

采用多元回归分析和灰色关联分析方法,探讨下蜀次生栎林蒸腾强度与生态因子的相关关系。研究认为用二次工咕次多项式回归方程和指数回归方程拟合更能反映各生态因子在整个生长季中与蒸腾强度关系的性质。影响蒸腾强度的主要生态因子是温度和净辐射;其次是空气相对湿度和土壤热流通量;风速和土壤含水率的影响很小。灰色关联分析与多元回归分析的结论一致。研究结果为进一步阐明次生栎林的结构和功能提供了理论基础。     

Multivariate geostatistical methods for analysis of relationships between ecological indicators and environmental factors at multiple spatial scales

As all biodiversity-related variables, ecological indicators are influenced by environmental factors working at different spatial scales. However, assessing the relationship between environmental factors and ecological indicators is limited to a set of spatial scales determined a priori. This a priori assumption can hide important relationships, especially for ecological indicators with a complex spatial structure that can be driven, for example, by the influence of multiple pollutants with different dispersion ranges or by the influence of local and regional factors such as land-cover and climate. To relate ecological indicators and environmental factors without assuming a priori spatial scales of analysis, we used a Linear Model of Coregionalization. This method has been used in literature to analyze the joint distribution of biodiversity variables. Here we show that it can be used to gain insight into spatial patterns of relationships between ecological indicators and underlying environmental factors. We applied this method to a region of south-west Europe, relating data from land-cover, altitude and climate with an ecological indicator, the abundance of fruticose lichen species, known to be very sensitive to multiple environmental factors. Based on variogram analysis we identified distinct spatial scales of relationships between the ecological indicator and environmental factors. For each spatial scale we described relationships using Principal Component Analysis applied to the coregionalization matrices. This way we could assess how strong the relationship between each environmental factor and ecological indicator at each spatial scale was: at medium scales (c. 15 km) open spaces areas (a proxy for particle emissions) were more important; at larger scales (c. 45 km) open spaces, artificial areas (a proxy for gaseous pollutants) and also climate were preponderant. Thus, multivariate geostatistics provided a tool to improve knowledge on relationships between ecological indicators and environmental factors at multiple spatial scales without setting a priori spatial scales of analysis.     

黄土高原植被覆盖与水热时空通径分析

探究黄土高原地区气象因子对植被覆盖的影响作用以丰富生态修复理论。基于黄土高原2001—2017年归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)与气象数据,采用通径分析方法分别从时间和空间尺度上,分析黄土高原气温和降水对植被覆盖变化的直接及间接影响作用,为该地区生态建设提供科学依据。结果如下：黄土高原地区年际间植被明显波动增长,降水变化大体上与植被变化相似;降水整体较气温对植被覆盖变化的作用大。黄土高原植被与水热空间关系的最优分析尺度为80km,在80km空间尺度上,植被与气温有最大相关性,植被、降水由东南到西北递减,而气温分布规律不显著;降水整体呈现促进作用,气温的抑制作用较强,且空间差异明显。在时间与空间尺度上,植被主要受水热促进尤其是降水促进影响,且降水对植被生长的直接作用远大于通过气温的间接作用;不论生态区还是植被类型,气候因子作用均以促进类型为主,但存在明显差异。水热作用在时空尺度上具有明显空间差异性,不同地区影响植被变化的主控因子不同。     

Effects of understory dwarf bamboo on soil water and the growth of overstory trees in a dense secondary <Emphasis Type="Italic">Betula ermanii</Emphasis> forest,northern Japan

The effects of understory dwarf bamboo (Sasa kurilensis) on soil water and the growth of overstory trees were studied in a dense secondary forest of Betula ermanii in northern Japan. Four plots were established in a Betula ermanii forest with Sasa kurilensis in the understory. The Sasa was removed in two of the plots. The annual increment of the trunk diameter for each tree was measured in the first two years from the commencement of the experiment. Soil water potential was similar in the plots following significant rainfall, but was found to be greater in the plot without Sasa between rainfall events. This suggests that the removal of Sasa slows the reduction of soil water after rainfall. The relative growth rate of the trunk diameter of Betula ermanii increased with tree size in all of the plots because taller trees strongly suppressed smaller ones in the dense forest. The growth rates of Betula ermanii were higher in the plots without Sasa. However, the difference in growth rates between all of the plots tended to be smaller in smaller size classes, possibly because smaller trees were strongly suppressed by larger ones, irrespective of the presence/absence of Sasa. Therefore, the removal of Sasa increased soil water and encouraged the growth of larger Betula ermanii in dense forest during the first two years after the Sasa was removed. The present study suggests that Sasa can reduce the growth of larger Betula ermanii in dense forest by limiting available soil water to these trees.     

三亚珊瑚礁水域纤毛虫种类组成和数量分布及与环境因子的关系

2004年8月通过对三亚珊瑚礁水域纤毛虫进行表、底层采集分析,共鉴定6纲14目33属58种浮游纤毛虫,其中旋毛纲41种,叶口纲6种,寡膜纲5种,叶咽纲4种,前口纲和伪纤毛纲各1种。在14个目中,以旋毛纲环毛亚纲砂壳目纤毛虫种类最多,达到31种。主要优势种为布氏拟铃虫 Tintinnopsis bütschlii、小拟铃虫 Tintinnopsis minuta、丁丁急游虫Strombidium tintinnodes和具沟急游虫Strombidium sulcatum等,底层纤毛虫数量和种类都较表层高,底、表层平均丰度分别为375个/L和346 个/L,表、底层纤毛虫种类差异明显,表层主要由浮游纤毛虫组成,以旋毛纲环毛亚纲砂壳目纤毛虫为主,急游目纤毛虫次之;而底层主要由缘毛目组成,如长圆靴纤虫 Cothurnia oblonga、透明鞘居虫Vaginicola crystalline、钟虫Vorticella sp.以及吸管目的壳吸管虫 Acineta sp. 等。结果显示,在活珊瑚覆盖率高的站位（S4,S7和S9）纤毛虫数量明显低于珊瑚覆盖率低或没有珊瑚覆盖的站位,这暗示了珊瑚对纤毛虫的摄食作用。典型对应分析结果表明,影响三亚湾海域纤毛虫分布的主要因素有Chla、颗粒悬浮物SS和活性磷,以及水体溶解有机碳含量。通过对纤毛虫数量与环境因子关系的分析表明,三亚湾珊瑚礁水域纤毛虫的数量与叶绿素呈明显的正相关性。