COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : IX. THE EFFECTS OF ANTAGONISTIC SALTS ON THE RESPIRATION OF ASPERGILLUS NIGER.

1. In the presence of 0.05 per cent dextrose the respiration of Aspergillus niger is increased by NaCl in concentrations of 0.25 to 0.5M, and by 0.5M CaCl₂. 2. Stronger concentrations, as 2M NaCl and 1.25M CaCl₂, decrease the respiration. The decrease in the higher concentrations is probably an osmotic effect of these salts. 3. A mixture of 19 cc. of NaCl and 1 cc. of CaCl₂ (both 0.5M) showed antagonism, in that the respiration was normal, although each salt alone caused an increase. 4. Spores of Aspergillus niger did not germinate on 0.5M NaCl (plus 0.05 per cent dextrose) while they did on 0.5M CaCl₂ (plus 0.05 per cent dextrose) and on various mixtures of the two. This shows that a substance may have different effects on respiration from those which it has upon growth.     

家兔延髓区域阻滞对呼吸的影响

实验在麻醉、切断迷走神经的家兔上进行。记录双侧膈神经放电和气管内压作为呼吸的指标。用尖端直径为70—100μm的玻璃微管接微量注射器,脑内注入1％普鲁卡因,双侧对称地阻滞闩前2.0—3.0mm,中线旁开2.0—2.5mm,背侧表面下3.5—4.5mm的区域后,38只兔都出现了可逆性呼吸停止。双侧性电损毁此区,则可造成不可逆性呼吸停止。以同法注入同量生理盐水,则对呼吸无影响。经组织学检查,此区范围相当于Meessen图谱的面后核内侧区——包括面后核(Nr.Ⅶ)内侧部、网状小细胞核(R·pc)腹侧部、网状巨细胞核(R·gc)背外侧部和外侧网状核(Rl)的内侧部分。用同样方法阻滞延髓头端区、孤束核区及疑核尾端区、对呼吸节律均无明显影响。用1％普鲁卡因局部麻醉延髓腹侧面的中枢化学感受器I(s)区,呼吸也无明显变化。结果提示,面后核内侧区的一些结构可能在形成呼吸节律中起重要作用。     

回苏灵兴奋家兔呼吸的机制分析

本实验在29只局部麻醉、肌肉麻痹的家兔,用电生理方法研究了呼吸复苏剂回苏灵(dime-fline,DIM)兴奋呼吸的机制。在20例完整动物,静脉注射 DIM 使膈神经放电增加,出现兴奋效应。有效剂量为0.05—0.3mg/kg。在上丘水平去大脑后,同样剂量的 DIM 也能出现类同效应。横断脑干使动物处于长吸或喘息状态下,静脉注射 DIM 都能使膈神经放电增加,并加快呼吸频率,调整呼吸型式接近于正常。在11例动物的延髓孤束核区,用微电泳给予 DIM、GABA 及 BIG(bicuculline),观察了60个单位的放电变化,看到 DIM 能使 GABA敏感单位的放电出现兴奋、阻遏及先兴奋后阻遏等不同效应。在36个 GABA 敏感单位(其中吸气相关单位27个,非呼吸相关单位9个)中,DIM 能对抗 GABA 效应的有32个(其中吸气相关单位24个,非呼吸相关单位8个),不能对抗的有4个(其中吸气相关单位1个,非呼吸相关单位3个)。在13个微电泳 DIM 能对抗 GABA 效应的单位中,静脉注射小剂量 DIM可使其出现兴奋效应,并可对抗 GABA 效应。以上结果提示,DIM 对膈神经放电的兴奋效应,可能是阻断了脑干呼吸中枢的内源性 GABA 对呼吸与非呼吸相关单位的抑制作用的结果。     

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RESPIRATION : XXIV. THE EFFECTS OF CHLOROFORM ON THE RESPIRATION OF DEAD AND OF LIVING TISSUE.

1. Chloroform in low concentration (0.25 per cent) causes an increase in the rate of production of CO₂ in Ulva; this is followed by a decrease. In higher concentration (0.5 per cent) only a decrease is observed. 2. Assuming that the normal oxidation depends on the action of peroxide and peroxidase, experiments were made by placing Ulva in 1.0 per cent H₂O₂ and in Fe₂(SO₄)₃ (which acts like a peroxidase). The former diminishes the rate, the latter increases and subsequently decreases it. 3. When Ulva is killed in such a manner as to destroy the oxidizing enzymes, no CO₂ is produced unless H₂O₂ and Fe₂(SO₄)₃ are present. If to this mixture chloroform is added, the effect depends on the concentration of the iron. If the concentration is low there is an increase in the production of CO₂ followed by a decrease. If the concentration is high the rate appears to decrease from the start.     

土壤呼吸的影响因素及全球尺度下温度的影响

土壤呼吸是指土壤释放ＣＯ２的过程,主要由土壤微生物和根系产生。作为一个复杂的生态学过程,土壤呼吸在受到植被,微生物等生物因素影响的同时,也受到了温度,湿度、ｐＨ值等环境因素的作用,并且随着人类影响的增强,人为因素的作用也越来越大。根据已有工作,讨论了影响土壤呼吸的主要影响因素及其相互关系,分析了全球范围内湿润地区森林植被的土壤呼吸与纬度的关系以及土壤呼吸与年均温的关系,得出了全球范围的Ｑ１０值为１     

THE INSENSITIVITY OF PARAMECIUM TO CYANIDE AND EFFECTS OF IRON ON RESPIRATION

1. The effects of KCN and iron salts on oxygen consumption has been studied in the cell of Paramecium caudatum by manometric methods. 2. KCN solutions of strengths from M/200 to M/10,000 have been shown to produce no decrease in oxygen consumption, but have in most cases produced a very slight increase in the respiration rate. 3. The pH values were found to have little or no effect on these results. 4. Iron salts produce either no effect or a great diminution of oxygen consumption, in no case causing stimulation of rates of respiration. 5. Iron salts in neutral solutions do not penetrate the Paramecium cell nor do they cause so marked an effect as in an acid state. 6. The iron-content of Paramecium was found to be extremely small and not demonstrable by delicate tests. It is believed that iron is not combined in the cell in the form of a respiration-catalyst sensitive to cyanide.     

蓝斑复合核区注射L—谷氨酸钠对呼吸的影响

实验在55只乌拉坦麻醉、制动、人工呼吸及切断双侧颈迷走神经的家兔上进行。结果如下:双侧蓝斑复合核(Lc-Sc)区注射胞体兴奋剂L-谷氨酸钠(L-Glu)100μg/μl,使呼吸频率(RF)、膈神经放电频率(PhrD)明显增加(P<0.01及0.05),吸气时程、呼气时程均缩短,动脉血压无明显变化。于双侧孤束核(NTS)区分别预注射哌唑嗪(0.5μg/μl)、育亨宾(4μg/μl)、心得安(2μg/μl)可阻断L-Glu的上述效应。实验结果提示,Lc-Sc区对呼吸具有兴奋作用,其增加RF的效应是通过NTS区的α和β受体实现的,而使PhrD增加的机制则有所不同。     

EFFECTS OF ALTERED OSMOLALITY ON RESPIRATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF MITOCHONDRIA FROM THE DEVELOPING BRAIN

Abstract— The effects of altered osmolality on respiration and fine structure were studied in isolated cerebral mitochondria from mature rats (60-100 days of age) and from rat pups in the first month of postnatal life (5, 10, 20 and 30 days). In the mature cerebral mitochondria, ADP-dependent respiration was inhibited in media of decreased osmolality. There was a transient inhibition of ADP-dependent respiration and a sustained increase in ADP-independent respiration in media of increased osmolality. In contrast, cerebral mitochondria from 5-day-old rats showed both inhibition of ADP-dependent respiration and increased ADP-independent respiration in hypo-osmolal media. In these mitochondria, inhibition of ADP-dependent respiration was stable and ADP-independent respiration was unchanged in media of increased osmolality. The transition to the mature respiratory response occurring with altered osmolality took place between 10 and 30 days of age. During this same age period, cerebral mitochondria showed an increasing resistance to matrix condensation in media of normal and increased osmolality.     

THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHATES ON RESPIRATION

Phosphate accelerates both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. The acceleration almost disappears when the plant dies (in phosphate solution) but subsequently becomes greater than in life.     

A STUDY OF THE CIRCULATION,BLOOD PRESSURE,AND RESPIRATION OF SHARKS

The average branchial blood pressure in sand sharks was 32 mm. of mercury. The highest recorded in a resting animal was 43 mm. The average dorsal or systemic pressure was 23.3 mm.; highest 30 mm. The ratio of branchial to systemic pressure is about 3 to 2. The pressure in both systems keeps up well under trauma; but under experimental conditions, with or without manipulation of viscera, slowly falls after several hours. It rises with muscular effort, and a long rise usually follows stoppage of struggling. It rises when sodium carbonate is injected. The adrenalin curve resembles that in a mammal. Spontaneous rises and falls not attributable to the heart occur. Light in some animals increases blood pressure. It is suspected that these fishes have a vasomotor apparatus. The heart rate except after trauma is practically always the same as the respiration rate, and there is some reason for believing that the heart rate is determined by the respiration rate. When not in step with respiration, the heart is slower and often in a simple ratio with respiration. The heart is inhibited by all sorts of stimuli applied practically anywhere (except to the liver?). This effect is abolished by atropin. Respiration is faster in small animals and averages 24 per minute. Respiration slowly decreases in strength with little change in rate. Usually respiration ceases long before the heart stops.