Urease activity of adherent bacteria and rumen fluid bacteria

In experiments on six sheep fed on a low nitrogen diet (3.7 g N/day), urease (EC 3.5.1.5) activity (nkat X mg-1 bacterial dry weight) 3 h after feeding was found to be highest in the bacteria adhering to the rumen wall (13.25 +/- 2.10), lower in the rumen fluid bacteria (8.96 +/- 1.35) and lowest in the bacteria adhering to feed particles in the rumen (5.69 +/- 2.13). The urease activity of bacteria adhering to the rumen wall and of the rumen fluid bacteria of six sheep fed on a high nitrogen diet (21 g N/day) was significantly lower than in sheep with a low N intake and in both cases was roughly the same (3.81 +/- 1.37 and 3.76 +/- 1.02 respectively); it was lowest in bacteria adhering to feed particles in the rumen (1.92 +/- 0.90). It is concluded from the results that the urease activity of rumen fluid bacteria and of bacteria adhering to the rumen wall and to feed particles in the rumen is different and that it falls significantly in the presence of a high nitrogen intake. From the relatively high ureolytic activity of bacteria adhering to the rumen wall in the presence of a low nitrogen intake it is assumed that this is one of the partial mechanisms of the hydrolysis of blood urea entering the rumen across the rumen wall and of its reutilization in the rumen-liver nitrogen cycle in ruminants.     

Tetrachloroethene-dehalogenating bacteria

Tetrachloroethene is a frequent groundwater contaminant often persisting in the subsurface environments. It is recalcitrant under aerobic conditions because it is in a highly oxidized state and is not readily susceptible to oxidation. Nevertheless, at least 15 organisms from different metabolic groups, viz. halorespirators (9), acetogens (2), methanogens (3) and facultative anaerobes (2), that are able to metabolize tetrachloroethene have been isolated as axenic cultures to-date. Some of these organisms couple dehalo-genation to energy conservation and utilize tetrachloroethene as the only source of energy while others dehalogenate tetrachloroethene fortuitously. Halorespiring organisms (halorespirators) utilize halogenated organic compounds as electron acceptors in an anaerobic respiratory process. Different organisms exhibit differences in the final products of tetrachloroethene dehalogenation, some strains convert tetrachloroethene to trichloroethene only, while others also carry out consecutive dehalogenation to dichloroethenes and vinyl chloride. Thus far, only a single organism, 'Dehalococcoides ethenogenes' strain 195, has been isolated which dechlorinates tetrachloroethene all the way down to ethylene. The majority of tetrachloroethene-dehalogenating organisms have been isolated only in the past few years and several of them, i.e., Dehalobacter restrictus, Desulfitobacterium dehalogenans, 'Dehalococcoides ethenogenes', 'Dehalospirillum multivorans', Desulfuromonas chloroethenica, and Desulfomonile tiedjei, are representatives of new taxonomic groups. This contribution summarizes the available information regarding the axenic cultures of the tetrachloroethene-dehalogenating bacteria. The present knowledge about the isolation of these organisms, their physiological characteristics, morphology, taxonomy and their ability to dechlorinate tetrachloroethene is presented to facilitate a comprehensive comparison.     

锰氧化细菌

锰是人体必需微量元素,但锰过多又可造成中枢神经功能紊乱。在自然环境中,微生物直接或者间接地成为锰循环的主要催化剂。在Mn(Ⅱ)的污染及治理中,微生物也成为人们首先考虑的对象。在当前的微生物治理锰污染的研究中,基础研究和应用已经有了较大进展,主要是利用锰氧化微生物氧化Mn(Ⅱ)至Mn(Ⅳ)     

溶藻细菌

利用溶藻细菌防治水华和赤潮,作为富营养化水体藻类生物防治的方法已经受到广泛关注.多项研究表明,许多溶藻细菌能分泌胞外活性物质,对宿主藻类的生长起抑制作用.因此,分离筛选环保、高效、专一的溶藻活性代谢产物,最终开发安全、高效的生物杀藻剂已经日渐成为治理藻类水华和赤潮问题的方法之一.近年来,国内外相关人员和机构对溶藻细菌的溶藻机理以及溶藻活性物质的分离、提纯和鉴定进行了较为深入的基础性研究.     

南极细菌

南极由于其独特的地理、气候和环境特征,形成了一个干燥、酷寒、强辐射的特殊生境,造就了极地微生物的新颖性和多样性。南极不仅是发现微生物新物种的重要资源宝库,也是发现新的药物先导化合物等活性物质的资源宝库,这使其将成为研究低温生物学的良好试验材料及新型活性物质的重要潜在来源。极地微生物的资源勘探与代谢活性产物研发,已成为国内外微生物学领域研究的热点之一[1-4]。