基于无人机遥感的三江源国家公园藏野驴种群数量及生境时空变化研究

藏野驴（Asinus kiang）是青藏高原特有物种,我国一级野生保护动物。三江源国家公园黄河源园区是藏野驴的主要栖息地之一,而生物多样性保护也是国家公园的重要职能,准确了解藏野驴的种群数量及栖息地变化无论是从野生动物保护还是从国家公园建设指导来看均具有重要意义。以三江源国家公园黄河源园区为研究区,利用无人机遥感技术开展藏野驴种群数量调查工作,在此基础上利用选择指数与因子分析揭示藏野驴的生境选择偏好,识别其适宜栖息地范围。并深入探讨近20年藏野驴适宜栖息地的时空变化特征,探讨驱动因素。结果表明：（1）无人机可以有效识别藏野驴个体,在调查样带内共发现藏野驴252头,经过推算2017年春季三江源国家公园黄河源园区内共有藏野驴20989头。（2）藏野驴倾向于选择距居民点1 km以外,距道路1-3 km范围内,距水源1 km以内,且植被覆盖度介于0.4-0.8之间的坡度小于5°的平坦区域做为栖息地。（3）2000-2018年间,三江源国家公园黄河源园区内的藏野驴适宜生境面积增加了330.76 km²,达到4747.10 km²,面积占比增加1.73%,达到了24.85%。这主要是气候变化与人类活动协同作用下导致的水体扩张与植被覆盖度增加驱动的。此外,虽然道路的扩张仅限制了小面积的适宜栖息地增加,但可能造成栖息地连通性下降等更为严重的后果。本研究证明了无人机遥感技术在青藏高原等开阔区域进行野生动物调查及栖息地研究的可行性与优势,相关技术方法与研究成果可为三江源国家公园生物多样性保护工作提供参考与支撑。     

道路对三江源国家公园黄河源园区藏野驴和藏原羚种群数量及其栖息地的影响

为探究道路对三江源国家公园黄河源园区藏野驴(Equus kiang)和藏原羚(Procapra picticaudata)种群数量及其栖息地的影响,于2020年冷季采用截线取样法在黄河源园区进行实地调查.通过设置4种不同等级的道路情景,使用MaxEnt模型评价藏野驴和藏原羚的生境适宜性,模拟了不同等级道路变量情景下两种...     

基于生态位模型的艾比湖国家级自然保护区马鹿生境评价

生境评价和预测是对濒危物种进行有效保护的基础。通过2013年9月和2014年10月对新疆艾比湖国家级自然保护区开展2次秋季野外调查共收集了92处马鹿(Cervuselaphus)出现数据,利用马鹿出现数据作为分布点数据,选取地形、植被类型和气候因子3类23种因子作为生境变量,利用MAXENT生态位模型分析了新疆艾比湖国家级自然保护区马鹿秋季生境适宜性分布特征和主要生境因子对马鹿分布的影响。结果表明:模型预测结果较高,平均AUC(area under the curve,受试工作者曲线下面值)值为0.976;Jackknife检验结果显示:最热月最高温度对马鹿生境分布的影响较大。植被类型和坡度对马鹿生境分布的影响不大。海拔、年降雨量、气温日较差和最热季平均温度是影响马鹿生境分布的主要生境因子。马鹿秋季生境划分为高适宜、次适宜、低适宜和不适宜4个等级,马鹿的高适宜生境区主要分布在研究区域的北部,次适宜及低适宜生境区则分布于高适宜生境区的边缘,而不适宜生境区主要集中在西部和东部地区。研究不仅提供了马鹿在艾比湖的实际分布状况,也为马鹿生境和生境因子的关系方面提供了一个重要的科学依据。     

Competitive interactions among raptors in boreal forests

We examined inter-specific interactions among goshawks (Accipiter gentilis), common buzzards (Buteo buteo) and honey buzzards (Pernis apivorus) in western Finland in 1983–1996. Because goshawks are among the largest birds of prey species in boreal forests they may take over the nest of smaller and less-competitive forest-dwelling raptors when searching for suitable places for breeding. Accordingly, more than half of newly established goshawk territories were found on the territories previously occupied by the common buzzard and the honey buzzard. Otherwise, territory sharing between these species was rare. Fledgling production of honey buzzards was not associated with the presence of goshawks, probably owing to the almost 2 months later onset of breeding. This probably decreases competitive interactions between these two species. An intensive interference competition, instead, seemed to be evident between common buzzards and goshawks, because the fledgling production of common buzzards was decreased by 20% as a result of failures during incubation and nestling period in the vicinity (<1 km) of occupied goshawk nests. Similarly, territory occupancy of common buzzards till the next breeding season was significantly reduced in the presence of goshawks. Relatively high proportions of occupied buzzard territories (17%) in the study area were shared by breeding goshawks on the same territory. This suggests that although their diets are dissimilar they inhabit similar habitats and might compete for the available prime nesting habitats within forest landscapes. In addition, goshawks benefit from taking over the complete nests of other raptors, imposing upon the original owners of the nest, because building a large stick nest is probably energetically costly. As a large raptor, the goshawk apparently has a competitive advantage over smaller ones, and may have an ever-increasing impact on smaller birds of prey, if there is a lack of sheltered forests inducing competition for the available nest sites.     

Mapping suitable great ape habitat in and around the Lobéké National Park,South‐East Cameroon

As a result of extensive data collection efforts over the last 20–30 years, there is quite a good understanding of the large‐scale geographic distribution and range limits of African great apes. However, as human activities increasingly fragment great ape spatial distribution, a better understanding of what constitutes suitable great ape habitat is needed to inform conservation and resource extraction management. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) inhabit the Lobéké National Park and its surrounding forest management units (FMUs) in South‐East Cameroon. Both park and neighboring forestry concessions require reliable evidence on key factors driving great ape distribution for their management plans, yet this information is largely missing and incomplete. This study aimed at mapping great ape habitat suitability in the area and at identifying the most influential predictors among three predictor categories, including landscape predictors (dense forest, swampy forest, distance to water bodies, and topography), human disturbance predictors (hunting, deforestation, distance to roads, and population density), and bioclimatic predictor (annual precipitation). We found that about 63% of highly to moderately suitable chimpanzee habitat occurred within the Lobéké National Park, while only 8.4% of similar habitat conditions occurred within FMUs. For gorillas, highly and moderately suitable habitats occurred within the Lobéké National Park and its surrounding FMUs (82.6% and 65.5%, respectively). Key determinants of suitable chimpanzee habitat were hunting pressure and dense forest, with species occurrence probability optimal at relatively lower hunting rates and at relatively high‐dense forest areas. Key determinants of suitable gorilla habitat were hunting pressure, dense forests, swampy forests, and slope, with species occurrence probability optimal at relatively high‐dense and swampy forest areas and at areas with mild slopes. Our findings show differential response of the two ape species to forestry activities in the study area, thus aligning with previous studies.     

老爷岭南部狍冬季移动、卧息生境选择及其适宜性评价

在动物生境研究中,移动生境和卧息生境是生境研究的焦点。开展移动生境和卧息生境选择,并在此基础上进行生境评价,有利于深入了解动物对移动和卧息生境条件的需求,制定科学合理的栖息地保护计划。以东北虎（Panthera tigris altaica）的主要猎物物种之一-狍（Capreolus pygargus）为研究对象,于2017-2019年冬季积雪覆盖期在老爷岭南部通过随机布设28个大样方和84条用于足迹链跟踪的样线收集狍的移动点和卧息点信息,再结合近年来收集的东北虎出现点,利用广义可加模型（GAM）和最大熵模型（MaxEnt）进行狍移动、卧息生境选择及评价研究。移动生境选择研究表明,狍在移动的过程中偏好选择坡度小、距农田距离>500 m、远离道路、居民点和低海拔或较高海拔的区域;移动生境评价分析表明,移动适宜和次适宜生境面积之和为1318.16 km²,占研究区域面积的51.28%,当加入虎活动点影响因子后,狍移动适宜和次适宜生境面积之和为901.52 km²,适宜和次适宜生境面积之和减少了31.61%。狍卧息生境选择研究表明,水源、农田、道路和雪深是影响狍卧息的关键因素,其中雪深对狍卧息生境选择的贡献率达到70.13%;卧息生境评价表明,卧息适宜和次适宜生境面积之和为1243.77 km²,占研究区域面积的48.39%,当加入虎出现点因子后,适宜生境和次适宜生境面积之和减少了61.00%,仅为485.02 km²。研究认为,虎的出现对狍移动和卧息生境选择均产生影响,虎的活动及捕食行为可能会减少狍的活动范围和频次,狍远离虎活动区域卧息休息,压缩了狍适宜卧息的空间。     

Integrating GIS and expert judgment in a multi-criteria analysis to map and develop a habitat suitability index: A case study of large mammals on the Malayan Peninsula

Many habitat patches in tropical landscapes have become less suitable for wildlife due to an increase in anthropogenic disturbances. An index of habitat suitability based on the ecological factors that collectively determine the suitability of an organism's habitat is important for conservation planning. However, a widely accepted and comprehensive multi-criteria habitat suitability index for umbrella species is still lacking, particularly in areas where information related to the biology and ecology of the species of interest is not available. Therefore we develop preliminary habitat maps and measure the degree of habitat suitability for large mammals, focusing on four umbrella species in the State of Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia: Panthera tigris jacksoni (Malayan tiger), Tapirus indicus (Malayan tapir), Helarctos malayanus malayanus (Malayan sun bear), and Rusa unicolor cambojensis (sambar deer). The former two are endangered and the latter two are vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List. The suitability of habitat patches for each species was measured across the entire study area as well as in nine wildlife protected areas by integrating GIS data and expert opinion. Expert opinions were used as the source of information regarding the stresses faced by the species because there was insufficient information available from ground surveys.We developed an index and maps of habitat suitability for each species, which were then integrated to represent a combined index (ranging from 0 to 27) and spatially explicit maps of the area's habitat suitability for large mammals. The average large mammal habitat suitability index value of the State of Selangor (9) indicates that many habitat patches have become unsuitable for such species. Of the nine wildlife protected areas, Fraser's Hill (22), Sungai Dusun (22), and Bukit Kutu (21) are very suitable; Klang Gate (20) and Templers Park (17) are suitable; and the remaining four are unsuitable for large mammals. We assume that this preliminary habitat suitability index and mapping are useful for conservation planning of wildlife habitats at both landscape and regional scales, as well as providing an initial foundation for revision by future research with significant new information.     

江苏盐城自然保护区獐栖息地的质量评价

本研究通过1999 年3 月至2000 年11 月期间的实地调查,利用地理信息系统(GIS)对江苏省盐城自然保护区及周边地区獐在产仔前期、产仔期以及产仔后期栖息地适宜性进行了评价,并对理想状况下獐的潜在栖息地和实际栖息地的范围及分布进行了比较。理想状况下3 个不同时期獐的最适宜栖息地面积分别为361.0 km² 、267. 5 km² 和338. 5 km², 主要分布在保护区核心区、东台市琼港镇南的新东乡滩涂;而实际在各个时期獐的最适宜栖息地面积只有44.75 km² 、36.00 km² 和54. 50 km² ,仅为潜在栖息地的1/7 左右。通过比较獐的潜在栖息地与实际栖息地的综合适宜性指数发现,整个研究地区适合獐生存的栖息地非常少,最适宜栖息地的面积不到总面积的1%,而不适宜的栖息地面积却达到40%,其余大部分均是次适宜的栖息地。由于獐的栖息地受到道路和居民等人为活动的影响,导致大量适宜栖息地丧失。为了有效地保护盐城保护区及周边地区的獐种群,建议减少对滩涂的各种开发活动,保护现有的适宜栖息地,引导当地居民合理利用滩涂资源。     

Habitat Effects on the Breeding Performance of Three Forest-Dwelling Hawks

Habitat loss causes population declines, but the mechanisms are rarely known. In the European Boreal Zone, loss of old forest due to intensive forestry is suspected to cause declines in forest-dwelling raptors by reducing their breeding performance. We studied the boreal breeding habitat and habitat-associated breeding performance of the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and European honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus). We combined long-term Finnish bird-of-prey data with multi-source national forest inventory data at various distances (100–4000 m) around the hawk nests. We found that breeding success of the goshawk was best explained by the habitat within a 2000-m radius around the nests; breeding was more successful with increasing proportions of old spruce forest and water, and decreasing proportions of young thinning forest. None of the habitat variables affected significantly the breeding success of the common buzzard or the honey buzzard, or the brood size of any of the species. The amount of old spruce forest decreased both around goshawk and common buzzard nests and throughout southern Finland in 1992–2010. In contrast, the area of young forest increased in southern Finland but not around hawk nests. We emphasize the importance of studying habitats at several spatial and temporal scales to determine the relevant species-specific scale and to detect environmental changes. Further effort is needed to reconcile the socioeconomic and ecological functions of forests and habitat requirements of old forest specialists.     

基于MAXENT模型的贺兰山西坡啮齿动物生境适宜性评价

贺兰山因其拥有独特的植物垂直分布带而十分适宜啮齿动物生存,但自保护区生态恢复以来并未见有研究评价啮齿动物在贺兰山的生境适宜性,使得其分布现状未知。使用GIS技术和MAXENT模型对内蒙古贺兰山国家级自然保护区6种主要啮齿动物进行生境适宜性状况评价及预测,探究啮齿动物在贺兰山的分布现状。结果表明：影响6种啮齿动物的主要环境因子为海拔、坡度和距矿区距离,海拔越高、坡度越大及距矿区距离越近均使啮齿动物生存适宜性降低;两两鼠种生境适宜面积叠加发现,大林姬鼠和阿拉善黄鼠适宜生境重叠面积最大(261.37 km~2),短尾仓鼠和子午沙鼠的适宜生境重叠面积最小(19.00 km~2);6种主要鼠种均适宜的生境面积交集仅有17.14 km~2,占贺兰山总面积的0.47%,6种主要鼠种均不适宜的生境面积有2985.23 km~2,占贺兰山总面积的81.21%。研究表明,啮齿动物栖息地距矿区距离仍是影响其适宜生境的重要因素之一,建议相关部门加强对废弃矿区采取措施,改善保护区啮齿动物生境质量。     

基于最大熵模型的野生马麝夏季生境适宜性研究

野生马麝(Moschus chrysogaster)是珍稀濒危资源动物,分布于我国青藏高原及周边地区。甘肃兴隆山国家级自然保护区是野生马麝最重要的分布区之一,深入了解保护区的生境结构、质量及分布是对区域内野生马麝进行成功保护的前提和基础,但迄今缺乏大尺度的马麝生境适宜性研究。利用实地调查得到的兴隆山保护区的野生马麝夏季分布点数据,采用最大熵(MaxEnt)模型,结合地形、归一化植被指数、距河流距离、距道路距离等环境变量数据,进行野生马麝的夏季生境适宜性分析。结果表明：影响野生马麝夏季生境适宜性的主要生态因子是海拔、坡向、植被和河流,其贡献率分别达40.3%,23.4%,18.6%和10.9%;兴隆山保护区野生马麝的夏季潜在适宜生境分布面积为123.34 km²,占整个保护区的41.11%,占保护区林地的61.92%;野生马麝夏季潜在适宜生境主要集中在保护区的中部和西部,其中高适宜性生境约为保护区的4.47%,各适宜区间及适宜区之内均存在一定程度的不连续分布。为加强对兴隆山保护区野生马麝种群及生境的就地保护,建议通过生境保育措施,提高野生马麝潜在分布区的生境适宜性,...     

Anticipating Knowledge to Inform Species Management: Predicting Spatially Explicit Habitat Suitability of a Colonial Vulture Spreading Its Range

Background

The knowledge of both potential distribution and habitat suitability is fundamental in spreading species to inform in advance management and conservation planning. After a severe decline in the past decades, the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) is now spreading its breeding range towards the northwest in Spain and Europe. Because of its key ecological function, anticipated spatial knowledge is required to inform appropriately both vulture and ecosystem management.

Methodology/Findings

Here we used maximum entropy (Maxent) models to determine the habitat suitability of potential and current breeding distribution of the griffon vulture using presence-only data (N = 124 colonies) in north-western Spain. The most relevant ecological factors shaping this habitat suitability were also identified. The resulting model had a high predictive performance and was able to predict species'' historical distribution. 7.5% (∼1,850 km²) of the study area resulted to be suitable breeding habitat, most of which (∼70%) is already occupied by the species. Cliff availability and livestock density, especially of sheep and goats, around 10 km of the colonies were the fundamental factors determining breeding habitat suitability for this species.

Conclusions/Significance

Griffon vultures could still spread 50–60 km towards the west, increasing their breeding range in 1,782 km². According to our results, 7.22% of the area suitable for griffon vulture will be affected by wind farms, so our results could help to better plan wind farm locations. The approach here developed could be useful to inform management of reintroductions and recovery programmes currently being implemented for both the griffon vulture and other threatened vulture species.     

气候变化背景下青藏高原藏羚羊生境时空格局演变

气候变化可能导致物种分布范围变化甚至导致物种灭绝。为了解气候变化对青藏高原旗舰种和濒危种-藏羚羊（Pantholops hodgsonii）的潜在分布区影响,收集了316个藏羚羊实际点位分布数据和70个文献点位分布数据与温度季节性变化（Bio4）,海拔,最干月降雨（Bio14）等9个影响因子,采用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）进行建模,预测SSP126、SSP585极端压迫情景和SSP245中间压迫情景下的T1（2001-2018年）,T2（2021-2040年）,T3（2041-2060年）,T4（2061-2080年）,T5（2081-2100年）5个时期的潜在分布区。研究结果表明：（1）在不同气候变化情景下,藏羚羊核心生境主要分布在可可西里、羌塘、阿尔金国家级自然保护区和三江源国家公园;（2）温度季节性变化（Bio4）和海拔被认为是最关键的两个环境因子;（3）随着温室气体排放强度的增强,藏羚羊的核心区生境向高海拔和高纬度地区扩张;（4）有43.18%的保护空缺区在保护区外,未受到有效保护。总之,研究藏羚羊的地理分布对于气候变化的响应与适应,根据适宜生境演变规律做出有效的保护措施,对藏羚羊种群的长期监测、保护、有效管理甚至重建具有重要现实意义。     

Identifying climate refugia and its potential impact on Tibetan brown bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus) in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China

Climate change has direct impacts on wildlife and future biodiversity protection efforts. Vulnerability assessment and habitat connectivity analyses are necessary for drafting effective conservation strategies for threatened species such as the Tibetan brown bear (Ursus arctos pruinosus). We used the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to assess the current (1950–2000) and future (2041–2060) habitat suitability by combining bioclimatic and environmental variables, and identified potential climate refugia for Tibetan brown bears in Sanjiangyuan National Park, China. Next, we selected Circuit model to simulate potential migration paths based on current and future climatically suitable habitat. Results indicate a total area of potential suitable habitat under the current climate scenario of approximately 31,649.46 km², of which 28,778.29 km² would be unsuitable by the 2050s. Potentially suitable habitat under the future climate scenario was projected to cover an area of 23,738.6 km². Climate refugia occupied 2,871.17 km², primarily in the midwestern and northeastern regions of Yangtze River Zone, as well as the northern region of Yellow River Zone. The altitude of climate refugia ranged from 4,307 to 5,524 m, with 52.93% lying at altitudes between 4,300 and 4,600 m. Refugia were mainly distributed on bare rock, alpine steppe, and alpine meadow. Corridors linking areas of potentially suitable brown bear habitat and a substantial portion of paths with low‐resistance value were distributed in climate refugia. We recommend various actions to ameliorate the impact of climate change on brown bears, such as protecting climatically suitable habitat, establishing habitat corridors, restructuring conservation areas, and strengthening monitoring efforts.     

祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地适宜性评价

雪豹是全球生物多样性保护的旗舰物种,精准评估雪豹栖息地质量可为其种群保护提供科学参考。本文选取地形、气候、植被类型和人为干扰等环境因子,采用景观连接度和MaxEnt模型两种方法,对祁连山国家公园青海片区雪豹栖息地质量进行评价。结果表明：高适宜栖息地主要分布在研究区的西部和中部,适宜面积占青海片区总面积的71.8%～77.5%,两种方法预测的适宜栖息地重叠区为8 979.1 km2,占青海片区总面积的56.7%;39.8%～43.3%的适宜栖息地分布在一般控制区,56.7%～60.2%的适宜栖息地分布在核心保护区;疏勒河源区适宜栖息地面积最多,石羊河源区适宜栖息地面积最少,黑河源区适宜栖息地面积占比最高,约为77.1%～91.8%。适宜栖息地面积整体呈现自东向西递增的趋势。一般控制区分布有较大面积的雪豹栖息地,人类活动将是一般控制区雪豹栖息地的潜在威胁。本研究对优化雪豹就地保护措施提供科学借鉴与参考。     

Spatial and temporal overlap of caracal and serval in Serengeti National Park,Tanzania

Understanding activity and habitat use are important for identifying mechanisms facilitating species co-occurrence. We studied habitat use and activity patterns of caracals (Caracal caracal) and servals (Leptailurus serval), primarily nocturnal, mid-sized felids that prey extensively on small mammals and co-occur in portions of sub-Saharan Africa. Spatial and temporal patterns of segregation were investigated in a 1,085-km² area of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania from 2010–2012. We used occupancy analysis to quantify habitat use and kernel density estimators and Mardia–Watson–Wheleer tests to analyse activity patterns. We found evidence for habitat divergence but high temporal overlap between species. Servals selected for grassland and avoided shrubland and wooded grassland. In contrast, the findings showed that caracals avoided grassland and woodland–shrubland; however, 73% of caracals were detected in wooded grassland. Overall, caracals and servals co-occurred independently, Species Interaction Factor, (phi = 1). This indicates that differential use of habitats in part facilitated coexistence of caracals and servals. Proper management of the declining grasslands including other habitats are recommended to facilitate continued coexistence. Additional studies, including feeding ecology, would be important to further understand mechanisms facilitating coexistence between caracals and servals.     

基于目标物种栖息地适宜性和景观特征的保护地功能区划研究——以甘肃多儿国家级自然保护区为例

生境的破碎化是导致物种濒危的主要原因之一,功能区划是对保护地进行空间布局和提升保护成效的重要手段。通过对生境进行适宜性评价,进而指导合理区划,是提升保护地功能的重要措施。基于目前保护地功能区划中存在与目标物种适宜栖息地空间格局不一致、与周边联系紧密性不足、边缘效应明显等问题,以甘肃多儿国家级大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)自然保护区为例,根据现有保护地区划景观特征,通过扩大研究尺度和开展栖息地适宜性评价,结合适宜栖息地异质性和功能区的景观特征,基于提升适宜栖息地完整性和连接度调整保护区功能区划,并通过比较区划前、后景观特征和栖息地适宜性的变化以及大熊猫的空间利用来评估本研究方法的有效性。研究表明：基于本方法的新区划核心区适宜栖息地增加了16.03%,被保护的优质栖息地增加,核心区内缘比由调整前的5.35和6.32下降至3.97,被保护的优质栖息地增加,边缘效应明显减小,提高了保护区适宜栖息地的完整性,加强了和周边优质栖息地的联系,有助于提升核心区的环境容纳量,增强抵御外来干扰的能力,改善大熊猫的生存状况,促进所在区域的种群交流。     

Livestock-driven land use change to model species distributions: Egyptian vulture as a case study

Species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used to predict species ranges and their shifts under future scenarios of global environmental change (GEC). SDMs are thus incorporating key drivers of GEC (e.g. climate, land use) to improve predictions of species’ habitat suitability (i.e. as an indicator of species occurrence). Yet, most SDMs incorporating land use only consider dominant land cover types, largely ignoring other key aspects of land use such as land management intensity and livestock. We developed SDMs including main land use components (i.e. land cover, livestock and its management intensity) to assess their relative importance in shaping habitat suitability for the Egyptian vulture, an endangered raptor linked to livestock presence. We modelled current and future (2020 and 2050) habitat suitability for this vulture using an organism-centred approach. This allowed us to account for basic species’ habitat needs (i.e. nesting cliff) while gaining insight into our variables of interest (i.e. livestock and land cover). Once nest-site requirements were fulfilled, land use variables (i.e. openland and sheep and goat density) were the main factors determining species’ habitat suitability. Current suitable area could decrease by up to 6.81% by 2050 under scenarios with rapid economic growth but no focus on environmental conservation and rural development. Local solutions to environmental sustainability and rural development could double current habitat suitability by 2050. Land use is expected to play a key role in determining Egyptian vulture's distribution through land cover change but also through changes in livestock management (i.e. species and stocking density). Change in stocking densities (sheep and goats/km²) becomes thus an indicator of habitat suitability for this vulture in our study area. Abandonment of agro-pastoral practises (i.e. below ∼15–20 sheep and goats/km²) will negatively influence the species distribution. Nonetheless, livestock densities above these values will not further increase habitat suitability. Given the widespread impacts of livestock on ecosystems, the role of livestock and its management intensity in SDMs for other (non-livestock-related) species should be further explored.     

三江源国家公园兽类物种多样性及区系分析

为了解三江源国家公园野生兽类的分布现状,2015-2017年对园区进行了实地调查。根据调查结果并参考相关文献资料,三江源国家公园内野生兽类共62种,分别隶属8目19科44属。园区内兽类呈现出物种多样性高,珍稀濒危物种多,特有种多的特点：三江源国家公园内的兽类物种多样性G-F指数为0.77,表明该区域物种多样性处于很高水平。根据中国物种红色名录,20个物种受威胁（极危、濒危和易危）,比例为32.26%,远高于国家整体水平;中国或青藏高原特有种29种,占46.77%。三江源国家公园在动物地理区划上属于古北界青藏区,在地理分布型上,以古北界成分为主,东洋界成分为辅,以古北界高山型成分最多,有25种,且资源量大,表明三江源国家公园的兽类以适应高寒气候的特殊种类为主。3个园区的平均动物区系相似性比较结果表明,长江源园区与澜沧江源园区为共同关系,黄河源园区与长江源园区和澜沧江源园区为密切关系。近些年,三江源地区的兽类保护工作取得了很好的效果,并得到国内外认可,本研究结合园区生物多样性和区系特点,根据保护现状,提出了今后的监测保护建议。     

Nesting habitat overlap between the Common Buzzard Buteo buteo and the Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina for conservation planning in Natura 2000 sites

Capsule: The nesting habitat of the Common Buzzard Buteo buteo and Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina extensively overlap, indicating that they exploit similar resources.

Aim: We aimed to determine the overlap in the nest platforms, nest trees and nest stands used by these raptors, find any evidence for the avoidance of the larger Lesser Spotted Eagle by the smaller Common Buzzard, and provide conservation implications for habitat protection of the former species in habitats that overlap extensively.

Methods: Nest sites were mapped during 2012–2014 in the Bir?ai Forest Spatial Protection Area, northern Lithuania. Fifty-three nest sites occupied by Common Buzzards and 26 by Lesser Spotted Eagles were compared.

Results: The nest platforms of both raptors were similarly placed in the tree canopies. Most Lesser Spotted Eagle nests were built in spruce, while the Common Buzzard usually nested in birch. The nest stands of the eagles were on wetter soil and located closer to the forest edge than those of the buzzards, otherwise, the nest stands did not differ significantly. There was no evidence for spatial avoidance of the larger raptor by the Common Buzzard.

Conclusions: The different components of the nesting habitats extensively overlapped, and the distribution of the interspecific pairs lacked spatial avoidance. We suggest that the nest sites of both raptors were a largely shared resource, especially if located close to the forest edges. We propose, as a rule of thumb, applying protection by way of buffer zones around buzzard nest sites if they are located close to eagle nest sites and the forest edge.