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1.
- Brood parasitism is a breeding strategy adopted by many species of cuckoos across the world. This breeding strategy influences the evolution of life histories of brood parasite species.
- In this study, we tested whether the degree on diet specialization is related to the breeding strategy in cuckoo species, by comparing brood parasite and nonparasite species. We measured the gradient of diet specialization of cuckoos, by calculating the Gini coefficient, an index of inequality, on the multiple traits describing the diet of species. The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion on a scale between 0 and 1, reflecting a gradient from low to high specialization, respectively. First, we tested the strength of the phylogenetic signal of diet specialization index among cuckoo species worldwide. Then, we ran phylogenetic generalized least square (PGLS) models to compare diet specialization, distribution range, and body mass of parasitic and nonparasitic cuckoo species, considering the phylogenetic signal of data.
- After adjusting for the phylogenetic signal of the data and considering both, species distribution range and species body mass, brood parasitic cuckoos were characterized by higher diet specialization than nonbrood parasitic species. Brood parasitic species were also characterized by a larger breeding distribution range than nonparasitic species.
- The findings of this study provide an additional understanding of the cuckoos’ ecology, relating diet and breeding strategies, information that could be important in conservation ecology.
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- Across environmental gradients, some functional strategies are favoured over others resulting in differences in local species composition and distribution of any given functional trait. This generates among‐Species Trait Variability (STV) across the gradient (reflecting species turnover), as well as spatial Intraspecific Trait Variability (ITV), which together contribute to Community Trait Variability (CTV). Understanding functional trait responses of freshwater biota is critical for elucidating the mechanisms that operate during community assembly and addressing community level responses to climate warming.
- In freshwater insects, temperature and ecological conditions regulate growth rates. Here, we examined size‐related trait variability components of short‐dispersing stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera) within and among multispecies stonefly assemblages (henceforth referred to as communities), located along an elevational gradient in Sierra Nevada (Spain) to assess the components of trait‐elevation matching (STV, ITV, CTV).
- Relative to downstream reaches, headwaters hypothetically show greater internal physical habitat heterogeneity (large exposed rocks, tree roots, woody debris) and greater local species richness of cool‐water adapted stoneflies. As a result, we expected CTV to increase with elevation, with a higher contribution of STV than ITV in upper reaches due to higher species richness and trait divergence among them. In contrast, the pattern of ITV should vary depending on whether the main driver across elevation is species richness (decrease due to niche partitioning) or ecological conditions (increase associated to physical habitat heterogeneity).
- Eleven streams were sampled every 2 weeks over 1 year and five size‐related traits were measured on 6,893 individuals belonging to 16 species. Overall, STV made a much larger contribution to CTV than ITV, which only became an important contributor in species‐poor assemblages, especially in winter and autumn. Within each season, the trait‐elevation matching was weak. Functional species‐specific responses to the elevational gradient most often did not mirror the response of the entire communities, since highly variable (and even opposed or discontinuous) contributions to ITV were found across species.
- Overall, ITV contributed little to trait‐elevation matching, which suggests high vulnerability of short‐dispersing stoneflies to habitat shifting associated to future climate warming due to limited phenotypic plasticity. Moreover, varying functional trait patterns across species emphasise species‐specific responses to climate change as opposed to a unique whole community response. However, further trait‐based macroecological studies across freshwater macroinvertebrates lineages are needed to compare patterns and establish generalisations.
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Microbes are critical components of ecosystems and provide vital services (e.g., photosynthesis, decomposition, nutrient recycling). From the diverse roles microbes play in natural ecosystems, high levels of functional diversity result. Quantifying this diversity is challenging, because it is weakly associated with morphological differentiation. In addition, the small size of microbes hinders morphological and behavioral measurements at the individual level, as well as interactions between individuals. Advances in microbial community genetics and genomics, flow cytometry and digital analysis of still images are promising approaches. They miss out, however, on a very important aspect of populations and communities: the behavior of individuals. Video analysis complements these methods by providing in addition to abundance and trait measurements, detailed behavioral information, capturing dynamic processes such as movement, and hence has the potential to describe the interactions between individuals. We introduce BEMOVI, a package using the R and ImageJ software, to extract abundance, morphology, and movement data for tens to thousands of individuals in a video. Through a set of functions BEMOVI identifies individuals present in a video, reconstructs their movement trajectories through space and time, and merges this information into a single database. BEMOVI is a modular set of functions, which can be customized to allow for peculiarities of the videos to be analyzed, in terms of organisms features (e.g., morphology or movement) and how they can be distinguished from the background. We illustrate the validity and accuracy of the method with an example on experimental multispecies communities of aquatic protists. We show high correspondence between manual and automatic counts and illustrate how simultaneous time series of abundance, morphology, and behavior are obtained from BEMOVI. We further demonstrate how the trait data can be used with machine learning to automatically classify individuals into species and that information on movement behavior improves the predictive ability. 相似文献
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Trait‐based approaches may improve understanding in ecology by linking environmental variation to fitness‐related characteristics of species. Most trait–environment studies focus on assemblage‐level relationships; yet intraspecific trait variation is important for community, ecosystem, and evolutionary processes, and has substantial implications for these approaches. Assessing population‐level trait–environment relationships could test the generality of trait models whilst assessing intraspecific variation. We evaluated the generality of the trilateral life history model (TLHM opportunistic, periodic, and equilibrium endpoints) for fishes – a well‐studied trait–environment model at the assemblage level – to populations of three stream fishes in the Midwestern United States in relation to flow regime. The TLHM adequately described major trade‐offs in traits amongst populations in all species. Some TLHM flow‐based predictions were confirmed, with periodic traits (high fecundity) favoured at sites with greater flow seasonality and lower flow variability in two species, and equilibrium traits (large eggs) in more stable flow conditions in two species. Size at maturity was also inversely related to variability in one species. However, relationships contradicting the TLHM were also found. Coupled with the explanatory power of the TLHM for populations, supporting relationships suggest that synthesizing habitat template models with demographic life history theory could be valuable. Trait–environment models that are well‐supported at multiple levels of biological organization could improve understanding of the impacts of environmental change on populations and communities and the valuable ecosystem services that they support. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Species enter and persist in local communities because of their ecological fit to local conditions, and recently, ecologists have moved from measuring diversity as species richness and evenness, to using measures that reflect species ecological differences. There are two principal approaches for quantifying species ecological differences: functional (trait‐based) and phylogenetic pairwise distances between species. Both approaches have produced new ecological insights, yet at the same time methodological issues and assumptions limit them. Traits and phylogeny may provide different, and perhaps complementary, information about species' differences. To adequately test assembly hypotheses, a framework integrating the information provided by traits and phylogenies is required. We propose an intuitive measure for combining functional and phylogenetic pairwise distances, which provides a useful way to assess how functional and phylogenetic distances contribute to understanding patterns of community assembly. Here, we show that both traits and phylogeny inform community assembly patterns in alpine plant communities across an elevation gradient, because they represent complementary information. Differences in historical selection pressures have produced variation in the strength of the trait‐phylogeny correlation, and as such, integrating traits and phylogeny can enhance the ability to detect assembly patterns across habitats or environmental gradients. 相似文献
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A global meta‐analysis of the relative extent of intraspecific trait variation in plant communities 
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下载免费PDF全文 Andrew Siefert Cyrille Violle Loïc Chalmandrier Cécile H. Albert Adrien Taudiere Alex Fajardo Lonnie W. Aarssen Christopher Baraloto Marcos B. Carlucci Marcus V. Cianciaruso Vinícius de L. Dantas Francesco de Bello Leandro D. S. Duarte Carlos R. Fonseca Grégoire T. Freschet Stéphanie Gaucherand Nicolas Gross Kouki Hikosaka Benjamin Jackson Vincent Jung Chiho Kamiyama Masatoshi Katabuchi Steven W. Kembel Emilie Kichenin Nathan J. B. Kraft Anna Lagerström Yoann Le Bagousse‐Pinguet Yuanzhi Li Norman Mason Julie Messier Tohru Nakashizuka Jacob McC. Overton Duane A. Peltzer I. M. Pérez‐Ramos Valério D. Pillar Honor C. Prentice Sarah Richardson Takehiro Sasaki Brandon S. Schamp Christian Schöb Bill Shipley Maja Sundqvist Martin T. Sykes Marie Vandewalle David A. Wardle 《Ecology letters》2015,18(12):1406-1419
Recent studies have shown that accounting for intraspecific trait variation (ITV) may better address major questions in community ecology. However, a general picture of the relative extent of ITV compared to interspecific trait variation in plant communities is still missing. Here, we conducted a meta‐analysis of the relative extent of ITV within and among plant communities worldwide, using a data set encompassing 629 communities (plots) and 36 functional traits. Overall, ITV accounted for 25% of the total trait variation within communities and 32% of the total trait variation among communities on average. The relative extent of ITV tended to be greater for whole‐plant (e.g. plant height) vs. organ‐level traits and for leaf chemical (e.g. leaf N and P concentration) vs. leaf morphological (e.g. leaf area and thickness) traits. The relative amount of ITV decreased with increasing species richness and spatial extent, but did not vary with plant growth form or climate. These results highlight global patterns in the relative importance of ITV in plant communities, providing practical guidelines for when researchers should include ITV in trait‐based community and ecosystem studies. 相似文献
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Pierre Denelle Cyrille Violle DivGrass Consortium François Munoz 《Journal of Biogeography》2020,47(9):1922-1933
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A fundamental yet elusive goal of ecology is to predict the structure of communities from the environmental conditions they experience. Trait‐based approaches to terrestrial plant communities have shown that functional traits can help reveal the mechanisms underlying community assembly, but such approaches have not been tested on the microbes that dominate ecosystem processes in the ocean. Here, we test whether functional traits can explain community responses to seasonal environmental fluctuation, using a time series of the phytoplankton of the English Channel. We show that interspecific variation in response to major limiting resources, light and nitrate, can be well‐predicted by lab‐measured traits characterising light utilisation, nitrate utilisation and maximum growth rate. As these relationships were predicted a priori, using independently measured traits, our results show that functional traits provide a strong mechanistic foundation for understanding the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. 相似文献
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M. C. Albassatneh J.-Y. Dubuisson M. Escudero B. Fady L. Ponger S. Muller 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2023,25(4):631-645
- The tree flora of the Mediterranean Basin contains an outstanding taxonomic richness and a high proportion of endemic taxa. Contrary to other regions of the Mediterranean biome, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the relationship between phylogenetic diversity, trait diversity and environmental factors in a spatial ecological context is lacking.
- We inferred the first calibrated phylogeny of 203 native tree species occurring in the European Mediterranean Basin based on 12 DNA regions. Using a set of four functional traits, we computed phylogenetic diversity for all 10,042 grid cells of 10 × 10 km spatial resolution to completely cover Mediterranean Europe. Then, we tested the spatial influence of environmental factors on tree diversity.
- Our results suggest that the nature of the relationship between traits and phylogeny varies among the different studied traits and according to the evolutionary distance considered. Phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity of European Mediterranean trees correlated strongly with species richness. High values of these diversity indices were located in the north of the study area, at high altitude, and minimum temperature of the coldest month. In contrast, the two phylogenetic indices that were not correlated with species richness (Mean Phylogenetic Distance, Phylogenetic Species Variability) were located in the south of the study area and were positively correlated with high altitude, soil organic carbon stock and sand soil texture.
- Our study provides support for the use of phylogenies in conservation biology to assess ecosystem functioning, and provides insights for the implementation of sustainable forest ecosystem management.
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中国迁徙鸣禽类的保护面对着与世界其他地区如欧洲和北美洲鸟类保护相似的挑战.迁徙鸣禽类具有复杂生活周期和很大的空间关联.迁徙过程中发生的事件对迁徙鸣禽类种群动态具有决定作用.对于鸣禽类迁徙中途停歇期的生态,比如停歇期的长短,能量的积累,生境的利用等,了解还非常有限.在中国东北部的一个鸟类迁徙停歇地对红胁蓝尾鸲（Tarsiger cyanurus）的中途停歇生态包括迁徙时间、停歇时间、能量状态和性比进行了研究.2002年秋和2003年春分别捕获了1751只和684只红胁蓝尾鸲.红胁蓝尾鸲的体重在秋季迁徙时要比在春季迁徙时重.春季雌性红胁蓝尾鸲停歇时的能量状态指数最低;而秋季的红胁蓝尾鸲比春季的红胁蓝尾鸲停歇时间更长.无论季节和性别,红胁蓝尾鸲的能量状态指数和第1次捕获的时间早晚成正相关,间接证明红胁蓝尾鸲在停歇期间能够比较快地积累能量.秋季雄性红胁蓝尾鸲日体重净增率最大.估测秋季停歇期的每日能量净增能维持红胁蓝尾鸲雌性0.6h和雄性3.1h的飞行.红胁蓝尾鸲的中途停歇生态与北美和欧洲一些迁徙鸣禽类很相似.比如,春季迁徙过境的时间和脂肪积累的变化与自然选择对雄性的要求：当食物和气候适宜时尽快到达繁殖地的假设是一致的.对迁徙中途的停歇生态研究有利于更好地了解鸟类的迁徙行为和更有效地保护迁徙鸣禽类. 相似文献
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Xinghui Lu Runguo Zang Yi Ding Susan G. Letcher Wenxing Long Yunfeng Huang 《Biotropica》2014,46(4):404-414
The seedling stage is generally the most important bottleneck for the successful regeneration of trees in forests. The traits of seedlings, particularly biomass allocation and root traits, are more easily quantified than the traits of adults. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that seedling traits vary and trade‐off tracking the changing environment during secondary succession. We measured the major morphological traits of 27 dominant species and the major environmental factors in a chronosequence (30‐yr‐old fallow, 60‐yr‐old fallow, and old growth forest) after shifting cultivation in a tropical lowland rain forest on Hainan Island, China. The 30‐yr‐old fallow had higher light and nutrient availability, and the older forests had higher soil water content. Redundancy analysis based on species abundance and environmental factors revealed groups of seedlings that dominate in different stages of succession. Seedlings in different stages of succession had different strategies of biomass allocation for harvesting resources that varied in availability. Species characteristic of younger forest had higher allocation to roots and higher specific leaf area, while species characteristic of older forest had higher allocation to leaves. Our study suggests that the variations and trade‐offs in the major functional traits of tree seedlings among successional classes may reflect changes in environmental conditions during succession. 相似文献
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Juliana Monteiro Miguel Brilhante Inês Domingues Rute Amaro Dulce Gonalves Teresa Cavaco Gonalo Fonseca Helena C. Serrano Cristina Branquinho 《Restoration Ecology》2020,28(3):687-696
Green walls (GWs) have been increasingly recognized as an important restoration technique for steep slopes resulting from quarrying activities or major infrastructure construction projects. In practice, GW irrigation is considered essential, although studies evaluating vegetation establishment under different irrigation regimes are lacking. Besides taxonomic metrics, functional diversity measures were used to compare the diversity and composition of plant communities of two hydroseeded GWs, with different irrigation regimes (irrigated vs. low‐irrigated). The studied GWs were installed in Peneda‐Gerês National Park (NW Portugal) to minimize the visual impact of shotcrete walls, along a road infrastructure, and promote their ecological restoration. Species' cover was recorded 3 years after installation. Species were classified according to their growth form, life form, and life strategy. Despite hydroseeding approximately 57 species, GW vegetation was dominated by spontaneous species, particularly acrocarpous mosses, regardless of irrigation regime. Species and functional richness were higher under irrigated conditions, while no differences were observed for species diversity and functional dispersion. Functional trait composition did not differ between GWs, indicating that both systems potentially provide the same ecosystem functions and services. Our results also suggest that spontaneous species colonizing GWs are highly adapted to local environmental conditions, given their dominance in both irrigated and low‐irrigated communities. Overall, irrigation did not affect the structure and functioning of GW communities, only their redundancy, since more species exhibiting similar traits were established in the irrigated GW. Therefore, our findings suggest that low‐irrigated GWs, hydroseeded with native species, represent a more cost‐effective solution to reduce the ecological impacts of steep slopes. 相似文献
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Jeroen Raes Ivica Letunic Takuji Yamada Lars Juhl Jensen Peer Bork 《Molecular systems biology》2011,7(1)
Using metagenomic ‘parts lists’ to infer global patterns on microbial ecology remains a significant challenge. To deduce important ecological indicators such as environmental adaptation, molecular trait dispersal, diversity variation and primary production from the gene pool of an ecosystem, we integrated 25 ocean metagenomes with geographical, meteorological and geophysicochemical data. We find that climatic factors (temperature, sunlight) are the major determinants of the biomolecular repertoire of each sample and the main limiting factor on functional trait dispersal (absence of biogeographic provincialism). Molecular functional richness and diversity show a distinct latitudinal gradient peaking at 20°N and correlate with primary production. The latter can also be predicted from the molecular functional composition of an environmental sample. Together, our results show that the functional community composition derived from metagenomes is an important quantitative readout for molecular trait‐based biogeography and ecology. 相似文献
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MARK PYRON LANCE WILLIAMS JAYSON BEUGLY STEPHEN J JACQUEMIN 《Freshwater Biology》2011,56(8):1579-1592
1. The use of trait‐based approaches to examine the ecology of stream fish assemblages is increasing. However, selection of traits that will be useful in testing spatial or temporal hypotheses about ecological organisation is currently limited by availability of data, rather than empirical evaluation. 2. We analysed two data sets of stream fish assemblages to compare taxonomy and trait‐based approaches. The Wabash River temporal data set is based on 25 years of boat electrofishing collections over a 230‐km river distance. The Indiana Department of Environmental Management data set of stream collections in the state of Indiana was selected to represent a spatial database. We compared several trait‐based approaches: reproductive guilds, life history variables, biomonitoring metrics, ecosystem‐based functional guilds and feeding and ecosystem interaction guilds. 3. Analyses of fish assemblages that are designed to detect how environmental variation structures fish assemblages can expect similar results using taxonomic or trait‐based approaches. Results of trait‐based approaches will vary according to the spatial extent of the region and the number of unique entities of trait groups for a given data set. However, taxonomic analyses accounted for more variation than any trait‐based analyses. 相似文献
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Ileyne T. Lopes Carlos O. A. Gussoni Layon O. Demarchi Alexandre de Almeida Marco A. Pizo 《Restoration Ecology》2015,23(5):662-669
We compared the vegetation structure between old (>70 year) stands of planted diversified native forests and stands of Eucalyptus tereticornis embedded in a mosaic of Eucalyptus stands. We then tested for differences in the abundance, species richness, species composition, and ecological traits (forest dependence, sensitivity to forest fragmentation, and diet) of the understory bird assemblages inhabiting both kinds of stands. We expected differences in the structure of the bird assemblages because of the different origins and management strategies (contrary to native stands, Eucalyptus stands were selectively logged in the past). Three stands of each habitat (native and Eucalyptus) were sampled with mist nets during 11 months. Eucalyptus stands had a denser understory, whereas native plantations had a more developed vertical structure and a greater density of native trees. The abundance distribution of bird species was more homogeneous in Eucalyptus than in native stands. Eucalyptus had slightly higher species richness (36 species) than native stands (32 species). The composition of species and the occurrence of the diet, forest dependence, and sensitivity to forest fragmentation categories were similar between habitats. Some bird species (e.g. Turdus leucomelas), however, were more abundant in one habitat over the other. Old stands of Eucalyptus and planted native forest can harbor a diverse bird community similar in structure but not exactly equivalent for individual bird species. Planting native diversified forests and keeping set‐aside stands of the exotic tree should be viewed as complementary rather than alternative strategies for maintaining bird diversity within plantations. 相似文献
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Phylogenetic signal is the tendency for closely related species to display similar trait values as a consequence of their phylogenetic proximity. Ecologists and evolutionary biologists are becoming increasingly interested in studying the phylogenetic signal and the processes which drive patterns of trait values in the phylogeny. Here, we present a new R package, phylosignal which provides a collection of tools to explore the phylogenetic signal for continuous biological traits. These tools are mainly based on the concept of autocorrelation and have been first developed in the field of spatial statistics. To illustrate the use of the package, we analyze the phylogenetic signal in pollution sensitivity for 17 species of diatoms. 相似文献
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