海南岛淡水龟类区系特点及保护优先性分析

海南岛是我国淡水龟类分布较为集中、物种丰富度高、动物区系独特的地区,已知的淡水龟有2科8属11种,占全国淡水龟种数(24种)的46％。海南岛淡水龟物种密度为3．2种／10^4km^2,均为东洋界成分,其中华南区种4种,占36．4％;华中-华南区共有的种7种,占63．6％;海南特有种2种,占岛内淡水龟种数的18．2％。海南岛淡水龟占华南地区淡水龟种数(19种)的57．9％。海南与广东、广西和香港的淡水龟类区系关系也十分密切,与它们的生物相似值分别为0．76、0．64和0．47。目前,中国75％的淡水龟类濒危,海南岛81．8％的淡水龟类濒危。分析表明,海南岛应是我国淡水龟类资源优先保育的地区。     

海南淡水龟类贸易现状与管理建议

2002–2004年,对海南野生淡水龟类贸易进行了调查。调查发现海南所有市县都存在野生龟类贸易,有野生龟类贸易的农贸市场22个,占调查农贸市场总数的19.6%;有野生龟类贸易的乡镇64个,占调查乡镇总数的65.3%;野生龟类收购点103个,野生淡水龟共489只。野生龟贸易所涉及的淡水龟类共10种,占海南淡水龟分布总种数的90%以上,其中3种是国家二级重点保护动物,6种是列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录II的物种。按照《中国濒危动物红皮书(两栖类和爬行类)》,1种为极危物种,8种为濒危物种,1种为易危物种。在个体数量方面,以锯缘摄龟(Pyxideamouhotii)、黄额盒龟(Cuoragalbinifrons)、四眼斑水龟(Sacaliaquadriocellata)和中华花龟(Ocadiasinensis)较多,平胸龟(Platysternonmegacephalum)、地龟(Geoemydaspengleri)、中华鳖(Pelodiscussinensis)较少,三线闭壳龟(Cuoratrifasciata)、黄喉拟水龟(Mauremysmutica)和山瑞鳖(Paleasteindachneri)极其稀少。龟类市场价格差异很大,从2002年到2004年,各种龟的价格都有不同幅度的上涨。分析表明:淡水龟类非法捕猎与贸易在海南普遍存在,过度捕猎对海南淡水龟类构成了严重威胁,而野生龟贸易则是导致过度捕猎的主要原因。本文在分析和探讨海南野生淡水龟类贸易的现状、原     

昆明市宠物市场爬行动物贸易调查

目的了解昆明市宠物市场上销售爬行动物的种类、数量、来源、价格及市场管理情况,为爬行类资源的保护和管理提供基础资料。方法采用观察和访谈相结合方式进行调查。结果昆明市6个宠物市场爬行动物类共有35种,其中蛇类14种,隶属3科12属;蜥蜴类6种,隶属4科5属;龟类15种,隶属6科12属。国外物种15种,占市场种类的42.9%;国内物种20种,占57.1%。依据《中国物种红色名录》(2004),1种为极危,4种为濒危,2种为易危;属于CITES(2013)附录Ⅱ有5种,附录Ⅲ有3种;属于国家重点保护的有2种。结论昆明市宠物市场爬行动物贸易缺乏相应的法制法规进行监督管理,应尽早制定规章制度加强对市场的管理,使市场更加规范有序。     

广州市花地湾市场龟鳖类调查

通过对广州市花地湾花鸟鱼虫市场贸易龟鳖类进行为期3年27次调查,共记录了9科29属41种或亚种,包括鳖科(Trionychidae)2属2种,两爪鳖科(Carettochelyidae)1属1种,龟科(Emydidae)4属5种,淡水龟科(Geoemydidae)10属18种,侧颈龟科(Chelidae)3属3种,动胸龟科(Kinosternidae)2属3种,鳄龟科(Chelydridae)2属2种,陆龟科(Testudinidae)4属6种,海龟科(Cheloniidae)1属1种。其中,国内龟鳖类共13种,外来物种共28种。受保护种类30种,所占比例达73.17%,部分龟类来源为野外捕捉。大量实体商家转入互联网进行精确营销,尤其是针对高价值的濒危种类,未来将着重对该隐蔽领域进行深入调查。     

海口市外来入侵植物现状及防控对策

基于野外调查及文献资料及标本信息查阅,基本查清海口市外来入侵植物的种类组成、原产地、生活型、入侵途径,并对外来入侵植物在海口市的入侵危害进行等级划分。结果表明,海口市目前发现外来入侵植物115种,隶属于32科83属,其中菊科种数最多,有23种,占海口外来入侵植物总种数的20.0%;有92种原产地为美洲,占80.0%;有84种为草本植物,占73.0%;有111种为人类有意或无意引入,占96.5%;入侵植物中严重危害类(1级)有12种,一般危害类(2级)有24种,潜在危害类(3级)有25种,一般外来类(4级)有22种,32种还有待观察(5级)。文中提出对海口外来植物入侵的防控及管理对策。     

贵州大沙河自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性研究

对贵州道真县大沙河保护区的两栖爬行动物进行了3次调查研究。共采获两栖动物2目8科15属27种（亚种）,占贵州省两栖动物总种数62种（亚种）的43．5％;爬行动物3目10科（亚科）28属34种（亚种）,占贵州省爬行动物总种数104种的32．7％。从物种组成和区系分析,本保护区的两栖动物以无尾目的蛙科为主,共12种,占保护区内总种数27种的44．4％;主要区系成分为东洋界的华中区种,共11种,占保护区总种数的40．74％;其物种的组成与中国及贵州的两栖动物区系特点一致。爬行动物以游蛇科为其主要组成部分,共有17种,占该保护区爬行动物种数的50．0％;这一特征与我国以及贵州爬行动物的组成特征是基本一致的。但是大沙河地区爬行动物组成中,蝮亚科有2属5种,居第2位,与我国以及贵州的爬行动物组成特点不同,故蝮亚科为构成该区爬行动物区系的主要特征成分之一。本文还运用G-F指数对大沙河自然保护区的两栖爬行动物进行科属间的物种多样性分析。结果表明爬行动物的科内和科间的多样性较高,属内和属间的多样性较低,G-F指数为正值;两栖动物的科内和科间的多样性较低,属内和属间的多样性较高,G—F指数为负值。     

大小兴安岭地区伞菌和牛肝菌类区系

2014-2016年间, 对大小兴安岭地区伞菌和牛肝菌类的物种多样性和区系组成等进行了研究。对野外采集的3,363份标本整理鉴定, 共鉴定出661种(包括变种), 隶属于1门4纲18目61科180属。其中食用菌185种, 药用菌92种, 有毒菌110种。区系组成上, 含有10种及以上的优势科有16科, 共计519种, 占大小兴安岭地区伞菌和牛肝菌类总科数的27.87%, 总种数的78.51%。含有10种以下的共有45科, 而种数仅为142种, 占总种数的21.48%, 在本区系中为从属地位。含有5种及以上的优势属有29个, 占总属数的16.11%, 共计412种, 占总种数的62.33%。物种的地理区系组成上主要以北温带分布种、世界广布种和欧亚大陆分布种为主, 其中北温带分布种216种, 占大小兴安岭地区大型真菌总种数的32.68%; 世界广布种167种, 所占比例为25.26%; 欧亚大陆分布种161种, 所占比例为24.36%。     

我国网络平台外来宠物贸易调查

为了解我国网络平台外来宠物贸易情况, 作者分别在2018年、2019年对爬宠网app、转转app、微信和慧聪网4个网络平台上外来宠物贸易的种类、规模、价格进行了为期各6周的调查。共记录到外来宠物111种, 隶属于4纲8目44科94属, 其中爬行纲3目31科78属94种, 占物种总数的84%; 两栖纲2目9科11属12种, 占物种总数的11%; 鸟纲1目2科3属3种, 占物种总数的3%; 哺乳纲2目2科2属2种, 占物种总数的2%。IUCN红色名录受威胁物种27种, 占物种总数的24%; 列入CITES附录的物种45种, 占物种总数的41%。77%的外来贸易宠物售卖信息条数低于6条, 58%的外来贸易宠物价格低于1,000元/只。本文根据目前网络平台外来宠物贸易现状, 提出了网络平台动物贸易监管建议。     

海南尖峰岭自然保护区淡水龟类调查

2005年3~4月,采用野外调查和访问调查结合的方法,对尖峰岭自然保护区淡水龟类进行了专项调查。在海拔300~1 000 m设5个研究样区,采用系统抽样法在样区内选取443个研究样点,用笼捕法进行调查。野外调查共发现淡水龟类3种11只,包括8只平胸龟(Platysternon megacephalum)、2只四眼斑水龟(Sacalia quadriocellata)和1只锯缘摄龟(Pyxidea mouhotii)。访问调查得知当地还有黄额闭壳龟(Cuora galbinifrons)、三线闭壳龟(C.trifasciata)、中华鳖(Pelodiscus sinensis)和山瑞鳖(Palea steindachneri)分布。研究表明,尖峰岭自然保护区淡水龟类至少有2科7种,约占海南淡水龟类总种数的60%,其中四眼斑水龟和锯缘摄龟为本次调查到的尖峰岭淡水龟的新记录,三线闭壳龟和山瑞鳖为访问新记录。保护区内淡水龟类种群密度非常低,人为捕猎对淡水龟类资源破坏严重,需要加强保护和管理。     

粤东地区的国家保护植物

经调查粤东地区有中国珍稀濒危保护植物 2 7种 (含栽培种 ) ,分属于 2 4科 2 6属 ,占广东境内分布的中国珍稀濒危保护植物的 4 5 .8% ,占全国分布的 6 .9%。其中蕨类植物 1种 ,裸子植物 6种 ,被子植物 2 0种 ;确定为濒危植物的有 5种 ,稀有的 4种 ,渐危的 18种 ;被列为一级重点保护的 1种 ,二级重点保护的 7种 ,三级重点保护的 19种。有国家重点保护野生植物2 2种 (含栽培种 ) ,分属于 2 0科 2 0属 ,占全国重点保护野生植物的 8.3%。其中蕨类植物 5种 ,裸子植物 6种 ,被子植物 11种 ;被列为一级重点保护的 6种 ,二级重点保护的 16种。其国家保护植物资源具有种类丰富、古老性强、中国特有现象突出等特点。对其名录特点和利用价值也进行了分析     

陕西秦岭及大巴山地区的鸟类资源调查

近20多年的野外调查发现,陕西秦岭及大巴山地区的鸟类资源丰富,分布有475种鸟类,多为留鸟、夏候鸟和旅鸟。它们中有中国特有鸟类34种,国家Ⅰ级重点保护的鸟类9种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护的鸟类55种,还有28种鸟类被列入中国濒危动物红皮书及11种被列入世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)濒危物种红色名录中。目前因分布在自然保护区内而受到保护的鸟类有390种,占总种数的82.1%。保护区的存在有利于保护秦岭及大巴山地区的鸟类资源。     

广东象头山国家级自然保护区两栖动物多样性及保护研究

2007年3月～2009年7月, 对广东象头山国家级自然保护区两栖动物现状进行了专项研究.结果表明,该保护区现已记录两栖动物有1目6科21种,占广东省两栖类物种数的34.4%,区系组成以东洋界华中区和华南区共有种为主,占57.1%.保护区有国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物虎纹蛙Hoplobatrachus rugulosa,以及广东省重点保护野生动物沼水蛙Hylarana guentheri和棘胸蛙Paa spinosa.根据保护区两栖类的受胁因素,提出了相应的保护建议.     

Non‐marine turtle plays important functional roles in Indonesian ecosystems

The Southeast Asian box turtle (Cuora amboinensis) is numerically the most important turtle exported from Indonesia. Listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, this turtle is heavily harvested and exported for food and traditional medicine in China and for the pet trade primarily in the United States, Europe, and Japan. Despite its significance in global markets, relatively little is known about the species’ ecology or importance to ecosystems. We conducted our research in a national park in Sulawesi, Indonesia, and our objectives were to quantify trophic breadth, capacity for seed dispersal between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and whether ingestion of seeds by C. amboinensis enhances germination. We obtained diet samples from 200 individual turtles and found that the species is omnivorous, exhibiting an ontogenetic shift from more carnivorous to more omnivorous. Both subadults and adults scavenged on other vertebrates. In a seed passage experiment, turtles passed seeds for 2?9 days after ingestion. Radio‐tracked turtles moved, on average, about 35 m per day, indicating that seeds from ingested fruits, given seed passage durations, could be dispersed 70?313 m from the parent tree and potentially between wetland and upland ecosystems. In a seed germination experiment, we found that ingestion of seeds by turtles enhanced germination, as compared with control seeds, for four of six plant species tested. Of these, two are common in the national park, making up a significant proportion of plant biomass in lowland swamp forest and around ephemeral pools in savanna, and are highly valued outside of the park for their lumber for construction of houses, furniture, and boats. Protection of C. amboinensis populations may be important for maintaining trophic linkages that benefit biodiversity, communities, and local economies.     

Native or not? Tracing the origin of wild-caught and captive freshwater turtles in a threatened and widely distributed species (Emys orbicularis)

Pet and food trade are among the major threats for many chelonians species worldwide. We investigate the impact of the present and past trade in European pond turtles (Emys orbicularis, E. trinacris) on their extant distribution pattern. Using a comprehensive mtDNA dataset of cytochrome b haplotypes derived from more than 1,550 individuals, we assigned wild-caught allochthonous and captive turtles from six European countries to their native regions across the entire distribution range. We found allochthonous haplotypes in all countries surveyed, providing evidence of long-distance translocations owing to past and present trade, illegal poaching or collection by tourists. In summary, we identify source regions of allochthonous turtles and past and present trade routes. Moreover, we point out future directions which would contribute to conservation and management of these threatened species.     

The dynamics of trade in live wildlife across the Guangxi border between China and Vietnam during 1993–1996 and its control strategies

A survey on trade in live wild animals was conducted along the Guangxi border between China and Vietnam during 1993–1996. The results showed that there were 55 species, which were underestimated, involved in the trade, including 15 species of mammals, 10 species of birds, 29 species of reptiles and 1 species of amphibian. Many of them were species listed on Appendices I and II of CITES and on China's protection list (known as ASSP). During the investigation, about 2.29–29.325 tons of wildlife per day were imported to China form Vietnam. Some species with a large volume of trade may be over-exploited. Sixty-three percent of middle–high quality restaurants in three border cities and Nanning in Guangxi sold wildlife foods. Twenty kinds of wild animals were eaten at the restaurants. Although numbers of species involved in the trade remained fairly stable over the survey period, numbers of species listed in Appendices I and II of CITES and the state protection list had declined. The scale of wildlife markets in border cities of Guangxi and consumption levels of wildlife in the restaurants had been reduced because border control measures were enforced on the trade by local governments of China. However, the prices of the 5 main species in wildlife markets were still going up. This suggested that demand for wildlife in Guangxi was strong and will facilitate the illegal trade. The key steps to control the illegal wildlife trade between the two countries should focus on (i)suppression of illegal wildlife markets and prohibition of the sale of wildlife food in restaurants consisting of species listed in the ASSP inventory; (ii) international cooperation in the control of the trade; (iii) tighter enforcement of CITES for both countries; (iv) control of invasion of exotic species and epidemics of disease in the trade in China; and (v) education for wildlife conservation in China.