山东苹果园凹唇壁蜂种群的制约因子分析

【目的】凹唇壁蜂Osmia excavata Alflken是山东苹果园的主要授粉昆虫,明确影响凹唇壁蜂种群的自然因子,对于发挥其传粉生态服务功能有重要意义【方法】本文应用生命表方法,比较研究了山东省6个地点的壁蜂种群参数。【结果】各个地点的成茧率(7.64%~73.84%)和每管成茧数量(0.80~5.56)存在非常大的差异;6个地点的种群趋势指数大于1,变化范围为1.80~11.80;壁蜂种群的致死因子包括卵败育、螨寄生、蜂捕食和自然死亡,排除作用控制指数分别为1.07、1.10、1.03、2.53,各地所有致死因子的排除作用控制指数为1.19~5.50,如果没有寄生、自然死亡等因子,凹唇壁蜂种群将增加19%~450%。【结论】自然死亡是限制山东省果园凹唇壁蜂种群的主要因子,因此需要加强凹唇壁蜂饲养管理,减少其自然死亡率。     

桑螟绒茧蜂的生物学特性

采用不定期随机取样的方式 ,连续 3年就桑螟绒茧蜂ApantelesheterusiaeWilkinson对桑螟DiaphaniapyloalisWalker的自然寄生率进行了调查。结果表明 ,桑螟绒茧蜂在苏州一带的发生十分普遍 ,其自然寄生率为 2 2. 95 %～ 5 5. 41 % ,平均 3 3 . 99% ,全年各代都处于相对较高的水平 ,其中 9月份第 5代的自然寄生率最高 ,达 5 5 . 41 % ,是当地的优势天敌种群 ,对于桑螟的发生与危害具有明显的控制作用。该文报道了桑螟绒茧蜂的自然寄生情况及其成虫的生物学习性 ,为进一步开展桑螟的生物防治奠定了基础。     

菜蛾盘绒茧蜂卵携带的免疫抑制因子

抑制寄主昆虫的免疫反应是内寄生蜂存活的关键。菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia vestalis（Haliday）寄生小菜蛾Plutella xylostella （L.）幼虫后,蜂卵如何逃避和抑制寄主的免疫攻击,尚未得到全面揭示。本文采用电镜技术系统观察了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂卵表面的超微结构。结果显示：蜂卵表面覆盖有纤维层和絮状的类病毒样纤丝（VLFs）,同时携带了含多分DNA病毒粒子（PDV）的萼液。在寄生初期,包裹在蜂卵表面的纤维层和VLFs首先起到保护蜂卵不被小菜蛾血细胞包囊的被动防御作用。随后,PDV发挥主动的免疫抑制作用。通过假寄生手段,证明了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂PDV (CvBV) 具有较持久的克服寄主免疫攻击的能力,是主要的免疫抑制因子。在假寄生后连续8 d的观察时间内,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的蜂卵均未被包囊。结果提示,在菜蛾盘绒茧蜂-小菜蛾寄生体系中,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂采取被动防御和主动攻击两种方式应对寄主小菜蛾的免疫攻击。     

寄生性天敌对美洲斑潜蝇种群控制作用评价

组建了美洲斑潜蝇自然种群生命表,在此基础上应用排除控制指数分析方法,分析了寄生性天敌对美洲斑潜蝇自然种群的控制作用。结果表明,美洲斑潜蝇在秋季花前期菜豆上种群趋势指数为５．６１;寄生性天敌的寄生是影响美洲斑潜蝇自然种群数量增长的重要因子;若排除寄生性天敌的作用,其种群密度将增长为原来的２．４７６倍。     

小菜蛾颗粒体病毒与其他防治措施对小菜蛾联合作用的评价

用以作用因子组配的生命表、种群趋势指数(Ⅰ)和控制指数评价小菜蛾颗粒体病毒与其他防治措施对小菜蛾的联合作用.结果表明,综合防治区的Ⅰ值为0.19,干扰作用控制指数为0.04,即后代种群数量将下降为对照区的0.04倍;病毒区的Ⅰ值为0.98、干扰作用控制指数为0.20,即后代种群数量将下降为对照区的0.20倍;B.t区的Ⅰ值为2.40,干扰作用控制指数为0.48;赤眼蜂区的Ⅰ值为0.82,干扰作用控制指数为0.17.从这可以看出几种生物因子对小菜蛾种群联合控制的效果.     

基于特定时间调查数据组建的白蜡窄吉丁种群生命表

为了探明影响白蜡窄吉丁Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire自然种群变化的关键因子, 本研究于2010-2011年采用当年秋季和翌年春季两个特定时间调查取样的方法, 组建了天津、 北京和辽宁3个地区白蜡窄吉丁的自然种群生命表。结果显示, 这3个地区白蜡窄吉丁的自然种群数量在今后几年均将呈增长趋势, 但不同地区的增长速率存在较大差异。北京地区白蜡窄吉丁的种群数量增长速率最快（种群趋势指数I=12.9997）, 其次是天津地区（I=12.4388）, 这两个地区的寄主植物相同, 均为绒毛白蜡。增长最慢的是辽宁地区（I=3.6394）, 其寄主植物为水曲柳。另外, 通过3个地区白蜡窄吉丁生命表和排除控制指数可以看出, 天津地区白蜡窄吉丁最主要的致死因子是白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂Spathius agrili Yang（种群数量排除控制指数EIPC=1.5382）, 对种群数量变动的贡献最大; 北京地区的是啄木鸟（EIPC=1.4515）, 而辽宁地区白蜡窄吉丁最主要的致死因子是白蜡吉丁卵跳小蜂Oobius agrili Zhang et Huang的寄生作用（EIPC=1.4701）。这些研究结果表明, 寄主植物的差异是影响白蜡窄吉丁自然种群数量变动的主要因素, 同时寄生性天敌白蜡吉丁柄腹茧蜂对种群数量的影响作用也比较大。因此, 实际应用中可以通过培育抗性树种和人工繁育优势天敌等方法对该虫进行有效防治。     

二种寄生蜂寄生抑制小菜蛾精巢生长和精子束形成的比较研究

我们曾发现菜蛾盘绒茧蜂Cotesia vestalis和半闭弯尾姬蜂Diadegma semiclausum寄生严重阻碍小菜蛾Plutella xylostella幼虫的精子发生。本研究着重比较2种蜂寄生对小菜蛾精巢生长和精子束形成的影响, 以探明寄生因子对昆虫生殖调控的作用途径。 采取过寄生和假寄生方法, 对2种蜂各自寄生后的小菜蛾精巢生长体积, 精子发生和形成过程中生精细胞、精子束的显微形态变化进行了比较。 结果表明: 茧蜂和姬蜂寄生均明显降低小菜蛾精子束的数量, 严重阻碍了寄主幼虫的精子发生和精子形成. 姬蜂寄生造成小菜蛾精巢畸形, 而茧蜂则造成小菜蛾精子束畸形, 且茧蜂对小菜蛾精巢生长的抑制程度明显强于姬蜂。过寄生造成寄主寄生性去势程度加剧, 茧蜂和姬蜂过寄生后的小菜蛾精巢体积分别为0.005 mm³和0.008 mm³, 仅为各自只寄生1次后精巢体积的33.1%和36.3%。假寄生后, 发现只有寄生蜂母代物质存在的前提下, 对小菜蛾精巢生长的抑制程度基本模拟了正常寄生时的状态, 说明多分DNA病毒（polydnavirus, PDV）和毒液发挥了主要作用。 由此推断分属姬蜂属PDV和茧蜂属PDV的2类PDV功能基因对小菜蛾精巢生长发育的调控机制可能存在较大差异。     

颗粒体病毒对小菜蛾自然种群的控制作用模拟

利用作用因子组配的生命表和种群系统控制理论,模拟了小菜蛾颗粒体病毒不同浓度和不同施用次数组合对菜心地小菜蛾自然种群的控制作用.结果表明,在蔬菜生态系统天敌作用得到逐渐恢复的前提下,如果不采用任何防治措施,春季菜心地小菜蛾自然种群经第一代的繁殖,第二代卵和幼虫数量为第一代的41倍;在小菜蛾第一代低龄幼虫期,喷施0.25 LE/L病毒2次,小菜蛾第二代卵和幼虫数量比对照显著下降,但下代小菜蛾种群增长仍保持在1以上;而喷施0.5 LE/L病毒2次,1 LE/L病毒1次两种组合处理,小菜蛾第二代种群增长倍数仅为0.13,显著降低田间小菜蛾种群数量,达到控制小菜蛾为害的目的.     

茶毛虫天敌的研究

本明确了茶毛虫天敌种类及其优势种：寄生性天敌中寄生卵的有赤眼蜂和茶毛虫黑卵蜂,其中茶毛虫绒茧蜂是优势种;寄生幼虫的有茶毛虫绒茧蜂、茶毛虫瘦姬蜂、小孢瘦姬蜂、日本黄茧蜂和寄蝇等,其中茶毛虫绒茧蜂是优势种;捕食性天敌有步行虫、蠼螋、蜘蛛和青蛙等,其中蜘蛛是优势类群,白斑猎蛛为优势种。研究了茶毛虫主要寄生性天敌的寄生率和寄生动态：茶毛虫黑卵蜂的寄生率为１５－２０％,越冬卵可高达４５％左右;茶毛虫绒茧蜂     

四种十字花科蔬菜上小菜蛾自然种群连续世代生命表

利用作用因子生命表技术,组建芥菜、芥蓝、小白菜和菜心4种十字花科蔬菜上小菜蛾自然种群连续世代生命表,分析寄主植物和生物因子对小菜蛾种群数量的控制作用。结果表明：在4种十字花科蔬菜的一造菜上,小菜蛾均能完成两个世代。虽然小菜蛾在芥菜上的初始卵量最高,但害虫种群总增长倍数在芥蓝上最高,其次为小白菜,菜心和芥菜,分别为17．64、11．90、11．43和3．76。这说明尽管芥菜对小菜蛾成虫的产卵有一定的吸引作用,但不适合小菜蛾生长发育。芥蓝是最适宜小菜蛾种群增长的寄主。生物因子在小菜蛾自然种群控制中起着重要的作用,但是在不同种类十字花科蔬菜上,天敌类群对小菜蛾控制作用存在一定差异。除芥菜之外,寄生性天敌对芥蓝、菜心和小白菜上的小菜蛾种群控制作用最大,其次为“捕食及其它”,病原微生物的控制作用最小。“捕食及其它”对芥菜上小菜蛾种群的作用非常明显,如果排除此因子作用,小菜蛾种群两代后将增长126．03倍。该因子是导致芥菜小菜蛾自然种群增长趋势指数低的主要原因。因此在制定小菜蛾防治策略时,应考虑蔬菜的种类和布局,加大对芥蓝小菜蛾种群的防治力度;芥菜可作为一种诱杀植物种植,以吸引小菜蛾产卵,并集中防治。这些防治策略在小菜蛾综合治理中具有重要的实际意义。     

药剂作用下的小菜蛾自然种群生命表的组建与重要因子分析

1　引　　言生命表技术已广泛应用于昆虫种群系统的研究 .目前常见的生命表有 3种类型 :第 1类是以年龄组配的生命表 ;第 2类是以虫期组配的生命表 ;第 3类是以作用因子组配的生命表[8] .其中 ,以作用因子组配的生命表以其便于分析昆虫生命表中的各作用因子重要程度 ,而得到越来越广泛的应用 .小菜蛾 (Plutellaxylostella)作为危害十字花科蔬菜的重要害虫已被广泛关注 .人们对小菜蛾自然种群生命表的组建已进行了深入的研究[1 ,7] .随着杀虫剂的广泛应用 ,在组建昆虫自然种群生命表的过程中 ,药剂作为一个作用因子已越来越常见 ,以生命表技…     

天敌对马尾松毛虫自然种群的影响

马尾松毛虫 Dendrolimus punctatus Wlaker分布于我国南方十三个省,是毁害森林的大害虫。近年来每年发生虫害面积达3000—4000万亩,损失木材达500—700余万立方米。在广西为害也极严重。广西钦州县红卫林场有4万亩马尾松纯林,营造于六十年代中期,是广西马尾松毛虫为害的常灾区、重灾区。马尾松毛虫在该林场每年发生三     

Augmentation and evaluation of a parasitoid,Encarsia inaron,and a predator,Clitostethus arcuatus,for biological control of the pomegranate whitefly,Siphoninus phillyreae

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological control potential of Encarsia inaron (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and a predator Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) against the pomegranate whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by mass rearing and augmentative releases of these two natural enemies during a long-term field study in Egypt. A study was conducted to evaluate the biological control potential of this pest by augmentation with a parasitoid, En. inaron, and a predator, C. arcuatus. Both species were mass reared and monthly releases were made in fields of pomegranate during each of 11 consecutive years (1996–2006). About 1,155,000 En. inaron and 990,000 C. arcuatus were released in fields in Assuit governorate in Egypt on pomegranate which was naturally infested by S. phillyreae. Populations of the natural enemies and parasitism were much higher in field plots where releases were made compared with where no releases were made. The maximum rate of parasitism reached 93% (88% by En. inaron) in the field treatment where releases were made, while parasitism peaked at 36% where no releases were made. The population of En. inaron was significantly correlated with the population of whitefly during the field season. Additional parasitism was by natural infestation with Eretmocerus parasiphonini Evans and Abd-Rabou (Hyneoptera: Aphelinidae). Among all years, the maximum number of C. arcuatus ranged from 13 to 44 beetles per 100 leaves for the treatment, and there were more predators in the release plot than in the control plot. These observations enhance understanding of the usefulness of these natural enemies after augmentation in the field.     

An Evidence to Use Cotes/a plutellae (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a Field Control Agent against Diamondback Moth,Plutella xylostella L (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

The parasitic effectiveness of Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov for the control of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella L., was investigated without spraying pesticides in the greenhouse, and the damage degrees of Brassica rapa cv. Pakchoi grown in parasitoid-applied plot and control plot were evaluated. Among the 961 fourth instar DBM larvae collected in the common cabbage fields at Kwanshan region in Taiwan, 336 cocoons of C. plutellae were harvested from DBM larvae, which showed a parasitism rate of 35.0%. A total of 650 DBM adults and 600 C. plutellae adults were released according to the releasing scheme in the experiment plot. As a result, 56.7% of the DBM larvae were parasitized by C. plutellae adults 12 days before harvest, and the parasitism reached 80.8% at six days before harvest. At the harvest time, a population density of C. plutellae cocoons in the experiment plot was 2.2/plant, and that of normal DBM larvae was 0.5/plant. The density of DBM in the control plot was much higher than in the parasitoid-released plot by 7.7/plant. In the first survey, the density of DBM larvae on a Pakchoi plant was quite low, 0.3 ∼ 0.8 larvae. However, the DBM population increased dramatically after six days later, 5.7-10.1 larvae/plant. The population density of DBM larvae showed clear difference between the parasitoid-released plot and control plot. The parasitism increased to nearly two fold within a week after the release of DBM adults. As a further study, a combining use of two or more species para-sitoids could be considered to improve a parasitism against DBM in the fields.     

不同干扰条件下枸杞园节肢动物群落结构与动态

2008年通过对宁夏银川地区不同干扰条件下枸杞园节肢动物群落的系统调查,共采集节肢动物151628头,鉴定出4纲27目76科167种,其中天敌亚群落61种,化防园23种,有机园30种,自生园61种,天敌总量的比例分别为10.87%、18.78%、70.34%。通过群落结构分析,自生园丰富度、个体数均明显高于化防园和有机园,有机园均匀度、多样性较高,而化防园丰富度、个体数指数都较低,而优势集中度高。通过主分量分析表明潜叶类害虫与刺吸类害虫是不同人工干扰条件下的主要害虫,刺吸类害虫成为发展有机枸杞的重要障碍,食花果类害虫具有较大的危害潜力;寄生类天敌、病原类天敌为自生园优势天敌,捕食类天敌是有机园、化防园的优势天敌,但化防园天敌作用较为微弱。自生园天敌亚群落与害虫亚群落第一对典型变量为V1=0.048x1-0.2533x2+0.5951x3+0.5207x4,W1=0.9021y1+0.0354y2+0.0223y3+0.1847y4-0.0591y5,相关系数为0.8635,化防园、有机园天敌亚群落与害虫亚群落第一对典型变量的相关系数分别为0.6826、0.7332。通过害虫-天敌亚群落的种群消长动态表明,天敌亚群落作为整体对害虫发挥着调控作用,自生园7-9月份寄生性天敌对刺吸式害虫的跟随作用很强,有机园较弱,化防园则不明显。     

非嗜食植物乙醇提取物对小菜蛾种群控制作用评价

通过建立实验种群生命表和自然种群生命表,应用种群趋势指数(indexofpopulationtrend,I)和干扰作用控制指数(interferenceindexofpopulationcontrol,IIPC),评价花椒(Zanthoxylumbungeanum)、细叶桉(Eucalyptustereticornis)、烟草(Nicotianatabacum)、构树(Broussonetiapapyrifera)、羊蹄甲(Bauhiniavariegata)、假莲翘(Durantarepens)、飞扬草(Euphorbiahirta)、茶枯(Camelliaoleifera)8种非嗜食植物乙醇提取物对小菜蛾实验种群的控制作用,以及细叶桉、烟草、茶枯3种非嗜食植物乙醇提取物及其混合液对小菜蛾自然种群的控制作用.室内试验结果表明,在各种植物乙醇提取物作用下,I值从小到大的顺序为4.4842(细叶桉)、5.3702(花椒)、5.5199(飞扬草)、6.1609(假莲翘)、6.8937(羊蹄甲)8.0945(烟草)、9.8052(茶枯)、11.1382(构树),对照的I值为69.8964;IIPC值从小到大的顺序为0.0642(细叶桉)、0.0768(花椒)、0.0790(飞扬草)、0.0881(假莲翘)、0.0986(羊蹄甲)、0.1158(烟草)、0.1403(茶枯)、0.1594(构树),说明供试植物提取物对小菜蛾实验种群增长都有一定的抑制和干扰作用.小菜蛾自然种群生命表研究结果表明,在各种植物乙醇提取物作用下,I值从小到大的顺序为5.1997(细叶桉)、7.4160(烟草)、7.3644(茶枯)和3.1399(混合液),对照的I值为21.6232;IIPC值从小到大的顺序为混合液(0.1608)、细叶桉(0.2405)、茶枯(0.3549)、烟草(0.3695),说明供试植物提取物都能明显降低种群趋势指数,在一定程度上抑制和干扰小菜蛾自然种群增长,在生产中有一定的应用前景.     

草地螟寄生蝇与寄主间的关系及控害作用

草地螟寄生蝇是草地螟Loxotego stictialisL.的重要天敌,但其发生种类、控害作用尚不明确。通过室内饲养,结合历年田间调查对康保县草地螟寄生蝇种类、田间分布、寄生率及消长规律进行研究,结果表明康保县草地螟寄生蝇发生种类有5种。田间呈聚集分布,种群数量大,寄生率高,控害作用显著。对开展草地螟预测预报,保护利用天敌资源和综合治理提供了科学依据。     

Vegetation increases the abundance of natural enemies in vineyards

Non-crop areas can increase the abundance of natural invertebrate enemies on farmland and assist in invertebrate pest control, but the relative benefits of different types of vegetation are often unclear. Here, we investigated abundance of natural enemies in vineyards with edges consisting of different types of vegetation: remnant native forests, wooded margins planted after establishment of the crop (hereafter called shelterbelts), or pasture. Invertebrates were sampled four times using canopy sticky traps and ground level pitfall traps, replicated across two seasons at one of the sites. The distribution and abundance of natural enemies in relation to edges with adjacent vegetation or pasture were mapped by distance indices (SADIE) and compared with ANOVAs. There was a positive influence of adjacent wooded vegetation on staphylinids, predatory thrips, predatory mites, spiders, ladybird beetles and hymenopteran parasitoids including Trichogramma egg parasitoids in the canopy and/or at ground level, although there were significant differences among sites and groups of organisms. In contrast, pasture edges had no effect or a negative effect on numbers of natural enemies in vineyards. To directly assess potential beneficial effects of adjacent vegetation, predation and parasitism of eggs of a vineyard insect pest, Epiphyas postvittana Walker (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was measured. Parasitism by Trichogramma was higher adjacent to remnant vegetation while predation was not affected. These results indicate that the abundance and distribution of vineyard natural enemies and parasitism of pest moth eggs is increased adjacent to edges with wooded vegetation, leading to beneficial effects for pest control. The conservation of remnant woodland and planting of shelterbelts around vineyards may therefore have direct economic benefits in terms of pest control, whereas non-crop pasture may not produce such benefits.     

Connecting scales: Achieving in‐field pest control from areawide and landscape ecology studies

Areawide management has a long history of achieving solutions that target pests, however, there has been little focus on the areawide management of arthropod natural enemies. Landscape ecology studies that show a positive relationship between natural enemy abundance and habitat diversity demonstrate landscape‐dependent pest suppression, but have not yet clearly linked their findings to pest management or to the suite of pests associated with crops that require control. Instead the focus has often been on model systems of single pest species and their natural enemies. We suggest that management actions to capture pest control from natural enemies may be forth coming if: (i) the suite of response and predictor variables focus on pest complexes and specific management actions; (ii) the contribution of “the landscape” is identified by assessing the timing and numbers of natural enemies immigrating and emigrating to and from the target crop, as well as pests; and (iii) pest control thresholds aligned with crop development stages are the benchmark to measure impact of natural enemies on pests, in turn allowing for comparison between study regions, and generalizations. To achieve pest control we will need to incorporate what has been learned from an ecological understanding of model pest and natural enemy systems and integrate areawide landscape management with in‐field pest management.