中国四川巨须隐翅虫亚属二新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,巨须隐翅虫亚科)

报道中国四川巨须隐翅虫属Oxyporus Fablicius,巨须隐翅虫亚属subgenus Oxyporus的5个种,其中包括2新种,美姑巨须隐翅虫Oxyporus(Oxyporus) meigu sp.nov.和闫氏巨须隐翅虫O.(O.) yanae sp.nov.,补充了溪巨须隐翅虫O.riparius Zheng,横沟巨须隐翅虫O.transversesulcatus Bernhauer 和黑胸巨须隐翅虫O.nigricollis Zheng新的地理分布.     

中国云南巨须隐翅虫亚属的新种和新纪录(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,巨须隐翅虫亚科)(英文)

报道中国云南巨须隐翅虫属Oxyporus Fablicius和巨须隐翅虫亚属subgenus Oxyporus的4个种,其中包括2新种,玉龙巨须隐翅虫Oxyporus (Oxyporus) yulong sp.nov.和李氏巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)lii sp.nov.,补充了仙台巨须隐翅虫O.germanus Sharp和横沟巨须隐翅虫O.transversesulcatus Bernhauer新的地理分布。     

中国四川巨须隐翅虫属一新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,巨须隐翅虫亚科)

记述中国四川巨须隐翅虫属Oxyporus Fabricius 1新种,拟狭巨须隐翅虫Oxyporus(Oxyporus)simlangustatus sp.nov.,提供了它的体形、第8腹板和雄性外生殖器的彩图和线条图.这个种采自四川马边县大风顶自然保护区和峨边县黑竹沟森林公园的菌中.模式标本保存在西华师范大学生命科学学院.拟狭巨须隐翅虫,新种Oxyporus(Oxyporus)simlangustatus sp.nov.(图1～9)本种与来自四川的狭巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)angustatus Zheng很相似,但这个种前胸中线上的黑带较狭窄,后胸腹板的侧部褐黄色,雄性外生殖器中叶的端缘中部稍凹缘,以及侧叶端部仅有1根微毛,与后者有别.正模♂,四川美姑县大风顶自然保护区,2006-09-11,邱光辉采.副模1♀,四川峨边县黑竹沟森林公园,2006-08-06,采集者同上.词源:新种种名源自与狭巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)angustatus Zheng很相似.     

中国颊脊隐翅虫属二点与一点颊脊隐翅虫亚属三新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,隐翅虫亚科)

记述中国颊脊隐翅虫属Quedius二点颊脊隐翅虫亚属Microsaurus和一点颊脊隐翅虫亚属Raphirus 3新种,李氏二点颊脊隐翅虫Quedius(Microsaurus)lii sp.nov.,肖氏二点颊脊隐翅虫Quedius(Microsaurus)xiaoae sp.nov.,和粪一点颊脊隐翅虫Quedius(Rphirus)coprobius sp.nov..李氏二点颊脊隐翅虫至今未归入任何种群,可能代表一个新群,肖氏二点颊脊隐翅虫隶属二点颊脊隐翅虫亚属的穆柯颊脊隐翅虫群mukuensis,粪一点颊脊隐翅虫为一点颊脊隐翅虫亚属的里颊脊隐翅虫群intricatus的成员.     

中国四川和宁夏巨须隐翅虫亚属的新种和新纪录(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,巨须隐翅虫亚科)

报道中国四川和宁夏巨须隐翅虫属Oxyporus Fablicius,巨须隐翅虫亚属subgenus Oxyporus12个种.记述了 4新种,黄缘巨须隐翅虫Oxyporus aureomarginatus,北川巨须隐翅虫O.beichuanus,海螺沟巨须隐翅虫O.hailuogou和肩斑巨须隐翅虫O.humerosus.简述了1新亚种,扬氏高山巨须隐翅虫O.altus yangae的特征.首次记述了黑胸巨须隐翅虫O.nigricollis Zheng的雄性.提供了高山巨须隐翅虫Oxyporus altus Huang,Zhao et Li,仙台巨须隐翅虫O.germanus Sharp,黑腹蕈巨须隐翅虫O.humerocroceus Huang,Zhao et Li,溪巨须隐翅虫O.riparius Zheng,橘红巨须隐翅虫O.rufus(Linné),中华巨须隐翅虫O.sinicus Huang,Zhao et Li,和横沟巨须隐翅虫O.transversesrlcatus Bernhauer的新分布.所有研究标本都附有彩色整体外形图,新种和新的雄性配有特征图.     

中国巨须隐翅虫属六新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,巨须隐翅虫亚科)

记述中国巨须隐翅虫属 Oxporus Fablicius 6新种,其中,刘氏巨须隐翅虫 Oxyporus(Oxporus)liuae sp.nov.,狭巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)angustatrs sp.nov.,二郎山巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)erlangshanus sp nov.和黑腹巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)atratulus sp.nov.来自四川,双带巨须隐翅虫O.(O.)bifasciarius sp.nov.和黄腿巨须隐翅虫O.(O.).femoratus sp.nov.采至云南.编制了中国已知种检索表.     

中国齿隐翅虫属斑齿隐翅虫亚属(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,筒隐翅虫亚科)分类学研究

齿隐翅虫属Priochirus种类多见于腐木树皮下,是重要的腐木甲虫.其中斑齿隐翅虫亚属的物种比较稀少,目前全世界仅记录3种.本文记述产于我国云南的齿隐翅虫属斑齿隐翅虫亚属1新种,硕斑齿隐翅虫Priochirus(Stigma-tochirus)magnificus sp.nov,及1新纪录种,阿斑齿隐翅虫Priochirus(Stigmatochirus)abori Bernhauer.文中物种检索表包括了世界现有的3种及新种共4个种.所有标本材料(包括所有模式标本)都保存在中国科学院动物研究所.     

中国颊脊隐翅虫属附点颊脊隐翅虫亚属三新种(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,隐翅虫亚科)

记述中国颊脊隐翅虫属Quedius附点颊脊隐翅虫亚属Distichalius 3新种,王氏附点颊脊隐翅虫Quedius(Distichalius)wangi sp.nov.,仙附点颊脊隐翅虫Quedius(D.)xiansp.nov.,和卧龙附点颊脊隐翅虫Quedius(D.)wolong sp.nov.。俯附点颊脊隐翅虫Q.(D.)lin Smetana和日本附点颊脊隐翅虫Q.(D.)pretiosus Sharp分别在中国大陆和重庆市是首次记录。3新种都隶属克什米尔附点颊脊隐翅虫群thekashmirensis group,该群为中国新纪录群。2新纪录种,俯附点颊脊隐翅虫和日本附点颊脊隐翅虫,分别是连附点颊脊隐翅虫群theannectens group和查特附点颊脊隐翅虫群thechaterjeei group的成员。     

中国齿隐翅虫属斑齿隐翅虫亚属（鞘翅目，隐翅虫科，简隐翅虫亚科）分类学研究

齿隐翅虫属Priochirus种类多见于腐木树皮下,是重要的腐木甲虫。其中斑齿隐翅虫亚属的物种比较稀少,目前全世界仅记录3种。本文记述产于我国云南的齿隐翅虫属斑齿隐翅虫亚属1新种,硕斑齿隐翅虫Priochirus（Stigmatochirus）magnificus sp．nov．,及1新纪录种,阿斑齿隐翅虫Priochirus（Stigmatochirus）abori Bernhauer。文中物种检索表包括了世界现有的3种及新种共4个种。所有标本材料（包括所有模式标本）都保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

中国圆胸隐翅虫属一新种记述(鞘翅目,隐翅虫科,尖腹隐翅虫亚科)

记述我国四川省蛾眉山自然保护区圆胸隐翅虫属Tachinus、圆胸隐翅虫亚属Tachinus 1新种——峨嵋圆胸隐翅虫Tachinus (Tachinus)emeiensis sp.nov.。新种与Tachi-nus(Tachinus)licenti Bernhauer在颜色和外部形态上较相似,但根据体形较大,雄性第8背板中叶之间凹入浅,雄性第7腹板后缘中间几乎呈横切状,且颗粒区宽大,以及雄性生殖器侧叶顶端明显变细等特征可与后者区分。模式标本存放在上海师范大学生命与环境科学学院生物系昆虫标本室。     

Morphometrics and character state recognition for cladistic analyses in theBletia reflexa complex (Orchidaceae)

Different criteria have been suggested for decisions on character state recognition for morphological characters showing continuous variation from taxon to taxon. A method proposed byMishler andDe Luna seeks to recognize as many character states as the groups of taxon means that are revealed by an analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by multiple range tests. We apply this method as a guide in decisions of selecting taxonomic characters in species of theBletia reflexa complex. Seven species of the complex, represented by 156 individuals belonging to 54 populations, were the terminal taxa of the study. Character state codes were assigned to 20 characters. These characters together with 12 non-quantitative characters were incorporated into cladistic analyses. Results indicate that the complex is monophyletic only under one outgroup combination.     

The Concept of Taxon Invariance in Ecology: Do Diversity Patterns Vary with Changes in Taxonomic Resolution?

Diversity patterns cannot be properly interpreted without a theory providing criteria for their evaluation. We propose a concept to prevent artifictions caused by improper consideration of changes in observed patterns due to variation in taxon delimitation. Most biodiversity patterns concern assemblages of species of given higher taxon (e.g. class). Some patterns seem to be universal, e.g., body size distribution, species-abundance distribution, species-area relationship, or the relationship between diversity and energy availability. However, truly universal patterns should not change when we change taxonomic scope by focusing on subtaxa or when we merge several sister taxa together and analyze patterns in resulting higher taxon. Similarly, some patterns may not change when changing the basic unit of the study e.g., when replacing species by genera or families (or any monophyletic clades), although other patterns may not be invariant against the variation of the basic unit. In fact, there are only two possibilities: biodiversity patterns are either taxon-invariant or they vary systematically with taxonomic resolution, which would indicate some fundamental taxonomic level with interesting implications for biological processes behind those patterns. Here we develop the concept of taxon invariance of diversity patterns and apply it on the abovementioned patterns. We show that simple theoretical considerations markedly constrain the set of possible patterns, as some of them cannot be simultaneously valid for both a taxon and its subtaxa – frequency distributions of abundances cannot be simultaneously lognormal for a given taxon and all its subtaxa, the taxa-area relationship cannot follow a power-law for all levels of taxonomic resolution, and energy availability cannot affect diversity of all taxonomic units in the same way. Analyses of the variation in the form of biodiversity patterns with changing taxonomic resolution thus provide an extremely useful tool for revealing properties of respective patterns, their universality and logical consistency.     

THE QUANTIFICATION OF SOME PLANT-TAXA CIRCUMSCRIPTIONS

Intrataxon variability is estimated by the technique of numerical taxonomy. Taxa which had been determined by orthodox taxonomic methods are subjected to analyses by numerical phenetics. Comparisons are made of the amounts of cohesion among the members of different taxa in the Bromeliaceae at several taxonomic levels by computing the degrees of similarities between members of the same taxon and of different taxa. Results of these comparisons with several taxa reveal that the variability of a taxon in terms of phenetic distance computed with a large number of characters does not necessarily agree with a subjective appraisal of variability. The method facilitated difficult taxonomic determinations and provided an estimate of the relative evolutionary ages of different taxonomic groups.     

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARINE AND FRESHWATER THALAS-SIOSIROID DIATOMS

The thalassiosiroid centric diatoms are distinguished by at least one synapomorphy, the strutted process or fultoportula. Variously classified as a family (Thalassiosiraceae) or an order (Thalassiosirales) among centric diatoms, it is generally conceded that the group of several hundred fossil and living species is monophyletic as a whole. There are two ecological groups of thalassiosiroids, marine and freshwater. It has been hypothesized, based on an ecletic, non-rigorous, evolutionary taxonomy perspective that both the marine and freshwater ecological groups are also monophyletic, but this hypothesis has never been tested in a rigorous framework. Likewise, the freshwater thalassiosiroid species have been grouped into several genera and subgenera using an evolutionary taxonomic approach, but these hypotheses have not fully been tested using cladistic analysis. Focusing mainly on freshwater species, but including at least one representative of each marine genus and one representative from each of several proposed subgeneric groupings of the genus Thalassiosira , we scored morphological characters for fossil and living marine and freshwater Thalassiosiraceae to test these hypotheses. Our cladistic results provide strong support for monophyly for the freshwater group, but it seems unlikely that the marine group is monophyletic. The cladistic results are corroborated to greater or lesser degrees by the fossil record. The implications for evolution in the group and for taxon sampling in molecular studies we are conducting will be discussed.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the Brachyura (Crustacea, Decapoda) based on characters of the foregut with establishment of a new taxon

The Brachyura, within the decapod crustaceans, is one of the most species-rich taxa with up to 10 000 species. However, its phylogenetic history, evolution and fossil record remain subjects of controversy. In our study, we examined the phylogenetic relationships of the Brachyura based on morphological characters of the foregut. The cladistic analysis supports a monophyletic Brachyura including the Dromiidae and Raninidae. A clade comprising Dromiidae and Dynomenidae forms the most basal assemblage within the Brachyura, followed by the Homolidae and Latreilliidae. As a result, neither Podotremata nor Archaeobrachyura form a clade. In contrast, foregut data suggest that the classical taxon Oxystomata, comprising Calappidae, Parthenopidae, Dorippidae, Leucosiidae, Cymonomidae and Raninidae, is monophyletic. This makes the Heterotremata paraphyletic or polyphyletic. A newly established taxon, Neobrachyura, embraces some representatives of the Heterotremata and the monophyletic Thoracotremata.     

Phylogenetic relationships within Serpulidae (Sabellida, Annelida) inferred from molecular and morphological data

We assessed phylogenetic relationships within Serpulidae (including Spirorbinae) using parsimony and Bayesian analyses of 18S rDNA, the D1 and D9−D10 regions of 28S rDNA, and 38 morphological characters. In total, 857 parsimony informative characters were used for 31 terminals, 29 serpulids and sabellid and sabellariid outgroups. Following ILD assessment the two sequence partitions and morphology were analysed separately and in combination. The morphological parsimony analysis was congruent with the results of the 2003 preliminary analysis by Kupriyanova in suggesting that a monophyletic Serpulinae and Spirorbinae form a clade, while the remaining serpulids form a basal grade comprising what are normally regarded as Filograninae. Bremer support values were, however, quite low throughout. In contrast, the combined analyses of molecular and morphological data sets provided highly resolved and well-supported trees, though with some conflict when compared to the morphology-only analysis. Spirorbinae was recovered as a sister group to a monophyletic group comprising both 'filogranin' taxa ( Salmacina , Filograna , Protis , and Protula ) and 'serpulin' taxa such as Chitinopoma , Metavermilia , and Vermiliopsis . Thus the traditionally formulated subfamilies Serpulinae and Filograninae are not monophyletic. This indicates that a major revision of serpulid taxonomy is needed at the more inclusive taxonomic levels. We refrain from doing so based on the present analyses since we feel that further taxon sampling and molecular sequencing are required. The evolution of features such as the operculum and larval development are discussed.     

Phylogeny of cetrarioid lichens (Parmeliaceae) inferred from ITS and b-tubulin sequences,morphology, anatomy and secondary chemistry

Phylogenetic relationships within the family Parmeliaceae (lichenized ascomycetes) with emphasis on the heterogeneous group of cetrarioid lichens are reconstructed. The results are based on cladistic analyses of DNA-sequences, morphological and chemical data. Almost all currently recognized cetrarioid genera were included in the analyses together with parmelioid and alectorioid members of the presumably monophyletic family Parmeliaceae. We tried to sample taxonomic diversity of the family as widely as possible. The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of the rDNA and a partial β-tubulin gene from 126 samples representing 82 species were analysed. Cetrarioid lichens were identified as a monophyletic group, supported by both ITS and β-tubulin characters. This group was reanalysed using 47 morphological, anatomical and secondary chemistry characters combined with the DNA data matrix. ITS and β-tubulin sequences provide congruent information, and a clear correlation between DNA-data and conidial shape is observed. The current taxonomy of the cetrarioid lichens is discussed and compared with the phylogenetic trees obtained here. A comprehensive study of the phylogeography of some bipolar or subcosmopolitic species with representatives from both hemispheres was performed. Cetraria aculeata is the only taxon where correlation between DNA-data and geographic origin is observed.     

Molecular phylogeny reveals a core clade of Rhytismatales

Rhytismatales (Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota) are an order of mostly plant-associated ascomycetes with a global distribution. Well known taxa include the Rhytisma tar spots on Acer spp. and several needle-cast pathogens in genera Lophodermium and Meloderma. Critical studies are lacking at all taxonomic ranks from order to species, and in particular the genus taxonomy in the order has been criticized for being unnatural. We used nuclear LSU and mitochondrial SSU sequences in Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to define a core clade of Rhytismatales sensu stricto. Some of the genera traditionally placed within the Rhytismatales, Ascodichaena, Marthamyces, Mellitiosporium, Potebniamyces, Propolis and Pseudophacidium, are shown to be phylogenetically distinct, all related to various other taxa at present placed in the polyphyletic Helotiales. Within the core clade only Cudonia, Spathularia and Terriera are supported as monophyletic. The large genera Coccomyces, Hypoderma and Lophodermium all are polyphyletic as are a few smaller genera. The traditionally used characters of ascoma and spore shape are shown to be unreliable for the delimitation of monophyletic genera but in some cases can be useful when combined with other characters. In this study we provide 72 new nrLSU and 64 new mtSSU sequences. Together with publicly available sequences data for 103 specimens representing 91 species of Rhytismatales are now available. Despite this taxon sampling intensity is still too low to propose an alternative generic taxonomy.     

Preliminary comments on a phylogenetic study of the order Diphyllidea van Beneden in Carus, 1863

The basis for a preliminary analysis of the relationships within the monophyletic Diphyllidea is outlined. Information on morphological characters and their interpretation within a phylogenetic context are presented. A cladistic analysis at the species level was conducted based on a matrix of 21 morphological characters. Character polarity was determined by taxonomic outgroup analysis relative to the basal orders, Pseudophyllidea and Haplobothriidea. The phylogeny for the diphyllideans was found to be poorly resolved based on characters currently available for evaluation. Computer assisted cladistic analysis found three equally parsimonious trees with a consistency index of 0.54. The topology of these trees shows that Ditrachybothridium macrocephalum is the basal taxon and the putative sister group for species of Echinobothrium; Macrobothridium rhynchobati is grouped among species of Echinobothrium. If the classification is to be consistent with this tree, M. rhynchobati should be included in the genus Echinobothrium. This observation should be carefully examined, considering the relative paucity of useful morphological characters currently available for this group.     

Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae)

Family level molecular phylogenetic analyses of cichlid fishes have generally suffered from a limited number of characters and/or poor taxonomic sampling across one or more major geographic assemblage, and therefore have not provided a robust test of early intrafamilial diversification. Herein we use both nuclear and mitochondrial nucleotide characters and direct optimization to reconstruct a phylogeny for cichlid fishes. Representatives of major cichlid lineages across all geographic assemblages are included, as well as nearly twice the number of characters as any prior family‐level study. In a strict consensus of 81 equally most‐parsimonious hypotheses, based on the simultaneous analysis of 2222 aligned nucleotide characters from two mitochondrial and two nuclear genes, four major subfamilial lineages are recovered with strong support. Etroplinae, endemic to Madagascar (Paretroplus) and southern Asia (Etroplus), is recovered as the sister taxon to the remainder of Cichlidae. Although the South Asian cichlids are monophyletic, the Malagasy plus South Asian lineages are not. The remaining Malagasy lineage, Ptychochrominae, is monophyletic and is recovered as the sister group to a clade comprising the African and Neotropical cichlids. The African (Pseudocrenilabrinae) and Neotropical (Cichlinae) lineages are each monophyletic in this reconstruction. The use of multiple molecular markers, from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes, results in a phylogeny that in general exhibits strong support, notably for early diversification events within Cichlidae. Results further indicate that Labroidei is not monophyletic, and that the sister group to Cichlidae may comprise a large and diverse assemblage of percomorph lineages. This hypothesis may at least partly explain why morphological studies that have attempted to place Cichlidae within Percomorpha, or that have tested cichlid monophyly using only “labroid” lineages, have met with only limited success. © The Willi Hennig Society 2004.