Establishment of Nature Reserves in Administrative Regions of Mainland China

Nature reserves are widely considered as one available strategy for protecting biodiversity, which is threatened by habitat fragmentation, and wildlife extinction. The Chinese government has established a goal of protecting 15% of its land area by 2015. We quantitated the characteristics and distribution of nature reserves in mainland China and evaluated the expansion process for national nature reserves. National nature reserves occupy 64.15% of the total area of nature reserves. Steppe and meadow ecosystem, ocean and seacoast ecosystem, and wild plant nature reserves represent lower percentages, particularly in national nature reserves, in which they comprised 0.76%, 0.54%, and 0.69%, respectively, of the area. Furthermore, medium and small nature reserves compose 92.32% of all nature reserves. The land area under any legal protection has reached 14.80%, although only 9.78% is strictly protected. However, if 9 super-large national nature reserves, located in Southwest and Northwest China were removed, the percentage of strictly protected area decreases to 2.66% of the land area of China. The areas contained in nature reserves in each province are not proportional to the areas of the provinces, particularly for national nature reserves, with higher protection rates in Southwest and Northwest China than in other regions. Of the 31 provinces, 22 provinces feature strict protection of less than 4% of their areas by national nature reserves; these provinces are mainly located in East, Central, South, and North China. Moreover, the unevenness indexes of the distribution of nature reserves and national nature reserves are 0.39 and 0.58, respectively. The construction of nature reserves has entered a steady development stage after a period of rapid expansion in mainland China. In recent years, the total area of national nature reserves has increased slowly, while the total area of nature reserves has not increased, although the number of nature reserves continues increase.     

我国东北三省自然保护区物种保护价值评估

自然保护区作为保护生物多样性最主要的手段之一,得到了世界各国的重视。如何科学客观地评价自然保护区的保护价值,并依据保护价值对其进行分类管理是当前我国自然保护区建设与管理的重要课题之一。以我国东北地区40个国家级自然保护区为研究对象,分别对其物种多样性保护价值和遗传种质资源保护价值进行了评估。通过选取物种的濒危性、特有性和保护等级等指标来计算野生动植物的多样性保护价值;选取分类独特性、近缘程度和濒危性等指标来计算遗传种质资源保护价值,进而计算出各自然保护区的综合物种保护价值。研究结果显示:该评价方法能够很好的反映自然保护区生物多样性及其各个层次和类群的保护价值,能够较准确地识别其物种保护优先性。不同自然保护区其保护价值存在一定差异;同一自然保护区中野生动物与植物之间的物种多样性保护价值没有显著差异,但其野生动物与植物之间的遗传种质资源保护价值存在一定差异性;绝大多数自然保护区其植物遗传种质资源保护价值大于动物遗传种质资源保护价值;虽同为国家级自然保护区,其综合物种多样性保护价值差异很大。吉林长白山国家级自然保护区、吉林珲春东北虎国家级自然保护区、吉林松花江三湖国家级自然保护区的综合保护价值显著高于同类型的其他自然保护区,而辽宁章古台国家级自然保护区、黑龙江双河国家级自然保护区和黑龙江三环泡国家级自然保护区的综合物种保护价值较低,不同类型自然保护区之间其综合保护价值则没有明显差异。该评价方法能较好地进行自然保护区物种保护价值评价,并用于进行自然保护区之间的比较,并不会因自然保护区所处生境、所分布物种不同而产生评价结果上的偏差;该方法在对自然保护区遗传种质资源部分的计算方面需要进一步完善;总体上来说该评价方法不会因自然保护区类型的不同产生差异;今后在对东北地区自然保护区管理分类研究中可将此评价结果作为参考,并作为评价该地区自然保护区能否晋升为国家级自然保护区的辅助工具。这在一定程度上减少了人为主观性,具有较大可行性。     

西藏自然保护区现状分析及其空间布局评估

对自然保护区空间布局合理性进行评估,可为管理部门制定政策提供科学依据。以自然保护区名录数据为基础,采用数理统计、时间序列分析和空间叠加分析等方法,在深入认知西藏国家级和省级自然保护区现状特点的基础上,从人文和自然角度对其空间布局合理性进行评估。结果表明:(1)截至2015年底,西藏自然保护区面积达41.37万km2,较全面保护了西藏脆弱生态系统和国家重点保护动植物;(2)西藏1990—2015新增国家级和省级自然保护区2000年以前由东南部往中西部扩展,2000年以后主要分布在自治区中部,其空间分布和类型趋于完善;(3)从人文角度看,西藏国家级和省级自然保护区生态保护与人类活动的矛盾不突出,总体布局合理;(4)从自然角度看,各个生态地理区(植被带)内自然保护区密度较为接近,但自然保护区面积占比差异较大,空间布局还需优化。     

我国部分自然保护区建设管理现状分析

对我国6个省市的15个自然保护区建设管理现状的调查表明,不同时期建立的自然保护区其管理水平有着较大的差距。主成分分析表明,自然保护区的投资及与投资有关的建设管理指标是影响自然保护区建设管理水平的重要因素。聚类分析表明,15个自然保护区可以分为3类,分别代表了我国自然保护区建设发展的3个不同的阶段。不同背景下建立的自然保护区有着相异的建设管理特征,而自然保护区的建设管理还未真正从生态建设的需求和资源管理的目的出发,这或许是当前我国自然保护区建设管理水平参差不齐的根本原因。从自然保护区的建设管理现状来看,6个省市可以被分为3类,而其中自然和社会经济发展因素相差较大的地区(如辽宁和江西),其自然保护区的建设管理方面有相似之处,这表明自然保护区的建设管理水平与资金和人力物力的投入有密切的关联。决定自然保护区建设管理水平的制约因素很多,由于自然保护区的公益性特征,所以资金的投入是所有问题的核心。     

Further Efforts to Clarify Industrial Ecology's Hidden Philosophy of Nature

As an emerging discipline, industrial ecology represents a promising interdisciplinary field that studies industrial systems and their fundamental linkage with nature. At the root of its scientific profile lies a refreshingly different perspective on nature as a model in comparison with other disciplines' orthodox understanding nature in terms of a "sack of resources" the "biophysical limit""something outside""surrounding" or just "environment". In contrast to these phrases, industrial ecology's perspective indicates an important change in the interpretation of nature, from the interest in intervening in or preserving nature toward an orientation by nature, from the comprehension of nature as an object toward understanding nature as a model, and from exploiting natural resources toward learning from nature as, in part, an ideal. This characteristic perspective of industrial ecology is typically stated with an appealing natural ecosystem metaphor and based on an analogy between industrial systems and natural ecosystems. On the basis of initial efforts to conceptualize industrial ecology's underlying assumptions concerning nature, a philosophically focused analysis of nature as a model is presented. Industrial ecology's implicit philosophy of nature is thus uncovered and clarified. Finally, a set of arguments drawing on the philosophy of science and on Kantian epistemology and philosophical anthropology is provided to gain greater conceptual clarity and to contribute to laying a solid foundation for industrial ecology's stimulating role in achieving sustainability at large.     

江西省自然保护区发展布局空缺分析

通过专家咨询、数量标准化、主观赋权等方法,对江西省96个县(市、区)的高等动植物种类、珍稀物种种类、天然林面积和蓄积、天然湿地面积、已建自然保护区面积等进行评分,计算96个县(市、区)的物种多样性、天然林资源、天然湿地等自然资源的综合评分值和自然保护区建设的空缺评分值,并借助GIS技术分析了江西省自然保护区空间布局特点及存在的主要问题,研究提出了自然保护区空间规划布局建议,为江西省自然保护区中远期发展规划提供科学依据。     

Design of Nature Reserve System for Red-Crowned Crane in China

A system of nature reserves is a necessary component of an integrated conservation strategy. The basic problem in the design of a nature reserve system is to select the smallest number of sites from a region for some conservation objectives. There are 33 nature reserves intended for the conservation of Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis), totalling 3.1 million ha. Other habitats of Red-Crowned Crane are facing severe problems due to economic development and other human activities. GIS, iterative methods and the integer programming approach were employed to design the nature reserve system for Red-Crowned Crane, with conservation goals to protect 70 and 60% areas of highly and moderately suitable wetlands, respectively. The results indicated the need to designate six new nature reserves in Wulagai marsh, Duluhe River, Tumen River, Rizhao, Gaoyou Lake and Hongze Lake, and showed a protection zone in Songnen Plain (between Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province) and three clusters of nature reserves in Sanjing Plain, which, will be used as reference for the designation of new nature reserves, or enlargement and adjustment of existing nature reserves. The iterative method and integer programming approaches were feasible for design of nature reserve system.     

国家级自然保护区生态系统格局十年变化(2000-2010年)评估

为揭示国家级自然保护区生态系统格局构成及变化状况,基于2000年和2010年319个国家级自然保护区生态系统类型与分布数据,根据生态系统类型转化及其转化幅度,考虑自然保护区各功能区的重要性,构建生态系统格局变化指数,分析国家级自然保护区生态系统格局动态变化。结果表明,国家级自然保护区草地生态系统面积最大,2000年和2010年分别占全国国家级自然保护区总面积的57.88%和57.74%,其次为荒漠生态系统,两期占比约17%,其他依次是湿地、森林、灌丛、农田、冰川/永久积雪、海洋、城镇等生态系统类型。2000-2010年,国家级自然保护区内森林、湿地面积明显增加,城镇有一定程度扩张,冰川/永久积雪略微减少。总体上,国家级自然保护区生态系统格局基本保持稳定,基本维持的保护区数量219个,占国家级自然保护区总数的68.65%,生态系统格局改善的保护区数量略多于退化的数量,10年来国家级自然保护区生态系统格局保护取得一定效果。国家级自然保护区生态系统格局在基本维持的基础上,表现出一定的地域不平衡性。生态系统改善的保护区多分布在秦岭、大巴山、大娄山、南岭一带,而东部省份、内蒙古高原、东北平原一带生态系统退化的保护区数量较多,主要是荒漠、内陆湿地和水域、野生动物、自然遗迹等类型自然保护区。最后,提出3点建议为提高国家级自然保护区管理水平提供参考。     

30 Days Wild: Development and Evaluation of a Large-Scale Nature Engagement Campaign to Improve Well-Being

There is a need to increase people’s engagement with and connection to nature, both for human well-being and the conservation of nature itself. In order to suggest ways for people to engage with nature and create a wider social context to normalise nature engagement, The Wildlife Trusts developed a mass engagement campaign, 30 Days Wild. The campaign asked people to engage with nature every day for a month. 12,400 people signed up for 30 Days Wild via an online sign-up with an estimated 18,500 taking part overall, resulting in an estimated 300,000 engagements with nature by participants. Samples of those taking part were found to have sustained increases in happiness, health, connection to nature and pro-nature behaviours. With the improvement in health being predicted by the improvement in happiness, this relationship was mediated by the change in connection to nature.     

湿地自然保护区保护价值评价方法

提出了一套侧重水鸟保护的湿地自然保护区保护价值评价方法.该方法建立的指标体系经过专家咨询和会议讨论确定指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)建立了递阶层次结构模型.指标体系共分为目标层1项、系统层5项、准则层11项和指标层26项.将获取资料的湿地自然保护区按国家有关分类标准与原则归为3个类型(海洋与海岸生态系统类型、内陆湿地与水域生态系统类型和野生动物类型),每个类型内的自然保护区再结合自身湿地主体进一步划分为4个小类型(近海与海岸湿地、河流湿地、湖泊湿地、沼泽湿地).实例分析了海洋与海岸生态系统类型中的以近海及海岸湿地为主体的自然保护区,内陆湿地与水域生态系统类型中的以沼泽湿地为主体的自然保护区和野生动物类型中的以河流湿地为主体的自然保护区,并依照保护价值指数进行了等级划分.为湿地自然保护区的保护价值和发展地位,总体规划和改建变更提供了依据.     

气候变化对野生生物类自然保护区的影响及其风险

自然保护区是禁止开发区域、生态保护红线、自然保护地等生态功能重要地区的核心组成部分,在保护生物多样性、保障国家生态安全中居于重要地位。在生态文明体系加快构建、人类活动不利影响逐渐得到遏制的背景下,气候变化及其影响将成为自然保护区建设和管理面临的主要挑战。鉴于此,分析和总结了气候变化对野生生物的影响,剖析了气候变化对野生生物类自然保护区的风险,以期为协同推进自然保护区管理与应对气候变化工作、建立完善国土空间规划体系和自然保护地体系的自然保护区管理制度等提供科学依据。结果表明,气候变化对野生动植物物种分布、生物物候、种间关系的影响更加凸显,加剧了物种灭绝风险;气候变化影响特别是气候变化引起的物种适应性迁移,将对以相对固定的空间布局、保护边界、功能分区为主要特征的自然保护区建设和管理模式提出新的挑战,使得野生生物类自然保护区保护对象、保护功能等面临风险,形成自然保护区气候变化风险;而且当前自然保护区优化调整仍然滞后于气候变化影响,将进一步加剧自然保护区气候变化风险。     

The impact investigation and adaptation strategy analysis of climate change on nature reserve in China

Nature reserve has been served as the important pathway for biodiversity conservation and carbon storage. Global climate change is an indisputable fact and impacted the biodiversity and nature reserve. How nature reserves adapt to climate change has drawn more and more concerns. This research conducted questionnaires of 68 national nature reserves from 24 provincial regions, and the questionnaires showed that all surveyed nature reserves experienced climate change, and 68.57%, 61.43% and 68.57% of nature reserves, respectively, considered warming temperature, precipitation change, and occurrence of extreme climate events as new threats to them. These new factors directly threat the distribution range and survival of endangered species, change of ecosystem function, enhance of pest and disease damages, and directed damage the infrastructures. However, most of the surveyed nature reserves did not consider the systematic monitoring the facts of climate change, and lack actions and strategies of initiative adaptation to climate change. At last, we proposed the strategies for nature reserves to adapt to climate change, including enhancing the monitoring on the impact of climate change, making scientific planning and designing for development of nature reserves, decreasing the pressure through sustainable development, and enhancing the scientific research and the investment to improve the ability of nature reserves to adapt to climate change.     

Nature reserve group planning for conservation of giant pandas in North Minshan, China

Formation of nature reserve groups (NRGs) is an important approach for optimising spatial patterns in nature reserves and for improving the efficiency of nature reserve networks. In this study, based on habitat evaluation and connectivity analysis, the approach and method for optimising spatial patterns and functional zoning of reserves were analysed using the case study of giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) reserves in North Minshan. Results indicated that five panda nature reserves had been established, which formed a reserve group and covered 48.4% of panda habitat and three of five population components. Although the nature reserves were connected to each other, core zones were divided into seven isolated areas. These divisions can reduce the efficiency of protecting giant pandas in reserve systems. To optimise spatial patterns in nature reserves, one new reserve is proposed and it is recommended that core zones be expanded and merged into two areas, in accordance with the spatial distribution of the panda population. Three linkage areas are also proposed—for facilitating panda exchange and movement among different populations. The study is expected to provide a scientific basis for planning the development of nature reserves in this mountain range, to promote the establishment of nature reserve groups in other areas, and to optimise entire nature reserve systems in China.     

堵河源自然保护区昆虫资源调查初报

通过对堵河源自然保护区昆虫资源调查,共采集昆虫标本12 600余号,经初步鉴定有1 456种,分别隶属于23目192科.其中,鳞翅目昆虫种数最多,31科502种,鞘翅目昆虫次之,42科436种.通过对保护区昆虫资源调查的结果分析,初步了解了该自然保护区昆虫的区系和群落分布.并与七姊妹山、后湖两个自然保护区的昆虫资源分别进行了比较.     

Visitor Perceptions of Nature Conservation at Helsinki Zoo

These days zoos often claim that their main objective is the promotion of nature conservation and that they strive to educate their visitors about animals and nature conservation. But how do zoo visitors themselves perceive this emphasis on conservation education? In order to determine how Helsinki Zoo visitors perceive nature conservation during their visit, we undertook a qualitative analysis of 75 structured situational interviews and five autoethnographical visits. Our results show that there was only a limited understanding of nature conservation among the zoo visitors. Their perception follows the typical framing of nature conservation in zoos: conservation projects that embrace captive breeding, in-situ conservation collaboration, and the reintroduction of those species. Moreover, in the Helsinki Zoo case these perceptions may have been influenced by the fact that the zoo did not give concrete advice on how the visitors themselves can contribute to conservation, except in terms of donating money. Framing nature conservation in such ways distances it from visitors’ everyday lives.     

基于熵权TOPSIS法的西南自然保护区景观保护成效评价

定期开展保护成效评估,是制定保护决策与提升保护地管理效果的重要基础。景观动态能够直观地指示保护地成效,但针对区域尺度保护地网络,采用多指标评价体系的景观保护成效研究还相对缺乏。以我国西南地区102个国家级和省级自然保护区为研究对象,从景观生态状况、自然生境格局与连通性以及人类干扰4个方面构建评价指标体系,应用熵权TOPSIS模型的综合分析方法,评估自然保护区在1990—2015年间的景观保护成效,并探讨自然保护区属性与保护成效间的关系。研究发现：(1)从1990—2000年至2010—2015年评估时段,保护成效上升的自然保护区数量约占77.5%,但低于保护成效综合评价指数平均值的自然保护区数量持续增加,表明自然保护区的整体景观成效趋于两极化发展。(2)自然保护区景观保护成效表现出明显的空间差异性,保护成效明显提升的自然保护区主要分布在川藏滇桂四省区,成效下降的自然保护区主要分布在黔、桂及两者交界区域。(3)不同类型与等级的自然保护区之间保护成效存在差异。类型上,整体成效表现为森林生态类较好、内陆湿地类次之、野生动植物类较差,而保护成效改善程度为野生动物类>内陆湿地类>森林...     

贵州典型自然保护区内外外来入侵草本植物的比较

自然保护区是抵御外来物种入侵的重要屏障, 然而人类活动可能增加外来入侵物种扩散的风险, 导致自然保护区面临不同程度的入侵。为了对比研究自然保护区内外以及不同保护区之间外来入侵草本植物的分布格局及其与人类活动的关系, 本文基于贵州省四个国家级自然保护区(赤水桫椤、习水、梵净山和麻阳河) 380个样方的调查数据, 运用双因素方差分析和非度量多维标度分析方法分析了保护区内外的外来入侵草本植物多样性和物种组成差异, 并利用冗余分析探讨了影响不同保护区内外来入侵草本植物分布的关键人类活动因子。赤水桫椤、习水、梵净山和麻阳河4个保护区共调查发现外来入侵草本植物46种, 隶属于18科37属, 其中, 4个保护区内分别有16、18、7和20种, 保护区外分别有17、10、24和20种。赤水桫椤和梵净山保护区外的外来入侵草本植物丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数显著高于保护区内, 而习水和麻阳河保护区内外差异不显著。梵净山保护区内的Pielou均匀度指数显著高于保护区外, 其余保护区内外差异不显著。四个保护区内外的外来入侵草本植物物种组成无明显差异。保护区内的居民量和道路长度是影响保护区内外来入侵草本植物分布格局差异的主要原因。研究结果表明, 不同保护区对外来草本植物入侵的抵御能力不同, 而人类活动程度的差异是导致其不同的原因之一。建议加强自然保护区内及周边区域人类活动管控, 减缓外来入侵植物的扩散。     

中国自然保护区空间分布特征

我国自然保护区经过60余年建设,在维护国家生态安全、保护生物多样性、保存自然遗产和改善生态环境质量等方面发挥着重要作用。研究系统整理了我国现有2672个自然保护区空间分布数据,形成了较为完整的空间信息数据库,从发展历程、保护类型、建设规模等方面进行了特征统计。运用地理集中指数和核密度指数等方法,对全国自然保护区从海陆分布、省级分布、时空分布、集聚分布等不同维度进行了空间分布特征分析。结果表明:(1)我国自然保护区数量和类型丰富,大致经历了"起步-停滞缓慢发展-稳步发展-快速发展-稳固完善"的5个发展阶段,以中小型的森林生态系统、野生动物、内陆湿地和水域生态系统自然保护区为主;(2)空间上为集聚分布,省域分布差异悬殊,沿"胡焕庸线"呈"西少东多、西聚东散"的特点;(3)不同类型和管理级别的自然保护区分布集群态势差异明显,形成了黄山-怀玉山、粤东北丘陵、南岭、武夷山等11个显著聚集区;(4)建设规模和连片聚集效应自西向东呈递减趋势,与我国地形的三级阶梯构造变化趋势存在紧密联系。最后,本文讨论了形成我国现有自然保护区空间格局的主要原因,包括客观自然条件及主观人为等因素,并结合我国自然保护区空间分布和建设发展中存在的问题进行了分析,从建立布局完善和海陆统筹的保护区网络,科学界定保护地类型,逐步优化自然保护区边界及稳步提升科研监测成效等方面提出了发展建议。在我国自然保护地体系由自然保护区向国家公园为主体的全面深化改革阶段,本研究弥补了现有研究成果的局限性和时效性问题,以期为未来自然保护区的空间布局优化及发展提供科学参考。     

论中国自然保护区的面积上限

中国从195 6年开始建设自然保护区,其间经过了一个较长的停滞时期之后,到2 0 0 2年底,中国建立了15 5 1个自然保护区,面积达14 14 86 6 km2 ,占国土面积14 .7%。中国自然保护区面积占国土面积的比例已经在2 0 0 2年末超过世界先进水平,然而,目前中国自然保护区的数量仍在增长。由于目前中国的自然保护区是严格意义的保护区,于是,作者提出应区分严格保护的自然保护区与广义的自然保护地,发展一个由不同保护目的、不同保护程度、合理布局的自然保护区组成的综合自然保护区体系,结合经济发展水平建设自然保护区的思想。估算了现阶段自然保护区的基本建设投入与管护费用,探讨了建设和管理2 0 0 2年末中国自然保护区的资金需求。还提出研究中国自然保护区中人口、中国国土面积及分类和中国各种类型土地的适宜保护面积,探讨“在中国多大的国土面积可以建设为自然保护区?”这一命题,从保存生物物种、生物资源、主要生态系统、可持续利用方面研究中国自然保护地的面积上限。     

区域自然保护区群规划——以秦岭山系为例

自然保护区群的构建对于优化我国自然保护区空间布局、提高自然保护区的保护效果具有重要意义。以大熊猫为主要研究对象,以秦岭山系为研究区域,以生境评价与通达性分析为主要研究方法,探讨了自然保护区群合理布局与功能区优化的程序、内容与方法。研究表明,目前秦岭山系已建与筹建的大熊猫自然保护区17个,自然保护区群初步形成,保护了50%的大熊猫生境,但东部的3个自然保护区尚未全部相连,且整个自然保护区核心区被隔离为20部分,大大影响了自然保护区效果的发挥。为优化自然保护区的布局,建议新建湑水河与锦鸡梁两个自然保护区,以大熊猫居群为基本单位将核心区调整为4个,并且通过3个连接区的建设加强各大熊猫居群的连通性,以促进大熊猫种群间的交流与迁徙。研究结果可为秦岭山系自然保护区建设提供思路与依据,对其它地区自然保护区群的建立及全国自然保护区网络的优化也具有借鉴意义。