白地霉Cryytococcus neoformans脂肪酶的双水相萃取

本文研究了不同无机盐的双水相体系对白地霉脂肪酶的萃取分离效果,对PEG/（NH4）2SO4成相系统进行了系统的研究,通过考察体系PEG分子量、不同的无机盐、PEG浓度、（NH4）2SO4浓度、离子强度、pH值及（NH4）2SO4浓度对反萃取的影响,并通过正交实验进一步优化了实验条件,初步确定在PEG浓度15%,（NH4）2SO4浓度22.5%,pH8.0,不加NaCl的条件下进行双水相萃取,脂肪酶分离系数和纯化倍数分别为6.8和7.5,比活力达到40.3 U/mg蛋白。     

Geotrichum sp．SYBC WU-3脂肪酶的双水相萃取和酶学性质

初步研究双水相体系对Geotrichum sp．SYBC WU-3脂肪酶的萃取分离效果,选用PEC4000／NaH2 PO4作为戍相系统进行系统研究,考察影响脂肪酶萃取的各种因素（如PEG相对分子质量及质量分数、NaH2PO4质量浓度、pH）,并采用正交实验进一步优化实验条件,确定双水相萃取体系为PEG质量分数为30％、NaH2PO4质量分数为20％、体系pH为6,在此条件下Geotrichum sp．SYBC WU-3脂肪酶经硫酸铵沉淀和双水相萃取两步纯化的纯化倍数达到最大,较Geotrichum sp．SYBC WU-3脂肪酶粗酶纯化了22倍。Geotrichum sp．SYBC WU-3脂肪酶纯酶为低温碱性脂肪酶,最适反应温度为15oC,最适pH为9．5,相对分子质量为3．58×10^4。     

白地霉脂肪酶的双水相萃取和反胶团提取

对影响双水相萃取和反胶团提取脂肪酶的各种因素进行了探讨,并通过正交实验进一步优化提取条件,PEG浓度15%,(NH4)2SO4浓度22.5%,pH8.0的条件下进行双水相萃取,脂肪酶纯化倍数达到7.5倍;CTAB浓度150mmol/L,相体积比4/2,水相pH8.0,温度40℃的条件下进行反胶团提取,脂肪酶的比活力达到最大,但其比活力稍有下降,约为原来的0.9倍。     

产低温脂肪酶菌株Geotrichum candidum ch-3的选育、发酵条件及酶学性质研究

从新疆昌吉市油脂化工厂的含油冻土中筛选到一株产低温脂肪酶的菌株ch-3,形态鉴定及18SrDNA序列分析表明该菌株为白地霉,命名为Geotrichum candidum ch-3。我们对其生长及产酶情况和酶性质做了初步研究。该菌株的最适生长温度是20℃。玉米浆、豆油可显著促进脂肪酶的产生。粗酶液经双水相萃取和Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤分离纯化后进行酶学性质的研究。该脂肪酶最适作用温度为35℃,在0℃可保持66%的相对酶活性,最适pH值为7.0,对热较敏感,50℃处理20min,剩余酶活为55%,Fe2＋、Cu2＋、Mn2＋以及Ca2＋对酶有较强的激活作用。     

利用双水相萃取技术分离纯化尿激酶

通过研究双水相萃取系统的各种影响因素：乙醇／（NH4）2SO4的组成比例、pH值、无机盐的加入、粗酶的浓度等,探索以乙醇／（NH4）2SO4组成的双水相萃取体系纯化尿激酶的最佳条件。建立以乙醇／（NH4）2SO4组成的双水相萃取体系分离纯化尿激酶的新途径。结果表明：双水相萃取系统冰乙醇浓度为65％,（NH4）2SO4浓度为10．0％,pH8．0,酶加入量为30％,且不加入任何其他无机盐的条件下,尿激酶的纯化倍数可达到9．2倍,回收率最高达92％。     

白地霉ch-3脂肪酶Ⅰ基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

构建了白地霉脂肪酶Ⅰ的基因工程菌,为进一步进行蛋白质工程改造和脂肪酶应用奠定了基础。从新疆昌吉市油脂化工厂含油冻土中分离得到1株低温脂肪酶产生菌-白地霉ch-3。该菌发酵上清液中的脂肪酶最适作用温度为35℃,在0℃仍可保持66%的相对酶活力。应用PCR技术从白地霉ch-3基因组DNA中克隆得到脂肪酶Ⅰ基因lip1,将该基因与原核表达质粒载体pET-22b（＋）连接,构建重组质粒pETl-ip1,转化E.coliBL21（DE3）,酶切鉴定,筛选得到重组菌。十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙希酰胺（SDS-PAGE）显示重组脂肪酶Ⅰ的相对分子质量约为5.8×10^4,酶活为2.73 U/mL,表明lip1基因的表达产物具有正常的生物学活性。白地霉ch-3脂肪酶Ⅰ基因lip1能够在大肠杆菌中有效地表达。     

原生质体紫外诱变选育白地霉GXU08脂肪酶高产菌株

目的:初步筛选脂肪酶高产菌株。方法:以白地霉GXU08为出发菌,对其进行原生质体紫外诱变选育。结果:筛选得到6株脂肪酶活力比出发菌株GXU08高的突变株,其中菌株4-39的酶活达14.2U,比GXU08提高了63.2%。突变株经9次传代,3次摇瓶复筛,其脂肪酶酶活性保持稳定,为今后进一步研究不同的育种方法进一步提高脂肪酶的产量打下基础。     

单因子-响应面法优化白地霉Y162产脂肪酶条件

对白地霉Y162液体发酵产脂肪酶的条件进行了优化。首先采用单因子实验筛选出最适碳源为橄榄油,氮源为黄豆粉和NH4Cl,无机盐为BaCl2和MgCl2。在此基础上,利用Plackett-Burman设计对影响产酶因素的效应进行评价,筛选出具有显著效应的橄榄油、BaCl2和NH4Cl三个最显著的因素。用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大产酶区域后,利用响应面中心组合设计对显著因素进行优化,得出橄榄油、BaCl2和NH4Cl最佳浓度分别为2.35％,0.36％,1.35％。优化后液体发酵液中脂肪酶活力提高到31.85 U/mL,比初始酶活力14.16 U/mL提高了2.25倍,表明单因子-响应面结合法可显著优化白地霉Y162液体发酵产脂肪酶条件。     

多拷贝毕赤酵母重组菌表达GCL摇瓶优化和高密度发酵

目的:构建高效表达白地霉脂肪酶的毕赤酵母重组菌株,并对筛选得到的菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件优化和分批补料高密度发酵工艺研究。方法:将诱导型表达载体pPIC9K-gcl电转化至毕赤酵母GS115。通过橄榄油-罗丹明B平板和摇瓶发酵筛选高脂肪酶活力的重组菌株,运用基于TaqMan探针的实时荧光定量PCR 法确定其拷贝数,并对菌株进行摇瓶发酵条件优化。在此基础上,研究重组菌在3L 发酵罐中的高密度发酵工艺。结果:筛选得到一株具有3 个白地霉脂肪酶基因拷贝的菌株GS115/pPIC9K-gcl 78#,初始酶活力为220 U/ml。当摇瓶发酵条件为甲醇诱导96 h,每24 h甲醇添加量1 %,接种量2 %,培养基初始pH 7.0,500 ml摇瓶装液量50 ml,甲醇诱导温度25℃ 时酶活力达735 U/ml。3L 发酵罐高密度发酵176.5 h,酶活力达到3360 U/ml,总蛋白含量达到4.30 g/L,且发酵过程中细胞活性一直保持在96 % 以上。结论:基因拷贝数与重组菌株的产酶水平呈正相关,摇瓶优化可显著提高重组菌株的产酶能力,为白地霉脂肪酶的工业化生产奠定了技术基础。     

双水相萃取法分离竹叶黄酮的工艺研究

以竹叶黄酮水提溶液为原料,采用PEG(聚乙二醇)/(NH4)2SO4双水相体系对竹叶黄酮进行萃取,考察了PEG平均相对分子质量、PEG质量分数、(NH4)2SO4质量分数、pH值、NaCl质量分数、原液质量分数、萃取温度等对双水相及竹叶黄酮萃取效果的影响。双水相萃取法提取竹叶黄酮的最优条件为:PEG 400 31%,(NH4)2SO411%,pH 3.9,NaCl 0.7%,原液51.5%,萃取温度20℃,在此条件下得到的竹叶黄酮萃取率为97.8%。结果说明,双水相萃取法操作简单方便,成本低,不会引起生物质失活或变性,适合于黄酮类化合物的萃取分离。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.