南亚果实蝇各虫态发育历期及有效积温研究

【背景】南亚果实蝇是世界性的检疫性害虫,在我国多个省市发生为害,对瓜果作物造成了严重的经济损失。【方法】采用人工恒温饲养方法,分别设置10、14、18、22、26、30、34℃7个恒温条件,测定不同温度条件下南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的生长发育历期,并推算出相应的发育起点温度和有效积温。【结果】南亚果实蝇卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7．36、2．43、7．64℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期的有效积温分别为20．21、187．69和156．65日度。完成整个世代的发育起点温度是7．64℃,有效积温为364．55日度。当温度达到34℃时,卵的发育历期相对延长,而蛹则不能正常发育,无法羽化为成虫。【结论与意义】在10～30℃,南亚果实蝇的卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,各虫态的发育速率和温度呈显著正相关;在26和30℃下,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期均显著短于其他各处理温度的发育历期。该试验结果为了解南亚果实蝇的发育温度极限和进一步开展该害虫的适生性分析提供了基础信息,进而为制定该虫的检疫措施提供依据。     

核桃扁叶甲的发育起点温度和有效积温

室内观察测定5个恒温条件下,核桃扁叶甲Gastrolina depressa Baly各虫态的发育历期及起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:在16～32℃温度范围内,核桃扁叶甲均能完成发育,其发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为9.4,12.2,14.3和11.1℃,有效积温分别为43.2,77.2,36.0和104.7日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为12.0℃,有效积温为260.5日.度。持续过高温度不适合核桃扁叶甲的生长发育。     

温度对红珠凤蝶小斑亚种发育的影响

室内研究了红珠凤蝶小斑亚种Pachliopta aristolochiae adaeus(Rothschild)在19～31℃范围内5个恒温条件下的发育.结果表明,成虫在19℃时不能交配和产卵,而卵、幼虫和蛹在19～31℃范围内均能完成发育,且发育历期随温度而变化.各温度下,预蛹期最短,幼虫期最长,幼虫龄期随虫龄的增加...     

温度对红点唇瓢虫实验种群的影响

在７种温度下测定了红点唇瓢虫（Ｃｈｉｌｏｃｏｒｕｓ ｋｕｗａｎａｅ Ｓｉｌｖｅｓｔｒｉ）发育速率,并求得各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温。其发育速率与温度的关系能很好地用王如松等（１９８２）提出的模型进行拟合。由此模型估计出最低、最高临界温度和最适发育温度,分别为１０．４２－１３．０１－℃、℃３３．５３－３７．０３℃和２４．９９－３０．１２℃。卵期忍耐温度变化的能力最强。４龄幼虫最弱。温度明显地影响     

温度对美洲斑潜蝇发育、存活和繁殖的影响

在恒温１５,２０,２５,３０和３５℃下,对美洲斑潜蝇在菜豆上的发育和繁殖做了研究。结果表明,在１５￣３５℃范围内,未成熟期各虫态（卵、幼虫和蛹）的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,发育速率呈逻辑斯蒂曲线变化;卵期孵化率在２５℃中最高;各温度下幼虫期存活率最高,低温１５℃和高温３５℃对蛹的存活有显示抑制作用,１５℃时蛹的死亡率达３９．６％。成虫寿命一般在２０ｄ以内,与温度呈直线负相关;繁殖力最高可达２８１     

变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲发育速率的影响

沙葱萤叶甲为近年来在内蒙古草原猖獗成灾的新害虫,为明确温度对其发育速率的影响,分别设置5个变温组合(8/20℃,11/23℃,14/26℃,17/29℃和20/32℃)和6个恒温(13℃,17℃,21℃,25℃,29℃和33℃),比较了变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹发育速率的影响。结果表明,不同变温组合和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育速率有显著的影响。发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在变温条件下,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从最低温度组合(8/20℃,平均15℃)的11.00,13.44,23.18,46.42和16.89 d,缩短至最高温度组合(20/32℃,平均27℃)的4.92,4.63,9.17,17.83和5.83 d;在恒温条件下,13℃下幼虫不能发育和存活,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从17℃的14.50,10.75,20.63,45.50和11.00 d,缩短至33℃的6.10,5.47,10.60,22.17和5.33 d。在变温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7.44℃和8.48℃,有效积温分别为344.82日度和113.52日度;在恒温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为0.64℃和5.11℃,有效积温分别为714.28日度和147.06日度。变温促进了沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育,本研究结果为沙葱萤叶甲的预测预报及综合防控提供了科学依据。     

不同温度对三叶虫萤卵孵化和初孵幼虫发育的影响

本文研究了三叶虫萤Emeia pseudosauteri在不同恒温设置和室内变温条件下卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率,并通过直接最优法和直线回归法计算出了三叶虫萤卵的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:12~30℃恒温条件下,卵的孵化率随着温度升高显著下降(P<0.05),且均低于室内变温条件(P<0.05)下的孵化率;初孵幼虫在恒温15℃下的存活率最高,为73.13%;低于12℃和高于30℃恒温中初孵幼虫均无法存活;在恒温条件12~30℃下,卵的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,其中恒温12℃下最长,发育历期为42.96 d(n=3),恒温30℃下最短,发育历期仅12.75 d(n=3)。通过直接最优法计算出三叶虫萤卵的发育起点温度为3.52℃,有效积温分别为382.20 d·℃。上述结果为三叶虫萤的人工繁育提供了参考。     

温度对桔小实蝇种群发育的影响

采用室内人工饲养,研究了温度对外来入侵无锡地区的桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)发育的影响。结果表明：17℃～33℃桔小实蝇各虫态发育速率逐渐增加;通过直线回归模型与直接最优法,得出桔小实蝇从卵期到成虫期的发育起点温度为9.9 ℃,卵、幼虫和蛹发育所需温度分别为10.5 ℃、9.6 ℃和10.3 ℃;卵期发育到成虫期的有效积温为381.0 d·℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期分别为24.1、178.6和176.7 d·℃。此外,温度影响桔小实蝇各虫态的存活率;25 ℃下卵期的存活率最高,而17 ℃下蛹期的存活率最低。温度对桔小实蝇雌雄性比也有一定影响,以25 ℃下雌虫比率最高。     

温湿度对秃病蚤蒙冀亚种发育的影响

试验表明:在相对湿度为76％、温度在17～29℃范围内,蚤的发育速度随温度升高而加快。35℃时对成蚤前各虫态均具有较强的致死作用。11℃时蚤在57.4天内完成了卵和幼虫期的发育,前蛹期发育了70天以上仍未蜕皮成蛹,但在升温(23℃)70天后仍可羽化。在17、23和29℃时成长率分别为57％、84％和44％。在温度为23℃,相对湿度低于53％时蚤不能完成幼虫期发育。相对湿度为100％时因霉菌污染而使幼虫死亡。湿度对孵化率、幼虫发育历期及成蚤的大小、寿命具有一定的影响。该蚤的最适发育温度在23℃左右,相对湿度在87％左右。     

温度对桃蛀螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

为了明确温度对桃蛀螟Conogethes punctiferalis (Guenée)生长发育和繁殖的影响, 本实验在恒温条件（15, 19, 23, 27和31℃共5个温度梯度）下, 以板栗为寄主食料, 研究了温度对桃蛀螟实验种群生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明： 温度对桃蛀螟各虫态的发育历期、 存活率、 蛹重以及种群繁殖力有显著影响。在15~27℃范围内, 各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短, 发育速率与温度呈显著正相关。但是, 当温度上升至31℃时, 幼虫生长发育受到抑制, 其发育历期比27℃时延长了1.11 d, 而卵期、 蛹期和产卵前期仍符合随温度升高趋于缩短的趋势。此外, 15℃下桃蛀螟5龄幼虫发育停滞, 表明老熟幼虫的发育起点温度高于其他低龄幼虫。桃蛀螟世代存活率随环境温度变化的大小顺序为23℃>27℃>19℃>31℃, 其中, 23~27℃的存活率较高, 为54.44%~63.56%, 31℃时为4.30%, 说明温度过高或过低均不利于其生长发育。成虫产卵量在23℃时最高, 单雌平均产卵量达55.00粒, 其次为19℃和27℃, 单雌平均产卵量分别为43.30和39.70粒; 31℃下产卵量最少, 仅为20.90粒。由直接最优法计算得到桃蛀螟卵期、 幼虫期、 蛹期、 产卵前期及全世代的发育起点温度分别为10.37, 10.06, 14.27, 7.47和11.85℃, 有效积温依次为70.84, 287.71, 118.42, 58.33和509.06日度。研究结果为桃蛀螟发生期的预测预报提供了基础参考数据, 对指导生产实践有实际的应用意义。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.