Late paleozoic and Late Triassic limestones from north Palawan Block (Philippines): Microfacies and paleogeographical implications

Summary Selected Late Paleozoic and Triassic limestone exposures were studied on northern Palawan Island, Philippines, with regard to microfacies, stratigraphy and facies interpretation. Although some of the outcrops were already reported in literature, we present the first detailed microfacies study. Late Paleozoic carbonates in the El Nido area are represented by widley distributed Permian and locally very restricted Carbonifenous limestones. Of particular interest is the first report of Carboniferous limestones in the Philippines dated by fossils. Fusulinids indicate a ‘Middle’ Carboniferous (Moscovian-Kasimovian) age of the Paglugaban Formation only known from Paglugaban Island. The Permian Minilog Formation consists mostly of fusulinid wackestones and dasycladacean wacke-/packstones. Fusulinid datings (neoschwagerinids and verbeekinids) provide a Guadalupian (Wordian-Capitanian) age. The depositional setting of the Middle Permian carbonates corresponds to a distally steepened ramp with biostromes built by alatoconchid bivalves locally associated with richthofeniid brachiopods. Late Triassic limestones occur in isolated exposures on and around Busuanga Island (Calamian Islands). The age of the investigated carbonates is Rhaetian based on the occurrence ofTriasina hantkent Maizon. Microfacies data indicate the existence of reefs (Malajon Island) and carbonate platforms (Kalampisanan Islands, Busuanga Island, Coron Island). Reef boundstones are characterized by abundant solenoporacean red algae, coralline sponges and corals. Platform carbonates yield a broad spectrum of microfacies types, predominantly wacke- and packstones with abundant involutinid foraminifera and some calcareous algae. These facies types correspond to platform carbonates known from other parts of Southeast Asia (Eastern Sulawesi and Banda Basin; Malay Peninsula and Malay Basin). The Philippine platform carbonates were deposited on and around seamounts surrounded by deeper water radiolarian cherts. The new data on facies and age of the Philippine Permian and Triassic carbonates contradict a close paleogeographical connection between the North Palawan Block and South China and arise problems for the currently proposed origin of the North Palawan Block at the paleomargin of South China. We hypothesize that North Palawan was part of the Indochina Block during the Carboniferous and Permian, separated from the Indochina Block during the Middle Permian and collided with the South China Block in the Late Cretaceous.     

Bored Bivalves in Upper Triassic (Norian) Event Beds,Northeastern British Columbia,Canada

Skeletobionts are important components of most shallow marine ecosystems. Prior to the fossils reported herein, evidence of skeletobionts was absent from Upper Triassic successions on the northwestern margin of Pangaea. The boring Talpina ramosa is reported from bivalve body fossils from the Upper Triassic (Lower Norian) lower Pardonet Formation at Pink Mountain in northeastern British Columbia. This Ichnotaxon penetrates through both the outer and inner surface of articulated and disarticulated bivalve shells preserved within sharp-based event beds. The occurrence of these trace fossils underscores the paucity of borings, bioerosional structures, and encrusting taxa from Triassic successions in the western Pangaean realm. Due to erosional removal of shallow water strata by a post-Triassic unconformity, these event beds provide the only available information regarding the ecological health of Late Triassic depositional systems in the study area.     

Halorina cryptica nov. ichnogen., nov. ichnosp., mass-occurrence of Upper Triassic crustacean microcoprolites from neptunian dikes and sills cutting the Dachstein-type carbonate platform and their paleoenvironmental significance (Northern Apuseni Mountains,Romania)

The new crustacean microcoprolite Halorina cryptica nov. ichnogen., nov. ichnosp., is reported from cryptic cavities cutting the Upper Triassic (Carnian to lower Rhaetian) Dachstein-type limestones from the Northern Apuseni Mountains, Romania. The new ichnotaxon is extremely abundant in cavities, neptunian dikes and sills filled with red ferruginous carbonate sediment. The associated microfauna consists of ostracods and rare foraminifera. The microfacies is represented by bioclastic coprolite-bearing wackestone-packstone to grainstone. The red ferruginous carbonate fillings are strongly bioturbated. The neptunian sill located at the top of the studied section contains a rich ichnofauna associated with brachiopod accumulations. It is dominated by the dimerelloid rhynchonellid Halorella, indicating a late Norian-early Rhaetian age. Although neptunian dikes and sills are rather common in the Dachstein-type carbonate platform that extended on the northwestern Tethyan margin, we report here the first record of mass-occurrence of crustacean microcoprolites in neptunian dikes and sills filled with red carbonate sediments of marine origin. They are interpreted here as cryptic cavities with specific palaeoenvironmental features (e.g., lack of light, abundant nutrients, intensive microbial activity) where crustacean arthropods thrived.     

Microbial carbonates and corals on the marginal French Jura platform (Late Oxfordian,Molinges section)

Molinges was located on an Upper Jurassic ramp system of low-energy regime that developed at the southern margin of the French Jura platform. The sedimentary succession is characterized by the transition from a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate to a carbonate depositional setting that occurred during a long-term shallowing-upward trend. The disappearance of siliciclastics is explained by a climatic change, from humid and cold to drier and warmer conditions, previously identified in Late Oxfordian adjacent basins. The base of the section shows marl-limestone alternations of outer ramp. In its middle part, the section displays oncolitic marls, coral-microbialite beds and oncolitic limestones that deposited in a mid ramp position. Finally, the upper section part is made of oolitic limestones of inner ramp. In outer- to mid-ramp settings submitted to terrigenous inputs, the stacking pattern of deposits and facies evolution allow the identification of elementary, small-, medium-, and large-scale sequences. Small amplitudes of sea-level variations probably controlled rapid shifts of facies belts and reef window occurrences. In small-scale sequences, the coral beds developed during periods of sea-level rise. The decreasing rate of sea-level rise is marked by the downramp shift of the oncolitic limestone belt that led to the demise of coral-microbialite beds. These bioconstructions are mainly represented by thin biostromes in which corals never reach great sizes. The coral assemblages mainly include the genera Enallhelia, Dimorpharaea, Thamnasteria, and some solitary forms (Montlivaltia and Epistreptophyllum). They suggest relatively low-mesotrophic conditions in marine waters during the edification of the primary framework. Relatively cold water temperatures and periods of more elevated nutrient contents are probably responsible of the reduced coral development and the formation of a large amount of microbialites.     

New species of Lenticulina (Foraminifera) from the Upper Triassic of Kotelnyi Island,New Siberian Islands,Russia

Late Triassic foraminifers of Kotelnyi Island (New Siberian Islands) are studied. Four new lenticuline species (Lenticulina kotelnensis sp. nov., L. triassica sp. nov., L. septentrionalis sp. nov., and L. sakhaensis sp. nov.) are described. Their distribution in the Upper Triassic deposits of Kotelnyi Island is discussed.     

The preservation of ostracod shells in the siliceous chalk of the Danish-Polish Furrow (Baltic Sea)

Summary The number, morphological details and structure of ostracod shells washed from chalk by mechanical disaggregation differ from those in siliceous chalk treated by hydrofluoric acid (HF, conc.). The shells studied are from erratic material (Ger. “Schollen”, “Geschiebe”) of young Quaternary deposits from Nossentin near Malchow/Mecklenburg, NE Germany; Wicko (Vietzig) near Miedzyzdroje (Misdroy), Isle of Wolin/Baltic Sea, NW Poland (Upper Turonian) and from outcropping chalk (Lower Maastrichtian) of the Island of Rügen/Baltic Sea, NE Germany as well as erratic boulders (Upper Maastrichtian), NE Germany. The differences in the number of shells and their state of preservation are primarily caused by biotic and nonbiotic influences after death, e.g. loss of organic substance and shell deformation by low pressure. Greater destruction of the shell and its sculpture is caused by pressure (sedimentary compaction), recrystallization, sparitization and accretine crystallization of the shell calcite during diagenesis. The silification process or origin of flint in chalk is caused by weakly acidic environmental conditions (pH<5) before sedimentary compaction. It is indicated by dispersed pyrite and by well-preserved siliceous radiolarian skeletons. Finely-foliated opal-CT crystals start growing between the crystallites of the ostracod shell, later on forming lepispheres. Silification is early diagenetic, as verified by the well-preserved shell sculpture and structure and the undisturbed bioturbate structure in siliceous nodules.     

肯尼亚早三叠世叶肢介—新属—Kenyaestheria

报道的叶肢介新属（Kenyaestheria gen．nov．）采自肯尼亚Maji ya Chumvi地区的一钻孔,属下三叠统上马几牙楚姆维组（Upper Majiya Chumvi Formation）,其特征为壳瓣后背缘最后几条生长线靠近背缘处形成一个凹缘构造,但生长线在背缘并不反转弯曲,同时具有放射线纹饰,据此将其归于凹缘叶肢介科（Ulugkemiidae）。该科是一个灭绝的类群,分布于中泥盆统至上三叠统,古生代的类型都发现于欧亚大陆,晚三叠世的Triasulugkemia见于阿根廷,新属首见于早三叠世,也是在南大陆出现的第二例凹缘叶肢介类。孢粉Lunatisporites pellucidus和叶肢介Aquilonoglypta—Cornia—Palaeolimnadia—Falsisca组合指示含化石的地层时代为早三叠世早期。     

Uppermost Pliensbachian-Lowermost Toarcian ostracod assemblages from the Western Tethys: Comparison between Traras Mountains (Algeria), Subbetic (Spain), and Algarve (Portugal)

Major changes in ostracod assemblages have been recorded in the Lower Jurassic of Western Tethys related to biotic crises of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundary and the Polymorphum-Levisoni boundary (Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event). The study is focused on the ostracods assemblages from Benzerka section (Traras Mountains, Algeria) and their comparison with sections from External Subbetic and Algarve Basin (South Iberian Palaeomargin). Three stratigraphic intervals coincident with the ammonite zones have been differentiated with important fluctuations in the composition of ostracod assemblages. In the ostracod assemblages from the Traras Mountains the turnover related to this benthic biotic crisis is shown by assemblages previous to the biotic crisis (uppermost Pliensbachian) mainly composed by families Healdiidae and Cytherellidae to assemblages just after the T-OAE (upper part of the Levisoni Zone) with assemblages dominated by families Protocytheridae and Polycopidae and the extinction of family Healdiidae (suborder Metacopina). The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) probably resulted in restricted conditions but a barren interval due to oxygen-depleted conditions in this setting is not recorded. In this context, the change of components of ostracod assemblages looks gradual. In the Southiberian Palaeomargin, represented by the External Subbetic the turnover of ostracods assemblages is also recorded but the families involved are different than in Traras Mountains. Therefore, different phases have been differentiated in the ostracod turnover occurring from Upper Pliensbachian (assemblages dominated by families Pontocyprididae, Healdiidae and Bairdiidae) to end of Lower Toarcian (assemblages dominated by family Cytherellidae and the extinction of family Healdiidae). In the Algarve Basin the families Healdiidae and Bairdiidae were dominant previously to the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event. Differences in the composition of ostracod assemblages between Traras Mountains and External Subbetic may be related to the fragmentation of these palaeomargins related to early stages of rifting in the Western Tethys. Moreover, the incidence of oxygen-depleted conditions was higher in External Subbetic than in Traras Mountains where some ostracod genera survive during the biotic crisis.     

Dasycladalean green algae from the Upper Triassic of Mt. Rotonda (Verbicaro Unit, Calabria-Lucania Border, Southern Italy)

Summary A rich and diverse dasycladalean algae association is described from the Upper Triassic succession of Mt. Rotonda (Calabria-Lucania border, Southern Italy). This association consists of:Neoteutloporella rajkae n.sp.,Griphoporella bechst?dti n.sp.,Physoporella zamparelliae n.sp.,Spinaporella andalusica Flügel & Flügel-Kahler, 1984,S.? granadaensis Flügel & Flügel-Kahler, 1984,Chinianella? sp.,Gyroporella sp.,Griphoporella? sp. andPhysoporella aff.leptotheca. Neoteutloporella rajkae n.sp. is characterised by an undulated calcareous skeleton with short acrophore primary laterals bearing a tuft of 4–6 elongate, segmented, trichophore secondary laterals. This species allows to extend back to the Upper Triassic the stratigraphic range of the genusNeoteutloporella, previously known only from Upper Jurassic levels. Griphoporella bechst?dti n.sp. has a cylindrical calcareous skeleton and primary laterals only, consisting of a thin proximal part followed by a swollen portion that pinches out distally and finally opens outward with a cup-like swelling. Physoporella zamparelliae n.sp. is characterised by a calcareous skeleton made by partly welded thin individual sheaths enclosing the laterals. The laterals are piriferous, vertically compressed, roughly triangular both in vertical and in verticillar section. In some specimens they end with a spine-like thin apophysis. This species confirms that the typical Middle Triassic genusPhysoporella survived up into the Norian. The dasycladalean algal association of the Norian of Mt. Rotonda shows some similarities with the algal association found in the Upper Triassic of the Betic Cordillera whereas it is markedly different from the rich association occurring in the Upper Triassic of Sicily and of the Northern Calcareous Alps. This pattern is coupled with a different composition of the platform margin communities: microbial/serpulids bioconstructions in the Upper Triassic of the Calabria-Lucania border and of Alpujarridevs. Dachstein-type reefs in Sicily and the Northern Calcareous Alps. This indicates that the palaeoceanographic and palaeogeographic conditions controlled both the development of the different platform margin and of the different algal assemblages.     

The Kuehneotheriidae (Mammaliaformes) from Saint-Nicolas-de-Port (Upper Triassic,France): a Systematic Review

The origin and first diversification of mammals in the Upper Triassic remain poorly understood, in part because many fossil discoveries are not fully studied, and in part because the material remains poor. The Saint-Nicolas-de-Port quarry (Rhaetian, France) is the second most important locality that yielded remains of Kuehneotherium, after the fissure-fillings of the Glamorganshire (Lower Jurassic, Wales). This study identifies one new species of Kuehneotherium, K. stanislavi, sp. nov., and a new genus of Kuehneotheriidae, Fluctuodon necmergor, gen. et sp. nov. For these two new species, lower and upper molars are described and the first reconstructions of the postcanine row are proposed. Comparisons with material of Kuehneotherium from other Upper Triassic sites (Syren in Luxembourg, Emborough in England, and Jameson Land in Greenland) suggest two distinct Upper Triassic specific kuehneotheriid assemblages, respectively, west and east of the London Brabant Massif. They also suggest that the extinction event during the Triassic/Jurassic transition did not have a great impact on Kuehneotherium.     

Cycle stacking pattern, diagenesis and reservoir geology of peritidal dolostones, Trigonodus-Dolomite, Upper Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic, SW-Germany)

Summary Peritidal dolostones (Trigonodus-Dolomite) characterize the back-bank environment of the Upper Muschelkalk (Middle Triassic) carbonate ramp of SW-Germany. These deposits represent the Late Highstand Systems Tract (HST) of the ‘Third-Order’ Middle to Upper Muschelkalk depositional sequence. The HST forms an overall shallowing-upward trend and is build by a progradational stack of 1–2 m thick shallowing-upward cycles. The latter vary from subtidal-to-intertidal cycles at the base of the investigated section to intertidal-to-supratidal cycles at the top of the section. Six major facies types can be recognized: subtidal associations are characterized by oolithic grainstones, lagoonal oncolithic wackestones and peloidal mudstones. Intertidal associations are characterized by ostracod wackestones and laminated mudstones, supratidal facies consist of laminated mudstones with tepee horizons and flat pebble conglomerates as well as paleosol horizons. Thin section petrography, cathodoluminescence-microscopy and stable isotope geochemistry reveal a complex dolomitization history (evaporative dolomitization; burial dolomitization). The strong negative oxygen isotope signatures(−3.28 to−5.85‰) point out burial dolomitization as the dominant stage. The Trigonodus-Dolomite shows intercrystalline porosity and some vuggy porosity. Subtidal dolo-grainstones with idiotopic texture at the base of the investigated section have fair permeabilities (5–30 mD) and high porosities (14–32%). Inter-to supratidal dolo-wackestones and dolo-mudstones with xenotopic texture at the top of the section have very low permeabilities (0.3–1.0 mD) and lower porosities (11–16%). The reservoir characteristics with lateral continuity of porous and permeable zones at the base of the section and less porous and impermeable zones at the top again reflect the stacking pattern of shallowing-upward cycles within the overall shallowing-upward trend of the HST. Primary facies and dolomitization processes thus control the distribution of porosity and permeability.     

A new ichnospecies of Fuersichnus from the Cretaceous of Antarctica and its paleoecologic and stratigraphic implications

A new ichnotaxon is recognized in the Hidden Lake Formation, Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica. Fuersichnus striatus consists of horizontal to subhorizontal, isolated or loosely clustered, U‐shaped, curved to banana‐like burrows, characterized by distinctive striations parallel to the trace axis. It is interpreted as a dwelling structure probably produced by crustaceans or polychaetes. This recording of Fuersichnus extends its stratigraphic range from the Triassic‐Jurassic to the Cretaceous and its environmental setting from nonmarine to marine environments. F. striatus typified consolidated, but unlithified substrates. Accordingly, it must be considered a member of the Glossifungites ichnofacies.     

肯尼亚早三叠世叶肢介一新属-Kenyaestheria

报道的叶肢介新属(Kenyaestheriagen.nov.)采自肯尼亚MajiyaChumvi地区的一钻孔,属下三叠统上马几牙楚姆维组(UpperMajiyaChumviFormation),其特征为壳瓣后背缘最后几条生长线靠近背缘处形成一个凹缘构造,但生长线在背缘并不反转弯曲,同时具有放射线纹饰,据此将其归于凹缘叶肢介科(Ulugkemiidae)。该科是一个灭绝的类群,分布于中泥盆统至上三叠统,古生代的类型都发现于欧亚大陆,晚三叠世的Triasulugkemia见于阿根廷,新属首见于早三叠世,也是在南大陆出现的第二例凹缘叶肢介类。孢粉Lunatisporitespellucidus和叶肢介AquilonoglyptaCorniaPalaeolimnadiaFalsisca组合指示含化石的地层时代为早三叠世早期。     

Diverse earliest Triassic ostracod fauna of the non‐microbialite‐bearing shallow marine carbonates of the Yangou section,South China

Since diverse ostracod faunas in the immediate aftermath of the latest Permian mass extinction are mainly found within Permian–Triassic boundary microbialites (PTBMs), the idea of an ostracod ‘microbial‐related refuge’ has been proposed. Here, we report a diversified earliest Triassic ostracod fauna from the Yangou section in South China, where no PTBMs were deposited, providing evidence inconsistent with this ‘microbial‐related refuge’ hypothesis. In addition, a significant ostracod extinction is recorded, corresponding with the earliest Triassic mass extinction (ETME). This ETME of ostracods is associated with size increases and a length/height ratio (L/H) decrease, indicating varied evolutionary patterns of shape and size of ostracods through the Permian–Triassic (P‐Tr) extinction events. Although the nature of these biotic changes is somewhat unclear, the temporally varied ‘refuge zone’ scenario provides us with a window to reconstruct the environmental dynamics of ecosystem changes during the P‐Tr transition.     

Diversity and paleoenvironmental significance of Middle Triassic ostracods (Crustacea) from northern Thailand: Pha Kan Formation (Anisian,Lampang Group)

The Pha Kan Formation that crops out at the Phra That Muang Kham section, south of Lampang city, was measured and sampled for ostracod analysis. We here report the occurrence of 29 species distributed among 14 genera. Four new species are described: Triassocypris phakanella Forel nov. sp., Leviella lampangensis Forel nov. sp., Bektasia yawella Forel nov. sp. and Hungarella poli Chitnarin nov. sp. The present data represent the first detailed report of Middle Triassic (Anisian) ostracods from the Sukhothai terrane and the first insight into diversity dynamics following the end-Permian extinction in this area. The ostracod assemblages of the Phra That Muang Kham section are discussed and document an important shift from siliciclastic to carbonate conditions, from a protected to an open marine environment, followed by a slight regressive trend up-section associated with repeated salinity fluctuations. This fauna illustrates the post-crisis recovery during the Middle Triassic and some hypothesis are issued on the distribution pathways of several taxa.     

Large tetrapod burrows from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: a behavioural adaptation to seasonal semi‐arid climate?

Krapovickas, V., Mancuso, A.C., Marsicano, C.A., Domnanovich, N.S. & Schultz, C.L. 2013: Large tetrapod burrows from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: a behavioural adaptation to seasonal semi‐arid climate? Lethaia, Vol. 46, pp. 154–169. We report the discovery of large burrow casts in the early Middle Triassic Tarjados Formation, at Talampaya National Park, north‐western Argentina. Facies analysis indicates the burrows are preserved in sandbars deposited by an ephemeral river under semi‐arid and seasonal climatic conditions. The structures are mostly preserved in longitudinal cross‐section and consist of an opening, an inclined tunnel (ramp), and a terminal chamber. The ramp is 8–14 cm in height, up to 130 cm in length and penetrates 49–63 cm bellow the palaeosurface with an inclination of 22°–30°. We studied burrow cast dimensions, overall architectural morphology, surficial marks, and compared them with other large burrows of both invertebrate and vertebrate origin. A tetrapod origin of the burrow casts was established based on: distinctive architecture, and size, which is more than twice the most common size range for large terrestrial invertebrate burrows. Comparison with other Upper Permian and Triassic tetrapod burrows allows us to identify three general morphological groups: (1) simple inclined burrows; (2) helical burrows; and (3) burrow network complexes, representing different behaviours. A study of tetrapod body fossils preserved within other Upper Permian and Triassic burrows shows that the Tarjados structures were most likely produced by non‐mammalian cynodonts. The environmental and climatic context suggests that aridity and seasonality played a fundamental role selecting burrowing behaviour in therapsids and that by the Early–Middle Triassic their burrowing behaviour attained a complexity comparable to modern mammals. □Argentina, behaviour, palaeoclimate, Permo‐Triassic, Tarjados Formation, Tetrapod burrows.     

Oldest scleractinian coral reefs on the North American craton: Upper Triassic (Carnian), northeastern British Columbia,Canada

Bioclastic accumulations composed of crinoids, brachiopods, molluscs, spongiomorphs and scleractinian corals occur within Upper Triassic strata of the lower Baldonnel Formation at Pardonet Hill in northeastern British Columbia Canada. These small buildups (∼100 to 500 m³) have planar bases and broadly convex tops. These mounds are interpreted as small patch reefs composed of packstone, bioclastic floatstone/rudstone and carbonate breccia intercalated with mixed siliciclastic carbonate sediments deposited in a shallow subtidal setting (i.e. above fairweather wave base). Amalgamated hummocky cross-stratified to current ripple-laminated, quartz-dominated sandstone beds and numerous sharp-based, normally graded bioclastic (commonly encrinitic) packstone/grainstone — quartz–sandstone couplets characterize inter-reef lithologies.Conodont biostratigraphy indicates that the Pardonet Hill patch reefs occur within strata dated as earliest Upper Carnian (lower nodosus zone). The Pardonet Hill patch reefs originated and developed during an interval of regional sea level lowstand. Strata within which these patch reefs occur represent the westernmost migration of the Triassic shoreline in western Canada. Disappearance of coral reefs in the study area may have been affected by rapid marine transgression and failure of reef faunas to recolonize the new shore zone further to the east.The Pardonet Hill locality occurred on the western margin of the North American craton during the Triassic. Prior to their discovery reef-like structures dominated by corals in the western Panthalassa were limited to allochthonous terranes (now part of the Cordillera). The Pardonet Hill patch reefs occur at approximately 30° Triassic paleolatitude. In modern settings, this is at the extreme latitudinal margin of subtropical zooxanthellate reef development. The presence of benthic faunas characteristic of low-paleolatitude settings on the northwestern coast of Pangea has significant implications in paleotectonic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions.     

Ammonoid biostratigraphy of the Middle Triassic Latemar platform (Dolomites, Italy) and its correlation with Nevada and Canada

An extensive study of the ammonoid fauna occurring in the lagoonal facies of a Middle Triassic isolated carbonate platform (Latemar platform, Dolomites, Italy) has been undertaken, and ammonoids from selected coeval successions (Punta Zonia, Marmolada, Rio Sacuz) have been illustrated. Ammonoids from Latemar have been collected in 20 distinct horizons (storm deposits) within the ca. 500 m thick lagoonal succession of the platform, thus providing a biostratigraphy of a series which is unusually expanded for this time interval, close to the Anisian-Ladinian boundary. Contrary to general opinion, some ammonoids of the Latemar and other coeval carbonate platforms of the Dolomites (Marmolada, Cernera), in particular Aplococeras avisianum, Lecanites misanii, Celtites spp., and Paranevadites sp., are also present in nearby basinal series. The same taxa have been found in North American localities deposited at the opposite margin of Panthalassa. The homotaxis of these ammonoids in North America and Latemar allow to establish a global scale correlation between the Southern Alps and North America with the highest resolution to date possible. In the context of this study, Aplococeras transiens n. sp. and Esinoceras nerinae n. sp are established.