普通小麦1BL—1RS K,V型雄性不育体系育性恢复的研究

对１ＢＬ－１ＲＳ Ｋ,Ｖ型雄性不育系及其保持素与中国春及其第一部分同源群染色体全部６个缺－四体杂种Ｆ１的育性恢复进行了研究。结果表明：Ｋ型杂种的育笥恢复主要受１ＢＳ上Ｒｆｖ１基因的控制;而Ｖ杂种则受Ｒｆｖ１的１Ｄ染色上育性恢复基因的共同控制;在保持１Ｄ正常剂量的情况下,使恢复系中载有Ｒｆｖ１的１Ｂ染色体（片段）加倍,如１Ａ缺体－１Ｂ四体能使Ｋ,Ｖ型杂种1Ｆ的育性完全恢复。     

小麦K,V型胸质雄性不育育性恢复的细胞学研究

以Ｋ、Ｖ型１Ｂ／１Ｒ不育系分别和四个非１Ｂ／１Ｒ恢复系杂交,观察了异质杂种小麦的花粉母细胞减数分裂。以Ｔ型细胞质和普通小麦胞质作比较,研究了Ｋ、Ｖ型异源细胞质对１Ｂ·１Ｂ／１Ｒ杂合核型染色体配对的影响。实验结果表明,Ｋ、Ｖ胞质背景下,育性恢复度与１Ｂ·１Ｂ／１Ｒ杂合核型染色体配对行为不直接相关。减数分裂中期Ｉ、Ｋ、Ｖ、Ｔ型异源细胞质对杂合核型染色体配对的影响随父本遗传背影不同而异。后期Ｉ,三类异质     

粘类小麦细胞质雄性不育系育性基因的地区分布

以具4种细胞质、2种核类型的粘类小麦雄性不育系为测验种,对309份来自国内外不同地区普通小麦品种对应粘类小麦不育系的育性恢复和保持关系进行调查,研究粘类小麦雄性不育系育性基因的地理分布.结果表明:(1)普通小麦品种中广泛存在着粘类雄性不育系的恢复基因,所配组合中,高恢复度以上的组合占到45.24%;(2)所配组合F1小穗结实率范围在0~91.35%之间,其中0和60%~80%的分布范围较多;(3)具有恢复能力的品种在供试6个地区均有分布,但比例不同,中国南方、新疆内陆、青藏高原等春麦地区高,可育品种的分布比例均超过50%;具有育性保持作用的品种在中国黄淮海暖温带冬麦气候生态区和加拿大地区分布较多,在新疆麦区分布最少;(4)恢复度80%以上的品种在6个地区均有分布,但在各地区供试材料中的比例都不高.     

水稻广亲和性和胞质雄性不育恢复性的遗传分析

对经花培育成的广亲和恢复系ＴＧ７、ＴＧ８的遗传分析表明：ＴＧ７、ＴＧ８均带有１对广亲和基因,与ＣＰＳＬＯ１７、０２４２８的广亲和基因等位。广亲和基因与雄性不育恢复基因表现为独立遗传,野败型（籼）和滇－Ｉ型（粳）不育胞质的育性恢复基因非等位。ＴＧ７和ＴＧ８分别带有２对野败不育胞质和１对滇－Ｉ型不育胞质的恢复基因,分别来自亲本明恢６３和ＣＰＳＬＯ１７。     

中国特有小麦Gli—1、Cli—2和Glu—1位点的遗传多样性

运用APAGE和SDS－PAGE方法,研究了32份中国特有小麦Gli-l,Gli-2和Glu-l位点的遗传多样性,在14份云南铁壳麦（Triticum aestivum ssp.yunnanese King)中,共出现8种醇溶蛋白事才4种高分子谷蛋白带型,在9份新疆稻麦（T.petropavlovskyi Udacz.et Migusch)中,观察到9种醇溶蛋白带型和5种高分子谷蛋白带型,其中1份新疆稻麦（稻麦2）具有Glu0-DI编码的新亚基2．1＋10．1,在这3种中国特有小麦群体中,Gli-l位点分别检测出10,14和11个等位基因,Gli－2位点各具有11,14,和12个等位基因,Glu-1位点也分别出现5,6和8个等位基因,云南铁壳麦,西藏半野生小麦和新疆稻麦群体内的Nei's遗传变异系数分别为0.3798,0.5625和0．5693,这些结果说明,与云南铁壳麦相比,西藏半野生小麦和新疆稻麦群体内的遗传变异相对较大。     

中国特有小麦Gli-1、Gli-2和Glu-1位点的遗传多样性(英文)

运用APAGE和SDS_PAGE方法 ,研究了 32份中国特有小麦Gli_1、Gli_2和Glu_1位点的遗传多样性。在 1 4份云南铁壳麦 (Triticumaestivumssp .yunnaneseKing)中 ,共出现 8种醇溶蛋白带型和 3种高分子谷蛋白带型。在 9份西藏半野生小麦 (T .aestivumssp .tibetanumShao )中 ,发现 9种醇溶蛋白带型和 4种高分子谷蛋白带型。在 9份新疆稻麦 (T .petropavlovskyiUdacz.etMigusch .)中 ,观察到 9种醇溶蛋白带型和 5种高分子谷蛋白带型 ,其中 1份新疆稻麦 (稻麦 2 )具有Glu_D1编码的新亚基 2 .1 1 0 .1。在这 3种中国特有小麦群体中 ,Gli_1位点分别检测出 1 0、1 4和1 1个等位基因 ;Gli_2位点各具有 1 1、1 4和 1 2个等位基因 ;Glu_1位点也分别出现 5、6和 8个等位基因。云南铁壳麦、西藏半野生小麦和新疆稻麦群体内的Nei’s遗传变异系数分别为 0 .3798、0 .56 2 5和 0 .56 93。这些结果说明 ,与云南铁壳麦相比 ,西藏半野生小麦和新疆稻麦群体内的遗传变异相对较大。     

合成六倍体小麦的遗传育种

普通小麦是由四倍体小麦栽培类型与野生二倍体节节麦远缘杂交形成的异源六倍体.普通小麦保持了四倍体小麦的高产潜力,D基因组的加入丰富了食品加工产品类型、增强了环境适应能力.与二倍体作物不同,普通小麦有3个亚基因组,存在大量重复基因,基因组缓冲性、可塑性强,单个基因拷贝可能对育种改良的效果有限.小麦3个亚基因组的遗传多样性是...     

不同细胞质的普通小麦"中国春"(Triticum aestivum var.Chinese Spring)与小偃麦杂交F1代的育性与减数分裂行为的研究

15个不同细胞质“中国春”小麦与八倍体小偃麦杂交 ,杂种F1减数分裂的染色体行为表明 :普通小麦与天蓝偃麦草的F或E组染色体之间存在着部分同源关系 ;D2 型细胞质促进部分同源染色体配对、但却抑制同源染色体配对 ;Sv 型细胞质对同源染色体或部分同源染色体的配对均有抑制作用 ;G型细胞质促进同源染色体配对。1 5个不同细胞质“中国春”小麦与六倍体小偃麦杂交 ,F1结实率很低 ,减数分裂中期的染色体行为混乱 ,单价体过多 ,或许意味着在天蓝偃麦草 (Elytrigiain termedium)与长穗偃麦草 (E .elongatum)的E组染色体之间存在着很大差别。随着回交代数的增加 ,选出G型、D2 型、Mt 型、Mu 型等细胞质雄性不育的八倍体小偃麦品系 ,其中D2 型细胞质八倍体小偃麦具有光周期敏感性雄性不育的特征 ;G型细胞质“远中 3”育性正常 ,表明八倍体小偃麦“远中 3”的E组染色体中存在G型胞质的育性恢复基因。     

粘类非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系恢复性遗传规律的研究

系统考察了粘、易、偏和二角型4种异质非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系的育性恢复性,结果表明：(1)供试4种异质非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系均属易恢复、易保持不育类型;(2)以4种异质非1BL／1RS不育系为母本与同一父本或不同父本测交,其F1平均结实率与单株间结实率的变异系数呈显著负相关;(3)4种异质非1BL／1RS小麦雄性不育系,各自不育细胞质源对杂种F1的平均结实率影响程度不同,但不育胞质问恢复度差异不显著;(4)4种异质非1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育系,虽然育性载体相同,但粘、易型的育性位点、偏型育性位点和二角型育性位点各自在同一连锁群中的位置可能不同;(5)4种异质非1BL／1RS不育系和恢复系基因除主效育性基因外,亦在不同核型中存在有不等量的育性微效基因和抑制基因,其组成形式和杂交后的结合方式是粘类不育系育性恢复度高低的主要判别。     

中国几种特殊普通小麦酯酶同工酶研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法对中国几种特殊普通小麦的幼芽进行了酯酶同工酶分析。结果表明:同种不同来源的麦酶谱差异不大,较整齐一致,只有个别材料有酶带的增减及沾性强弱有别;对于不同的物种云南铁壳麦与西藏半野生小麦的酶谱很相近似,属同一类群,新疆稻麦慢带较模糊,少第3条酶带归属别一类群。     

粘类非1BL/1RS小麦CMS基因定向选择及其育性特性的研究

对携有不同不育基因的4个粘类小麦雄性不育系进行了定向选择与鉴定,并对其育性特性进行研究,以选育更具应用价值的粘类非1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育系,推动三系杂交小麦的实际应用.结果表明:(1)根尖体细胞随体鉴定和A-PAGE技术分析筛选出的SP4、莫迦小麦为非1BL/1RS类型,其它供试不育系均属于1BL/1RS类型;(2)减数分裂及成熟花粉粒形态观察,粘类非1BL/1RS小麦雄性不育系其不育性是在整个配子发育过程中连续产生的,且在B型不育细胞质背景下,SP4和莫迦小麦的花粉细胞学形态与在K、Ven型2种不育细胞质背景下的不同,B型不育细胞质背景下SP4和莫迦不育系的花粉萌发率比K、Ven型不育细胞质背景下的花粉萌发率高;(3)以不同来源不育基因培育成的粘类K、Ven型非1BL/1RS不育系育性恢复性测定发现,SP4、莫迦小麦2种雄性不育系育性恢复性有一定差异,莫迦小麦不育类型育性恢复性高于SP4.     

几种小麦雄性不育系育性恢复性的比较研究

以三种小麦胞质雄性不育系(Q型不育系、T型不育系和 AL型不育系)与 13 个 Q型胞质恢复系进行杂交,以花粉碘染率为指标,比较研究了不同恢复系对不同不育系的恢复度。研究发现,尽管 Q型胞质恢复系本身育性正常,但它与Q型不育系杂交后所得 F1 代,育性有较大变幅,花粉碘染率 0.177 7~0.774 7。有些恢复系如QR3、QR3 37、QR30207等对AL型不育系、恢复系 QR2 143 对 T型不育系的恢复度(杂种花粉碘染率)较高,达0.85以上。在对供试恢复系对不同不育系的恢复度进行 t检验后发现,这三种不育系在恢复程度上无显著差别,说明它们可能是同类不育系,或者可能是所涉及的恢复系具有广泛恢复能力。在上述三种类型不育系中,QA92 8的可恢复程度偏低,其原因可能是其核遗传背景不同。     

RAPD markers linked to the nuclear gene from Triticum timopheevii that confers compatibility with Aegilops squarrosa cytoplasm on alloplasmic durum wheat.

Alien cytoplasms cause a wide range of phenotypic alterations in the nucleus-cytoplasm (NC) hybrids in the Triticeae. Nuclear genomes of timopheevii wheat (Triticum timopheevii and Triticum araraticum) are fully compatible with the cytoplasm of Aegilops squarrosa, while those of a majority of emmer or durum wheat cultivars and more than half the wild emmer wheats are incompatible, and a maternal 1D chromosome is required to restore seed viability and male fertility in the NC hybrids. A euploid NC hybrid of Triticum durum cv. Langdon with Ae. squarrosa cytoplasm produced by introgressing the NC compatibility (Ncc) gene from T. timopheevii was used to identify random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to it. After a survey of 200 random decamer primers, four markers were selected, all of which were completely linked in 64 individuals of a SB8 mapping population. One marker was derived from a single locus, while three others were from interspersed repetitive sequences. Also, the hybrid chromosomes and those of the parental T. durum had identical C-banding patterns. RAPD-PCR analysis of 65 accessions from wild and cultivated tetraploid wheat species showed the exclusive presence of the markers in timopheevii wheat. In conclusion, the chromosomal region flanking Ncc of T. timopheevii is highly conserved in the genome of this group of tetraploid wheats.     

Phytosiderophore release in Aegilops tauschii and Triticum species under zinc and iron deficiencies.

Using three diploid (Triticum monococcum, AA), three tetraploid (Triticum turgidum, BBAA), two hexaploid (Triticum aestivum and Triticum compactum, BBAADD) wheats and two Aegilops tauschii (DD) genotypes, experiments were carried out under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solution (i) to study the relationships between the rates of phytosiderophore (PS) release from the roots and the tolerance of diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats and AE: tauschii to zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) deficiencies, and (ii) to assess the role of different genomes in PS release from roots under different regimes of Zn and Fe supply. Phytosiderophores released from roots were determined both by measurement of Cu mobilized from a Cu-loaded resin and identification by using HPLC analysis. Compared to tetraploid wheats, diploid and hexaploid wheats were less affected by Zn deficiency as judged from the severity of leaf symptoms. Aegilops tauschii showed very slight Zn deficiency symptoms possibly due to its slower growth rate. Under Fe-deficient conditions, all wheat genotypes used were similarly chlorotic; however, development of chlorosis was first observed in tetraploid wheats. Correlation between PS release rate determined by Cu-mobilization test and HPLC analysis was highly significant. According to HPLC analysis, all genotypes of Triticum and AE: tauschii species released only one PS, 2'-deoxymugineic acid, both under Fe and Zn deficiency. Under Zn deficiency, rates of PS release in tetraploid wheats averaged 1 micromol x (30 plants)(-1) x (3 h)(-1), while in hexaploid wheats rate of PS release was around 14 micromol x (30 plants)(-1) x (3 h)(-1). Diploid wheats and AE: tauschii accessions behaved similarly in their capacity to release PS and intermediate between tetraploid and hexaploid wheats regarding the PS release capacity. All Triticum and Aegilops species released more PS under Fe than Zn deficiency, particularly when the rate of PS release was expressed per unit dry weight of roots. On average, the rates of PS release under Fe deficiency were 3.0, 5.7, 8.4, and 16 micromol x (30 plants)(-1) x (3 h)(-1) for AE: tauschii, diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats, respectively. The results of the present study show that the PS release mechanism in wheat is expressed effectively when three genomes, A, B and D, come together, indicating complementary action of the corresponding genes from A, B and D genomes to activate biosynthesis and release of PS.     

应用水稻基因芯片分析小麦光温敏核雄性不育系的基因差异表达

小麦光温敏雄性不育系是二系法杂交小麦应用技术体系的核心与基础,其育性严格受光周期和温度控制.了解光温敏雄性不育机理将促进二系法杂交小麦育种技术的应用和发展,而筛选控制不育的关键基因是揭示光温敏雄性不育分子机理的前提.由于小麦基因组信息有限,根据小麦与水稻有较高同源性,尝试利用水稻基因组芯片筛选小麦光温敏雄性不育系BS366冷胁迫响应基因.得到9个差异表达基因,这些基因参与基因表达调控、胁迫应答、信号转导、代谢等重要生命过程,为解析小麦光温敏雄性不育机理提供了有益信息.利用雄蕊cDNA半定量PCR法验证表明,NADH（nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate）脱氢酶亚基4L、锌指富含DHHC（deaf/hard of hearing connection）结构、线粒体物质运输蛋白、外被体蛋白COPⅠδ（coat proteinⅠδ）亚基和ABC（ATP-binding cassette）转运蛋白5个基因,在低温和对照温度下表达存在明显差异,可作为育性相关候选基因开展下一步研究.     

四倍体小麦—粗山羊草双二倍体抗病新种质的创制

通过四倍体小麦与粗山羊草杂交,利用幼胚拯救技术获得了ＰＳ５－Ｙ２８７双二倍体（ＡＡＢＢＤＤ）。该双二倍体ＰＭＣ ＭⅠ染色体构型基本稳定,对小麦白粉病表现免疫,对条锈、叶锈和秆锈病表现良好的田间抗性。并且该种质籽粒外观品质好,是一份有利用价值的小麦种质材料。     

Synthetic hexaploid wheat and its utilization for wheat genetic improvement in China

Synthetic hexaploid wheat （Triticum turgidum x Aegilops tauschii） was created to explore for novel genes from T. turgidum and Ae. tauschii that can be used for common wheat improvement. In the present paper, research advances on the utilization of synthetic hexaploid wheat for wheat genetic improvement in China are reviewed. Over 200 synthetic hexaploid wheat （SHW） accessions from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre （CIMMYT） were introduced into China since 1995. Four cultivars derived from these, Chuanmai 38, Chuanmai 42, Chuanmai 43 and Chuanmai 47, have been released in China. Of these, Chuanmai 42, with large kernels and resistance to stripe rust, had the highest average yield （〉 6 t/ha） among all cultivars over two years in Sichuan provincial yield trials, outyielding the commercial check cultivar Chuanmai 107 by 22,7%. Meanwhile, by either artificial chromosome doubling via colchicine treatment or spontaneous chromosome doubling via a union of unreduced gametes （2n） from T. turgidum-Ae, tauschii hybrids, new SHW lines were produced in China. Mitotic-like meiosis might be the cytological mechanism of spontaneous chromosome doubling. SHW lines with genes for spontaneous chromosome doubling may be useful for producing new SHW-alien amphidiploids and double haploid in wheat genetic improvement.     

Targeted mutagenesis of a conserved anther‐expressed P450 gene confers male sterility in monocots

Targeted mutagenesis using programmable DNA endonucleases has broad applications for studying gene function in planta and developing approaches to improve crop yields. Recently, a genetic method that eliminates the need to emasculate the female inbred during hybrid seed production, referred to as Seed Production Technology, has been described. The foundation of this genetic system relied on classical methods to identify genes critical to anther and pollen development. One of these genes is a P450 gene which is expressed in the tapetum of anthers. Homozygous recessive mutants in this gene render maize and rice plants male sterile. While this P450 in maize corresponds to the male fertility gene Ms26, male fertility mutants have not been isolated in other monocots such as sorghum and wheat. In this report, a custom designed homing endonuclease, Ems26+, was used to generate in planta mutations in the rice, sorghum and wheat orthologs of maize Ms26. Similar to maize, homozygous mutations in this P450 gene in rice and sorghum prevent pollen formation resulting in male sterile plants and fertility was restored in sorghum using a transformed copy of maize Ms26. In contrast, allohexaploid wheat plants that carry similar homozygous nuclear mutations in only one, but not all three, of their single genomes were male fertile. Targeted mutagenesis and subsequent characterization of male fertility genes in sorghum and wheat is an important step for capturing heterosis and improving crop yields through hybrid seed.     

Basic studies on hybrid wheat breeding

Summary The nuclei of 12 common wheats (genome constitution AABBDD) were placed into the cytoplasms of Aegilops kotschyi and Ae. variabilis (both C^uC^uS^vS^v) by repeated backcrosses. Using these nucleus-cytoplasm hybrids, male sterility-fertility restoration relationship was investigated. Male sterility was expressed by these cytoplasms only in Slm, Splt and Mch. The other nine common wheat nuclei gave normal fertility against these cytoplasms. These cytoplasms were compared with the Triticum timopheevi cytoplasm that is now widely used in the hybrid wheat breeding program in order to investigate their effects on important agronomic traits of the 12 common wheats: The kotschyi and variabilis cytoplasms were as good as the timopheevi cytoplasm in this respect.The F₁ hybrid between (kotschyi)- or (variabilis)-Splt and CS showed normal fertility. Segregation of the fertiles and steriles in their F₂ generations followed the simple Mendelian fashion, i.e., 3 fertile1 sterile. Thus, the fertility restoration in this case is mainly controlled by a single dominant gene which will be designated as Rfv1. To determine its location, ditelo-lBS and -lBL of CS were crossed as male parents to male sterile (kotschyi)- and (variabilis)-Splt. The F₁ hybrids between the male sterile Spit's and CS ditelo-lBS became male fertile, while those between the male sterile Spit's and CS ditelo-lBL became completely male sterile. Thus, the location of the gene Rfv1 has been determined to be on the short arm of chromosome lB of CS. Furthermore, a close relationship between the fertility-restoring genes and the nucleolus organizer region was pointed out.Finally, the schemes of breeding the male sterile lines of a cultivar with these cytoplasms, and its maintainer line were formulated. The following two points were considered as the advantages of the present male sterility-fertility restoration system over that using the timopheevi cytoplasm in breeding hybrid wheat: (1) easier fertility restoration in F₁ hybrids, and (2) no need of breeding the restorer line.This work was supported by a Grand-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, No. 386002. Contribution from the Laboratory of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Japan, No. 420.     

Expression of high zinc efficiency of Aegilops tauschii and Triticum monococcum in synthetic hexaploid wheats

The effect of varied zinc (Zn) supply on shoot and root dry matter production, severity of Zn deficiency symptoms and Zn tissue concentrations was studied in two Triticum turgidum (BBAA) genotypes and three synthetic hexaploid wheat genotypes by growing plants in a Zn-deficient calcareous soil under greenhouse conditions with (+Zn=5 mg kg^-1 soil) and without (−Zn) Zn supply. Two synthetic wheats (BBAADD) were derived from two different Aegilops tauschii (DD) accessions using same Triticum turgidum (BBAA), while one synthetic wheat (BBAAAA) was derived from Triticum turgidum (BBAA) and Triticum monococcum (AA). Visible symptoms of Zn deficiency, such as occurrence of necrotic patches on leaves and reduction in shoot elongation developed more rapidly and severely in tetraploid wheats than in synthetic hexaploid wheats. Correspondingly, decreases in shoot and root dry matter production due to Zn deficiency were higher in tetraploid wheats than in synthetic hexaploid wheats. Transfer of the DD genome from Aegilops tauschii or the AA genome from Triticum monococcum to tetraploid wheat greatly improved root and particularly shoot growth under Zn-deficient, but not under Zn-sufficient conditions. Better growth and lesser Zn deficiency symptoms in synthetic hexaploid wheats than in tetraploid wheats were not accompanied by increases in Zn concentration per unit dry weight, but related more to the total amount of Zn per shoot, especially in the case of synthetic wheats derived from Aegilops tauschii. This result indicates higher Zn uptake capacity of synthetic wheats. The results demonstrated that the genes for high Zn efficiency from Aegilops tauschii (DD) and Triticum monococcum (AA) are expressed in the synthetic hexaploid wheats. These wheat relatives can be used as valuable sources of genes for improvement of Zn efficiency in wheat. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.