人促血小板生成素在转基因小鼠乳腺中定位表达的研究

通过转基因动物乳腺生物反应器大规模生产药用蛋白质已成为现代生物技术新的生长点之一。为研制表达人促血小板生成素的哺乳动物生物反应器的转基因小鼠模型,本论文以小鼠乳清酸蛋白（mWAP)基因5‘端调控区和牛α-sl-酪蛋白基因3‘端调控区作为调节元件构建了用于表达人促血小板生盛开纱的乳腺组织特异性表达载体pWAPTPO(Fig.l)。通过常规显微注射的方法把mWAP启动子指导的hTPO表达载体导入小鼠受精卵,获得出生小鼠16只,经PCR检测,有6只为转基因阳性（Fig.2)。G0代小鼠中转基因整合率为37.5%(6/16),用ELISA方法在G0代转基因雌鼠的乳汁中检测了促血小板生成素的表达,表达量在0.8μg/mL以上（Tablel)。这些结果表明我们已建立了乳腺表达hTPO的转基因小鼠模型,为以后大型家畜乳腺生物反应器的研制提供了科学依据。     

人促红细胞生成素在转基因小鼠乳汁中表达

将山羊的β乳球蛋白启动子连接人促红细胞生成素基因,构建转基因表达载体。通过显微注射的方法转基因小鼠。经PCR斑点杂交和Southern杂交检测验证,获得4只转基因阳性小鼠,其中3只母鼠哺乳期收集乳汁,经EpoELISA检测为阳性。对4组转基因阳性小鼠的部分子代母鼠,经PCR和Southern杂交分析,又鉴定出6只获得遗传的阳性G1代母鼠以Dot-ELISA的方法检测,其中两只G1代母鼠乳汁中的Epo含量为0.5μg/mL。实验证实,867bp的β乳球蛋白启动子可以指导人促红细胞生成素在小鼠乳汁中表达。     

乳腺特异高表达人促红细胞生成素转基因奶山羊的制备

目的制备乳腺特异性高表达人促红细胞生成素（hEPO）转基因奶山羊。方法采用牛β-乳球蛋白基因（BLG）调控元件和hEPO全长编码序列基因组DNA构建真核表达载体,应用受精卵原核注射的方法制备hEPO转基因山羊。结果在原核注射获得的188头羔羊中,经Southern blot法检测有4头羊含有hEPO基因,其中3头为母羊,1头公羊于出生后20d死亡;3头转基因母羊hEPO基因的拷贝数分别为1、10、2;Western blot检测结果显示转基因羊乳中的hEPO分子质量为32kDa;MTT法检测结果表明,在泌乳10d的3只转基因羊乳汁中,每毫升乳汁中hEPO活性分别达到1.17×10^2IU、1.90×10^4IU、1.91×10^4IU。结论牛BLG能够调控hEPO基因在山羊乳腺中高表达,为实现其他药用蛋白在山羊乳腺中表达奠定了基础。     

人尿激酶原乳腺定位转基因小鼠的建立

应用大鼠β乳酪蛋白基因的上游调控序列和人尿激酶原ｃＤＮＡ构建成功了乳腺定位表达载体．用显微注射的手段导入到受精卵的雄前核,从注射的３００枚受精卵中,１４０枚被移植到９只假孕的受体小鼠．结果从获得的子一代小鼠中,经ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ证实,有３只转基因阳性的小鼠．     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达人瘦蛋白的研究

利用转基因动物乳腺生产药用蛋白质是近年来研究的热点,在这方面已有不少成功的例子,展现出良好的应用前景[1,2].本研究选择人瘦蛋白基因作为目标基因是因为其表达产物瘦蛋白能对人体内脂肪的蓄积和能量消耗进行有效的反馈调控,美国科学家已将用E.coli表达的人瘦蛋白用于人肥胖症的治疗并取得了良好的治疗效果[3],但尚未见到利用转基因动物乳腺表达这种蛋白质的研究报道.     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达人胰岛素基因的研究

转基因动物乳腺生物反应器表达和生产医用蛋白是国际上的研究热点,目前已有很多成功的转基因动物乳腺表达出外源蛋白质［１］。在转基因动物乳腺表达的蛋白质包括凝血因子Ⅸ、组织纤溶酶原激活物（ｔＰＡ）、α１抗胰蛋白酶原、白介素２、蛋白质Ｃ、超氧化物歧化酶...     

重组人血小板生成素在大肠杆菌中表达的研究

采用化学法全合成了编码人血小板生成素（ｔｈｒｏｍｂｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｎ,ＴＰＯ）成熟肽Ｎ端１５３氨基酸的基因序列,构建基于该合成基因的表达质粒,结果以谷胱甘肽转硫酶－ＴＰＯ１５３（ＧＳＴ－ＴＰＯ１５３）融合蛋白的方式获得了占全菌蛋白４０％的高效表达．进一步采用ＰＣＲ方法分别对ＴＰＯ合成基因及ＴＰＯｃＤＮＡ的翻译起始区（ＴＩＲ）序列进行定点突变,以降低这一区域的Ｇ－Ｃ含量．将突变序列分别插入到ｐＢＶ２２０表达载体中,重组质粒在转化大肠杆菌ＪＭ１０９后,均获得了表达,其中ＴＩＲ区突变后的合成基因表达产物约占全菌蛋白的１５％．为研究基因下游结构对表达的影响,在不改变氨基酸组成的基础上,构建了ＴＰＯ合成基因与ＴＰＯｃＤＮＡ的杂合序列表达质粒．研究结果表明翻译起始效率是影响ｒｈ－ＴＰＯ在大肠杆菌中表达的重要因素之一,同时基因下游序列的组成对表达水平也会产生影响．     

转基因小鼠乳腺表达G-CSF的研究

用PCR法从正常中国人脐带血提取总DNA作为模板,扩增出1.5 kb的人G-CSF基因组基因。序列分析证实其正确性。将其插入小鼠乳清酸蛋白(WAP)基因的起始密码子ATG前的KpnⅠ位点,使其受控于2.6kb的WAP调控序列,构建成乳腺表达载体pWGG。回收经EcoRⅠ酶切后的8.7kb片段用于显微注射。共注射1200枚受精卵,移植34受体母鼠,产仔鼠85只。经PCR检测和DNA印迹分析,证实获得两只整合有人G-CSF基因的雄性鼠,整合率为2.37％。建立的转基因鼠系表明,采用ELASA方法对F1代雌鼠乳汁检测,成功地表达出人G-CSF。表达量为120～250ng/ml。这一结果表明转基因的表达具有乳腺特异性。这为在大动物中实施转基因提供了依据。     

人血小板生成素基因乳腺特异表达载体的构建和表达

目的为了获得能在转基因动物乳汁中高效表达人血小板生成素（TPO）的特异表达载体。方法将山羊β-乳球蛋白基因5’端上游-3.9kb和-1.9kb调控序列及β-酪蛋白启动子分别与人TPO基因连接,构建了pB3.9T、pB1.9T和pPT3个乳腺特异表达载体。将上述载体分别进行瞬间转染和稳定整合筛选实验,从mRNA及蛋白水平检测TPO基因的表达。结果BLG3.9、BLG1.9和PlA3 3种调控元件都可以启动人TPO在乳腺细胞中特异表达。瞬时转染时3种载体表达水平依次为pPT〉pB3．9T〉pB1.9T。但当外源基因稳定整合入细胞基因组后,TPO表达量持续升高,且pB3.9T表达量明显超过另外两种载体。结论证实了BLG转录子去阻遏和激活转变调节的存在,可能在其5’端-3.9kb与-1.9kb之间存在这一调节区域。并且与BLG1.9相比,BLG3.9能更有效地启动人TPO基因在乳腺细胞中的表达,也说明在-3.9至-1.9kb之间可能存在特殊的增强序列。     

山羊乳腺生物反应器表达人促红细胞生成素的分离纯化

以离子交换、疏水作用、HPLC和凝胶过滤层析等方法对山羊乳腺生物反应器表达的人促红细胞生成素 (erythropoietin ,EPO)进行了分离纯化 ,初步探讨了其分离工艺 ,结果得到了纯度达到 96%以上的纯品 ,所纯化的EPO分子质量为 32kDa ,糖基化程度根据理论分子质量测算为40 %。Western blot证明所得纯化产品具有天然EPO免疫原性 ,N端氨基酸序列测定与文献报道一致 ,ELISA检测免疫活性为 2 4 0 0 0 0IU mg,表明通过 4步纯化步骤可以得到高纯度的产品 ,为今后工艺放大提供了有力的实验依据。     

Expression of a Truncated Brca1 Protein Delays Lactational Mammary Development in Transgenic Mice

To address the hypothesis that certain disease-associated mutants of the breast-ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 have biological activity in vivo, we have expressed a truncated Brca1 protein (trBrca1) in cell-lines and in the mammary gland of transgenic mice. Immunofluorescent analysis of transfected cell-lines indicates that trBRCA1 is a stable protein and that it is localized in the cell cytoplasm. Functional analysis of these cell-lines indicates that expression of trBRCA1 confers an increased radiosensitivity phenotype on mammary epithelial cells, consistent with abrogation of the BRCA1 pathway. MMTV-trBrca1 transgenic mice from two independent lines displayed a delay in lactational mammary gland development, as demonstrated by altered histological profiles of lobuloalveolar structures. Cellular and molecular analyses indicate that this phenotype results from a defect in differentiation, rather than altered rates of proliferation or apoptosis. The results presented in this paper are consistent with trBrca1 possessing dominant-negative activity and playing an important role in regulating normal mammary development. They may also have implications for germline carriers of BRCA1 mutations.     

组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体(La-tPA)转基因鼠的建立

用羊β－乳球蛋白基因（ＢＬＧ）５区５×１０３ｂ（１０３ｂ,旧称ｋｂ）为调控序列,构建了乳腺表达组织纤溶酶原激活剂突变体（Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ）载体．对５４０枚小鼠受精卵进行显微注射,经ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ检测,获得６只整合有人Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ的转基因小鼠,整合率为３２％．这为未来利用转基因动物生产Ｌａ－ｔＰＡ提供依据     

Targeted Expression of the only Zinc Finger Gene in Transgenic Mice is Associated with Impaired Mammary Development

The only zinc finger (OZF) gene encodes a protein consisting mainly of 10 zinc finger motifs of the Krüppel type of yet unknown function. To potentially assess its in vivo role, mammary targeted deregulation of the expression of the murine gene was performed in transgenic mice using a goat -casein-based transgene. Mammary expression of the transgene was observed in the 11 lines obtained. In three expressing lines, this expression was tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. Further analysis of mice from two expressing lines revealed that transgene-homozygous females could not sustain full growth of their pups. This phenotype was associated with an impaired mammary gland development noticeable only after mid-gestation. It was characterised by an increase of the adipocyte to acini ratio and low or absence of fat globules within these acini compared to non-transgenic control animals. These transgenic observations strongly suggest that OZF is active in the mammary gland, interfering with the lactation process and thus that the described transgenic mice could be useful models to search for the cellular partner(s) of this protein.     

Recombinant Human Protein C Expression in the Milk of Transgenic Pigs and the Effect on Endogenous Milk Immunoglobulin and Transferrin Levels

Colostrum and milk are natural vehicles for acquiring passive immunity and are valuable tools for decreasing neonatant mortality from diarrheal disease. The effects of recombinant human protein C (rhPC) expression levels on endogenous immunoglobulin and transferrin content of the milk of different lineages of transgenic pigs were studied. The levels of rhPC in the milk ranged from 40 to 1200g/ml. Transgenic pigs with rhPC expression levels less than 500g/ml had no significant differences in milk protein composition with respect to nontransgenic pigs. A line of transgenic pigs having rhPC expression levels of 960–1200g/ml had two- to three-fold higher IgG, IgM, and secretory IgA concentrations compared to other transgenic and nontransgenic pig groups (P<0.05), and four- to five-fold higher transferrin levels than nontransgenic pigs (P<0.05). Changes in milk protein composition were not associated with mastitis or other pathologic disruption of epithelial cell junctions as indicated by normal casein and albumin levels in milk. Since IgG, IgM, secretory IgA, and transferrin are transported into the milk by transcytosis, higher levels of these proteins indicate that transcyctosis in the mammary epithelial cell was likely upregulated in pigs having high rhPC expression levels. This study is the first that shows a statistically significant example that mammary tissue specific expression of a heterologous protein can enhance endogenous phenotypic characteristics of milk.     

Expression of Lysostaphin in Milk of Transgenic Mice Affects the Growth of Neonates

As an initial step towards enhancing mastitis resistance in dairy animals, we generated BLG-Lys transgenic mice that secrete lysostaphin, a potent antistaphylococcal protein, in their milk. In the current study, we continue our assessment of lysostaphin as a suitable antimicrobial protein for mastitis resistance and have investigated mammary gland development and function in three lines of transgenic mice. As the lines were propagated, there was a tendency for fewer BLG-Lys litters to survive to weaning (51% as compared to 90% for nontransgenic lines, p = 0.080). Nontransgenic pups fostered on dams from these three lines exhibited diminished growth rates during the first week of lactation. Rates of gain became comparable to pups on nontransgenic dams at later time points. Initial slow growth also resulted in decreased weaning weights for pups nursed by transgenic dams (15.35±0.27 g) when compared to pups delivered and nursed by nontransgenic dams (18.61 ± 0.61 g; p < 0.001), but the effect was temporary, as similar weights were attained by adulthood. Milk yield at peak lactation was not different between BLG-Lys (0.79 ± 0.33 g) and nontransgenic (0.91 ± 0.38 g; p = 0.166) dams. Histological examination of the transgenic mammary glands during gestation revealed no differences when compared to control glands; however, at early lactational stages, the BLG-Lys glands exhibited less alveolar area than control glands and a delay in lobulo-alveolar maturation. The results clearly demonstrate reduced growth of neonates on BLG-Lys dams; whether the poor pup performance can be attributed to delayed mammary development or the gland development merely reflects reduced suckling stimuli from the pups remains to be determined.Authors Abhijit Mitra and Kathleen S. Hruska contributed equally to this work     

人DAF基因在转基因小鼠中的遗传与表达

为研究人ＤＡＦ基因在小鼠体内遗传与表达的规律,从质粒ｐＳＦＦＶ－ＤＡＦ分离出一段包含人ＤＡＦ基因的ＤＮＡ片段。采用受精卵显微注射法建立转人ＤＡＦ基因小鼠。提取出生小鼠的染色体ＤＮＡ,经Ｄｏｔ－ｂｌｏｔ与Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔ杂交相结合确定首建转基因小鼠,并经Ｄｏｔ－ｂｌｏｔ杂交研究人ＤＡＦ基因在转基因小鼠体内的遗传特征,Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交确定其表达情况。小鼠受精卵经基因导入后,共生出２４只小鼠,其中４只被确定为首建转基因小鼠,整合率为１５％,在首建转基因小鼠两两交配生出的Ｆ１代小鼠中分别有７０％和７５％继续携带人ＤＡＦ基因。首建转基因小鼠中有１只小鼠在ＲＮＡ水平表达了人ＤＡＦ基因。可见,人ＤＡＦ基因整合入小鼠基因组中,并能够稳定遗传及表达。     

Heterogeneous Inducible Mammary-specific Expression of JAB/SOCS1 in Lactating Transgenic Mice is Associated with no Obvious Phenotype,even at the Cellular Level

The cytokine-inducible suppressor of cytokine signalling SOCS1, or JAB, has been shown to be implicated in vitro in the negative regulation of the prolactin-receptor-induced activation of JAK2 and STAT5. Disruption of this gene in vivo resulted in an accelerated mammary gland development. In the present experiment, we assessed the potential impact on the lactation process of the doxycycline-inducible mammary-controlled expression of this gene in transgenic mice. Three transgenic mouse lines that expressed JAB specifically in the mammary gland in a conditional manner following doxycycline treatment were successfully established. The resulting overall expression of JAB was high and ranged from half to four times that of the endogenously expressed homologous gene in the thymus. It was found to be highly heterogeneous in the mammary epithelium, with less than 5% of JAB-expressing cells detected. Phenotypic analysis of these transgenic mice exhibiting doxycycline-induced JAB expression did not reveal any obvious effect on the lactation process. Double immunostaining experiments suggested that JAB expression in vivo did not significantly affect the beta-casein gene expression and the STAT5a nuclear localisation. These results do not support a role for JAB in the disruption of the lactation process.     

人G—CSF基因组基因的克隆及其在转基因小鼠乳腺表达的研究

采用ＰＣＲ方法以正常中国人脐带血提取总ＤＮＡ为模板,扩增出１．５Ｋｂ的粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）基因组基因,序列分析证实其正确性,将其插入小鼠乳清酸蛋白（ＷＡＰ）基因的起支密码子ＡＴＧ臆的ＫｐｎＩ位点,使其受控于２．６ｋｂ的ＷＡＰ调控序列,从而构建乳腺表达载体ｐＷＧＧ。回收经ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切后的８．７ｋｂ片段用于显微注射,共注射１２００枚受精卵,移植至受体３４母鼠,产生仔鼠８５只,经ＰＣＲ检测