羊草＋杂类草群落数量特征季节动态的研究

本文对肇州羊草＋杂类草群落主要种群、种组及群落数量特征季节动态进行了探讨。结果表明,在生长季内,羊草、蔓委陵菜群种及丛生禾草种组高度和盖度,群落的盖度及密度特征呈单峰型变化,群落最大地上生物量出现在８月５日,其值为１９７３ｇ／ｍ２干物质,而后下降;在生长季内,符合拓广了的Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ模型增长,其模型为：Ｂ＝２２４６０３８１＋ｅ５．９２８９－５．５３８８×１０２·ｔ－４．８４８４×１０４·ｔ２＋３．５３６５×１０－６·ｔ３     

天津滨海湿地3种典型群落土壤理化性质及碳氮差异性分析

以天津滨海湿地3种典型群落即芦苇(Phragmites australis)群落、碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)群落和獐毛(Aeluropus sinensis)群落为研究对象,比较了各群落不同深度土壤的盐度、容重、p H值、有机碳密度及土壤氮等生态特征,结果表明:3种群落0~30 cm土壤盐度依次为獐毛群落>碱蓬群落>芦苇群落;容重依次为獐毛群落>碱蓬群落>芦苇群落;p H值依次为碱蓬群落>獐毛群落>芦苇群落。3种群落土壤0~30 cm的有机碳密度,以芦苇群落为最高(7.06 kg·m-2),獐毛群落次之(6.38 kg·m-2),碱蓬群落最低(5.70 kg·m-2)。各群落土壤有机碳密度均以表层为最高,随着土壤深度的增加,有机碳密度呈下降趋势。3种群落0~30 cm土壤中总氮含量以芦苇群落最高,獐毛群落最低;NO-3-N含量从大到小依次是:碱蓬群落>芦苇群落>獐毛群落,而NH+4-N含量是:芦苇群落>碱蓬群落>獐毛群落。土壤有机碳密度与p H值呈显著负相关;土壤总氮与容重及p H值分别呈显著负相关;土壤铵态氮与土壤有机碳密度、总氮呈显著正相关;土壤硝态氮与土壤有机碳密度呈显著正相关,而与其它土壤因子的相关性不显著。     

泉州湾大型底栖生物群落生态

泉州湾大型底栖生物有256种,其中多毛类66种,软体动物74种,甲壳动物77种,棘皮动物12种和其他动物27种。多毛类、软体动物和甲壳动物占总种数的84．76％。三者构成大型底栖生物的主要类群。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季4个季节平均生物量为23．13g/m^2,平均栖息密度为144个／m^2。数量组成,生物量以软体动物居首位10．28g/m^2,棘皮动物居第二位5．44g／m^2;栖息密度以软体动物占第一位78个／m^2,多毛类占第二位37个／m^2。泉州湾大型底栖生物主要有2个群落：群落Ⅰ。丝鳃稚齿虫一光滑河篮蛤-纹尾长眼虾群落;群落Ⅱ,中蚓虫-光滑河篮蛤-模糊新短眼蟹群落。泉州湾大型底栖生物群落出现一定扰动,主要在于群落的季节演替。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落植物功能性状的尺度变化与关联

研究植物功能性状在不同尺度的变异和关联,对于揭示植物对环境的适应策略和群落构建规律具有重要意义。以岩溶石山青冈群落为研究对象,测量了研究区内20个样方74种木本植物的叶面积、比叶面积和木材密度3个功能性状值,利用性状梯度分析法分析了3个性状在群落内部(α组分)及群落间(β组分)的变异格局及相关性。结果表明:(1)群落内3个植物功能性状的α值范围均大于β值范围,即物种相对于共生物种性状值的变化大于沿着群落平均性状梯度的变化。(2)植物功能性状比叶面积的种内差异引起的变化小于群落水平。(3)叶面积与比叶面积、比叶面积与木材密度、叶面积与木材密度的β组分相关性均最强,而α组分间无相关性或相关性较弱,即叶面积与比叶面积、比叶面积与木材密度、叶面积与木材密度两两性状间的相关性在群落间的依赖程度比群落内共生物种的依赖性要强,暗示物种在群落内和群落间采取不同的生态策略来适应环境。     

林分因子对神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的影响

为探究神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的差异,本研究采用典型样地法,以夹金山神木垒的5种主要森林群落：云杉林、丽江云杉林、红杉林、针阔混交林、阔叶林为研究对象,对不同森林群落林下植物物种组成和物种多样性进行比较,并对林分因子和林下植物多样性进行冗余分析,确定影响林下植物多样性的主要林分因子,为当地森林经营管理提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）在研究区内共记录林下植物147种,隶属于61科,108属;云杉林群落林下植物的科属种组成最丰富。（2）各类型群落的H值、H"值、D值、JSW值均为：草本层＞灌木层;灌木层多样性最高的群落为云杉林群落,草本层多样性最高的群落为丽江云杉林群落,针阔混交林群落、阔叶林群落林下植物多样性较差。（3）平均枝下高与林分密度是影响灌木层物种多样性的主要林分因子（P<0.01）,平均枝下高与灌木层的D值、H值、H"值呈负相关关系,林分密度与灌木层4个多样性指数均呈正相关关系;平均枝下高是影响草本层物种多样性的主要林分因子（P<0.01）,平均枝下高与草本层H值、H"值、JSW值呈正相关关系。本研究认为,云杉林群落与丽江云杉林群落的林下植物多样性水平较高,平均枝下高与林分密度是影响神木垒不同森林群落林下植物多样性的主要林分因子。     

高山线叶嵩草草地的第一性生产和光能转化率

甘肃天祝金强河地区线叶嵩草草地地上、地下和全群落的净第一性生产力分别为340.09、780.36和742.50克/米~2·年干物质,或307.79、671.15和641.53克/米~2·年去灰分物质。地上部分各种净营养物质生产力为粗蛋白50.29、粗脂肪8.49、无氮浸出物159.28、粗纤维89.40和粗灰分32.12克/米~2·年(其中钙3.65、磷0.51)。地上、地下和全群落的最大热量现存量分别出现在8月21日、6月20日和10月23日,其值分别为6927.16、93417.93和101541.16千焦/米~2。地上、地下和全群落以能量表示的净第一性生产力分别为6319.39、17426.11和14859.59千焦/米~2·年。地上、地下和全群落对太阳总辐射的转化率分别为0.110、0.303和0.258％。地上部分对可见光生理辐射的转化率为0.224％,对≥0℃—≤0℃生长期的有效生理辐射的转化率为0.404％。在生长期的不同时期,地上部分对总辐射的转化率有很大的变化,7月20—8月21日期间最大,可达0.464％。     

苕溪主流软体动物资源调查

１９８２年４至５月，作者在苕溪主流的１６３公里的江段设３３个断面９９个采集点，作软体动物资源调查。共获定量标本２１６８号，计２９种，隶属２纲１１科２１属。平均密度１９０．８２±７２．６个／米￣２，生物量１９９．４１±７１．５６克／米￣２。现存量为４５２０．１４吨。分析讨论了种类、密度、生物量的分布特点与其生境的关系。     

北方冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系土壤氨挥发的原位测定

采用通气法测定了北方冬小麦／夏玉米轮作体系田间土壤的原位氨挥发。结果表明,与冬小麦施用基肥相比,夏玉米追肥后土壤的氨挥发速率很快升高,但军发高峰期持续时间较短,最大氨挥发速率亦低于冬小麦,冬小麦拨节期追肥,氨挥发速率低且呈波动变化,未出现高峰值,从整个生长季节来看,冬小麦不施氮和每公顷施氮120、240、360kg时的累计挥发量分别为4．4、6．9、13．0、38．4kgN/hm^2,夏玉米为8．4、15．1、20．0、26．1kgN/hm^2。按我国北方冬小麦／夏玉米播种面积1864．4万hm^2计,每年由氨挥发向大气排放的氨素达23．8－120．2万t,其中17．2－96．4万t来自氮肥,相当于氮肥投入的2．1％－9．5％。     

冬小麦农田中净辐射的研究

本文对陕西泾阳地区冬小麦田净辐射进行了分段和分层模拟,取得了较好的拟合效果,相对误差在１０％以内。确定了麦田相对叶面积函数最大值的出现高度为４．５／７Ｈ,介于高粱（４／７Ｈ）和谷子（５／７Ｈ）之间。计算了不同发育期、不同层次至冠层顶部累积叶片的消光系数,结果表明,消光系数因发育期和叶片层次而异,拔节期,由旗叶向下,消光系数增大,乳熟期旗叶的消光系数最大,比拔节期大一倍,倒二叶以上两个层次叶片消光系数较小。就平均而言,冬小麦消光系数拔节期为０．５１,乳熟期为０．５６。本项成果为进一步开展麦田小气候研究提供了有意义的数据和方法。     

千岛湖陆桥岛屿植物群落结构的边缘效应

选取千岛湖29个岛屿建立长期监测样地,研究从森林边缘到林内的木本植物物种丰富度、Shannon指数,以及植株密度、平均株高和平均胸径等群落特征的变化,探讨森林边缘效应的作用.结果表明:研究区物种丰富度和Shannon指数受边缘效应的影响深度超过50m,平均株高的影响深度波及到林内20~30 m,而植株密度和平均胸径的影响深度在林内10m.不同边缘梯度间的群落特征差异显著,物种丰富度和Shannon指数随距离梯度增大呈单峰型变化,而植株密度和平均株高沿边缘梯度呈增大趋势,平均胸径则呈减小趋势.5项群落特征与边缘梯度均有显著相关性.不同植物功能群(常绿/落叶种,乔木/灌木种,耐阴/不耐阴种)受边缘效应的影响程度不同.边缘效应对千岛湖片段化森林中不同群落特征和不同植物功能群的作用强度有所差异.     

水稻冠层光合有效辐射的时空分布特征

以2个不同株型水稻品种为材料,设置高、中、低3个施氮水平,利用SunScan冠层分析仪于灌浆期系统测定了不同施氮水平下不同株型水稻品种植株形态和冠层内光合有效辐射（PAR）的时空分布状况.结果表明：施氮量对水稻株高、穗弯曲度和茎叶夹角有明显影响;群体叶面积的垂直分布呈中部>上部>下部的分布特征,最大分层叶面积指数（LAI）出现在0.60相对高度处.冠层内平均PAR透光率从顶部向下递减,且在冠层上中部递减迅速,下部递减缓慢;平均PAR透光率随施氮量的增加而递减;平均PAR透光率日变化表现为早晚较低,中午较高;平均PAR透光率随向下累积LAI的增加呈指数递减,群体消光系数K的日变化表现为早晚较高,中午较低,灌浆期的K值介于0.35～0.50.水稻冠层内PAR的三维空间分布表现为冠层上中部水平面上PAR透光率高,光斑面积大;下部水平面上PAR透光率低,光斑少;同一冠层高度水平面上的PAR光强呈不均匀分布.株型紧凑的水稻品种,冠层透光率高,透光率日变化大,群体消光系数小.     

Community extinction patterns in coloured environments

Understanding community responses to environmental variation is a fundamental aspect of ecological research, with direct ecological, conservation and economic implications. Here, we examined the role of the magnitude, correlation and autocorrelation structures of environmental variation on species' extinction risk (ER), and the probability of actual extinction events in model competitive communities. Both ER and probability increased with increasing positive autocorrelation when species responded independently to the environment, yet both decreased with a strong correlation between species-specific responses. These results are framed in terms of the synchrony between--and magnitude of variation within--species population sizes and are explained in terms of differences in noise amplification under different conditions. The simulation results are robust to changes in the strength of interspecific density dependence, and whether noise affects density-independent or density-dependent population processes. Similar patterns arose under different ranges of noise severity when these different model assumptions were examined. We compared our results with those from an analytically derived solution, which failed to capture many features of the simulation results.     

镇江内江湿地不同演替阶段植物群落小气候日动态

2005年5月,选择镇江内江湿地具有代表性的裸地、虉草群落和芦苇群落,分别代表植被群落的不同演替阶段,测定不同群落、不同层次的光照强度、气温、土温和空气相对湿度,研究其植物群落小气候的日动态.结果表明,随演替由裸地到虉草群落到芦苇群落进行,群落内光照强度、气温和土壤温度均明显降低,日变幅减小.其中,日均光照强度由1 204.7 μmol·m^-2·s^-1降至141.28 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,日均变幅由1 126μmol·m^-2·s^-1降至265 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;日均气温由32.2 ℃降至24.9 ℃,日均变幅由12.75 ℃降至4.8 ℃;日均土温由21.83 ℃降至19.47 ℃,日均变幅由4.5 ℃降至2.1 ℃.群落内空气相对湿度明显升高(由58.95%增至87.3%）,变幅减小(由29.75%降至5.15%）.生境具有早期的开放性和后期的封闭性,小气候环境朝着更为阴、凉、湿的环境变化,且波动性减弱,稳定性增强.各群落内的光强、气温、湿度及土温之间均存在一定相关,但不同演替阶段各因子间相关程度各异.     

Species abundance distribution and dynamics in two locally coupled communities

This study considered a model for species abundance dynamics in two local community (or islands) connected to a regional metacommunity. The model was analyzed using continuous probabilistic technique that employs Kolmogorov-Fokker-Planck forward equation to derive the probability density of the species abundance in the two local communities. Using this technique, we proposed a classification for the species abundance dynamics in the local communities. This classification was made based on such characteristics as immigration intensity, species representation in the metacommunity and the size of local communities. We further distinguished several different scenarios for species abundance dynamics using different ecological characteristics such as species persistence, extinction and monodominance in one or both local communities. The similarity of the species abundance distributions between the two local communities was studied using the correlation coefficient between species abundances in two local communities. The correlation is a function of migration rates between local communities and between local and metacommunity. Immigration between local communities drives the homogenization of the local communities, while immigration from the metacommunity will differentiate them. This community subdivision model provides useful insights for studying the effect of landscape fragmentation on species diversity.     

漓江河岸带植物功能性状变异与关联

研究植物功能性状随环境梯度的变异和关联格局, 对于认识不同环境梯度下群落构建和植物适应型具有重要意义。该研究以漓江河岸带不同河段植物群落为研究对象, 调查了研究区内36个样方的物种组成, 测量了样方内42种木本植物的叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)和木材密度(WD)的功能性状值, 并运用性状梯度分析法对3个功能性状进行群落内(α组分)和群落间(β组分)组分分解及相关性分析。结果表明: (1)群落平均LA表现为中游最小且和下游差异显著, 群落平均WD则表现为中上游显著高于下游, 群落平均SLA在两两河段间均差异显著。(2)不同河段的3个植物功能性状β组分差异显著且实际观测值均小于随机模拟的零模型分布, 但α组分在河岸带不同河段均差异不显著且3个功 能性状的α组分分布范围均小于β组分, 说明在河岸带不同河段的群落构建过程中环境筛选的作用要大于群落内种间的相互作用。(3)性状SLA与LA在群落间和群落内呈现出实际观测和随机模拟的相关性均较低, 暗示了LA和SLA各自代表了植物在不同生态策略上的维度; 但SLA和WD实际观测值和随机模拟值呈现出较强的负相关关系, 暗示这2个性状对于环境筛选表现出较高的整体趋同适应性, 体现了植物功能性状对群落间环境变异的依赖性大于群落内种间相互作用的依赖性。     

天目山柳杉叶水势日变化及其与空气温湿度和PAR的相关性

对天目山不同海拔(1 067、698和419 m)样点柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei Hooibrenk ex Otto et Dietr.)不同冠层(分别离地面高1.3、4和8 m)的叶水势日变化特征进行了研究,并对柳杉叶水势与空气温度、空气相对湿度及光合有效辐射(PAR)的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:不同海拔样点柳杉不同冠层叶水势日变化曲线均呈典型的"V"型,但谷值及其出现的时间有差异;随树冠高度增加叶水势日均值均逐渐降低;不同海拔柳杉同一冠层叶水势日均值有明显差异,其中,海拔419 m处柳杉叶水势日均值为-1.11~-1.22 MPa,海拔698和1 067 m处柳杉叶水势日均值为-0.78~-0.98 MPa,差异极显著(P<0.01)。相关性分析结果表明:柳杉叶水势与空气相对湿度均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)、与空气温度和光合有效辐射均呈负相关。逐步回归分析结果表明:在海拔419 m处影响柳杉叶水势日变化的主导因子是空气温度,而在海拔1 067和698 m处影响柳杉叶水势日变化的主导因子是空气相对湿度。研究结果显示:随海拔升高柳杉叶水势增大且导致叶水势变化的主导因子也有所改变。     

喀斯特地区土壤温度变化特征及其与环境因子的关系

喀斯特地区土壤温度变化特征对研究该区土壤活性及小气候变化具有重要意义。为探明喀斯特地区土壤温度变化特征及其与环境因子的关系,以喀斯特高原峡谷区四种典型土地类型（花椒地、金银花地、火龙果地、荒地）为研究对象,采用土壤含水量监测系统（ECH2O）对各样地土壤温度变化进行连续定点监测,分析土壤温度的动态变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明：10 cm处土壤温度日变幅最大,土层越深日变幅越小;土壤温度日变幅为夏季较大,秋、冬季较小。火龙果地、金银花地土壤温度日变幅明显大于花椒地、荒地;随着土层加深,土壤温度日变化出现滞后现象;不同季节土壤温度均为火龙果地 > 荒地 > 花椒地 > 金银花地。夏季土层越深,土壤温度越低;秋、冬季土层越深,土壤温度越高;土壤垂直温度变异系数表现为冬季大于夏季。相关分析表明,土壤温度与气温、太阳辐射及土壤含水量均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,土壤温度变化与容重、孔隙度、土壤质地、有机碳等土壤理化性质相关性显著。花椒地土壤温度日变幅最小,与其较高的土壤含水量和总孔隙度、容重小、土壤持水性强密切相关。综上,花椒地对土壤温度的调节效果较好,因此,在喀斯特地区生态恢复的过程中,种植花椒能在一定程度上改善土壤性质,提升土壤肥力。本研究为喀斯特地区的生态恢复提供了科学依据,为植被生态效益评价提供一定参考。     

Extinctions in competitive communities forced by coloured environmental variation

Understanding the relationships between environmental fluctuations, population dynamics and species interactions in natural communities is of vital theoretical and practical importance. This knowledge is essential in assessing extinction risks in communities that are, for example, pressed by changing environmental conditions and increasing exploitation. We developed a model of density dependent population renewal, in a Lotka–Volterra competitive community context, to explore the significance of interspecific interactions, demographic stochasticity, population growth rate and species abundance on extinction risk in populations under various autocorrelation (colour) regimes of environmental forcing. These factors were evaluated in two cases, where either a single species or the whole community was affected by the external forcing. Species' susceptibility to environmental noise with different autocorrelation structure depended markedly on population dynamics, species' position in the abundance hierarchy and how similarly community members responded to external forcing. We also found interactions between demographic stochasticity and environmental noise leading to a reversal in extinction probabilities from under- to overcompensatory dynamics. We compare our results with studies of single species populations and contrast possible mechanisms leading to extinctions. Our findings indicate that abundance rank, the form of population dynamics, and the colour of environmental variation interact in affecting species extinction risk. These interactions are further modified by interspecific interactions within competitive communities as the interactions filter and modulate the environmental noise.     

Canopy structure and leaf nitrogen distribution in a stand of Lysimachia vulgaris L. as influenced by stand density

Summary A hypothesis that a dense stand should develop a less uniform distribution of leaf nitrogen through the canopy than an open stand to increase total canopy photosynthesis was tested with experimentally established stands of Lysimachia vulgaris L. The effect of stand density on spatial variation of photon flux density, leaf nitrogen and specific leaf weight within the canopy was examined. Stand density had little effect on the value of the light extinction coefficient, but strongly affected the distribution of leaf nitrogen per unit area within a canopy. The open stand had more uniform distribution of leaf nitrogen than the dense stand. However, different light climates between stands explained only part of the variation of leaf nitrogen in the canopy. The specific leaf weight in the canopy increased with increasing relative photon flux density and with decreasing nitrogen concentration.     

Examining the effects of species richness on community stability: an assembly model approach

We build dynamic models of community assembly by starting with one species in our model ecosystem and adding colonists. We find that the number of species present first increases, then fluctuates about some level. We ask: how large are these fluctuations and how can we characterize them statistically? As in Robert May's work, communities with weaker interspecific interactions permit a greater number of species to coexist on average. We find that as this average increases, however, the relative variation in the number of species and return times to mean community levels decreases. In addition, the relative frequency of large extinction events to small extinction events decreases as mean community size increases. While the model reproduces several of May's results, it also provides theoretical support for Charles Elton's idea that diverse communities such as those found in the tropics should be less variable than depauperate communities such as those found in arctic or agricultural settings.