Phylogenetic trends in the abundance and distribution of pit organs of elasmobranchs

Pit organs (free neuromasts of the mechanosensory lateral line system) are distributed over the skin of elasmobranchs. To investigate phylogenetic trends in the distribution and abundance of pit organs, 12 relevant morphological characters were added to an existing matrix of morphological data (plus two additional end terminals), which was then re-analysed using cladistic parsimony methods ( paup * 4.0b10). Character transformations were traced onto the most parsimonious phylogenetic trees. The results suggest the following interpretations. First, the distinctive overlapping denticles covering the pit organs in many sharks are a derived feature; plesiomorphic elasmobranchs have pit organs in open slits, with widely spaced accessory denticles. Second, the number of pit organs on the ventral surface of rays has been reduced during evolution, and third, spiracular pit organs have changed position or have been lost on several occasions in elasmobranch evolution. The concentrated-changes test in macclade (version 4.05) was used to investigate the association between a pelagic lifestyle and loss of spiracular pit organs (the only character transformation that occurred more than once within pelagic taxa). Depending on the choice of tree, the association was either nonsignificant at P  = 0.06 or significant at P  < 0.05. Future studies, using species within more restricted elasmobranch clades, are needed to resolve this issue.     

中国生态用地稳定性空间分异及其影响因素

生态用地稳定性是生态用地数量与质量双重保护的重要载体。基于2000、2010、2020年的GlobeLand30土地利用数据,借助地理信息系统(GIS)空间分析方法,并应用生态用地稳定性指数,揭示中国2000—2020年生态用地稳定性空间格局特征;同时运用地理探测器,探究中国生态用地稳定性的主要影响因素。主要研究如下：(1)近20年中国生态用地面积总体减少了近7.44×10⁴ km²,以新疆西北部缩减最为明显;同时,耕地(76.5%)、建设用地(11.3%)的侵占是生态用地缩减的主要原因。(2)近20年中国稳定性生态用地数量变化不大,其空间分布与“胡焕庸线”较一致,其中热点面积分布在“胡焕庸线”西北侧(42.3%),冷点面积在“胡焕庸线”东南侧(21.2%);以占稳定性总面积53%的高稳定等级的生态用地为主,集中分布在生态脆弱的西部地区,中(24%)、低(23%)稳定等级数量相差不大,多在人口密集、经济发达的中东部地区。(3)自然因素,特别是年降水量与年日照时数,对生态用地稳定性变化的影响最为显著;同时自然与社会经济因素的交互作用,相较单一影...     

云贵高原生态恢复空间分异及其影响因素

全面深入评估生态恢复效益并明晰其自然—社会经济驱动机制,对维护区域生态安全、实现可持续发展目标具有重要意义。然而,在区域尺度量化分析时间序列生态恢复程度及其影响因素的案例研究较少。以云贵高原为研究对象,基于多源遥感数据,运用模型模拟、时间序列趋势分析等方法,从生态系统宏观结构、质量和服务3个层次评估了2000—2019年云贵高原地区的生态恢复效益,使用随机森林方法探究了生态恢复的自然-社会经济影响因素。结果表明：(1)近20年云贵高原地区生态系统宏观结构变化明显,主要表现为森林、草地和聚落生态系统面积的增加,以及农田生态系统面积的减少;(2)生态系统质量和服务恢复态势总体稳定向好,部分区域转差;(3)云贵高原地区生态系统的恢复程度整体较高。其中,恢复程度中等及以上的地区占总面积的35.84%;生态恢复程度有所转差及以下的面积最少,占总面积的7.54%;(4)地形、气候和土壤等生态本底特征是云贵高原地区生态恢复最重要的影响因素;在局地尺度,造林面积、人口密度年变化率等人类活动因子对生态恢复具有关键的作用。未来生态系统管理和生态恢复工程的实施应综合考虑区域生态背景和尺度效应,因地制宜采取恢...     

丛枝菌根真菌的生态分布及其影响因子研究进展

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)共生体系对于植物适应各种逆境胁迫具有重要积极作用。AM真菌还能够通过根外菌丝网络调节植物群落结构和演替,深刻影响生态系统结构和功能的稳定性。AM真菌生态生理功能的发挥主要取决于其生态适应性,明确AM真菌在不同环境中的多样性、生态适应性以及对各种生态因子的响应机制,是AM真菌资源管理、功能发掘与利用的前提。迄今为止,有关各种生态因子对AM真菌多样性的影响已有不少研究,但是AM真菌生态分布及其形成机制仍缺乏系统的研究和理论分析。综述了生物因子和非生物因子对AM真菌生态分布的影响,结合大型生物空间分布理论探讨了AM真菌生态分布规律和建成机制,分析了当前本研究领域所存在的问题和动向,以期推动相关研究进展。     

Phylogenetic balance and ecological evenness

The frequency distribution of numbers of species in taxonomic groups, where many species belong to a few very diverse higher taxa, is mirrored by that of species in most communities, where many individuals belong to a few very abundant species. Various hypotheses mechanistically link a species' community abundance with the diversity of the higher level taxon (genus, family, order) to which it belongs, but empirical data are equivocal about general trends in the relation between rank-taxon diversity and mean abundance. One reason for this inconclusive result may be the effect of the semisubjective nature of rank-based classification. We assessed the relationship between clade diversity and mean species abundance for two diverse tropical tree communities, using both traditional rank-based analysis and two new phylogenetic analyses (based on the ratio of individuals to taxa at each node in the phylogeny). Both rank-based and phylogenetic analyses using taxonomic ranks above the species level as terminal taxa detected a trend associating common species with species-rich families. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses using species as terminal taxa could not distinguish the observed distribution of species abundances from a random distribution with respect to clade diversity. The difference between these results might be due to (1) the absence of a real phylogeny-wide relationship between clade abundance and diversity, (2) the influence of poor phylogenetic resolution within families in our phylogenies, or (3) insufficient sensitivity of our metrics to subtle tree-wide effects. Further development and application of phylogeny-based methods for testing abundance-diversity relationships is needed.     

Metabolic factors influencing the sodium and potassium distribution in Ulva lactuca

1. Methods for the use of the marine green alga, Ulva lactuca, in studies on electrolyte metabolism are described. 2. The effect of illumination and iodoacetate on the potassium and sodium content, as well as the influence of light and running sea water on the iodoacetate effect was investigated. The rate of exchange of cellular potassium ion for K(42) under conditions of light and dark at 20 and 30 degrees C. was studied. 3. Ulva maintained in the dark for long periods loses some potassium and gains sodium, both effects being reversed upon illumination. The presence of 0.001 M iodoacetate in the dark causes a marked progressive loss of potassium and gain of sodium, phenomena which do not occur when the alga is illuminated. Evidence for the penetration of the inhibitor into the cell in the presence of light is presented. The iodoacetate effect on potassium and sodium content, once established, can be "washed out" of the alga when the plant is placed in light and running sea water without the inhibitor. Illumination and increased temperature each favor a more rapid exchange of tissue for environmental potassium ion. 4. In the interpretation of these findings it is emphasized that metabolic work, perhaps in the form of ion transports, must be done by the cell to compensate for the continual flow of potassium ion and sodium ion with their respective concentration gradients and thus maintain homeostasis within the cell. Evidence is presented which indicates separate mechanisms for the distribution of sodium and potassium in this organism. It is further suggested that the degradation of phosphoglyceric acid, an important glycolytic and photosynthetic intermediate, or one of the products of its metabolism supplied the energy for these ion transports(s). The role of permeability per se is considered.     

山西省生态安全时空演变特征及影响因素

基于压力-状态-响应模型（PSR）,运用综合权重法对山西省2000-2018年的生态安全水平进行综合评价并分析其时空演变特征,采用Dagum基尼系数测度生态安全水平的区域差异与来源,利用空间计量模型进行影响因素探究。研究发现：2000-2018年山西省生态安全综合指数呈逐年增长趋势,生态环境改善明显,总体生态安全水平较低,不同行政单元尺度下增幅表现为省域 > 市域 > 县域。县域生态安全在空间上呈"带状"分布,呈现由中部向南北两侧递减的非均衡化空间格局,空间上集聚程度在增强。县域生态安全水平空间上存在非均衡性特征,非均衡性程度不断下降,空间差异的主要来源是子群间差异,并呈现明显的空间溢出效应,经济规模、人口密度、城镇化率、NDVI、高程是影响县域生态安全空间演变的关键因素。生态安全水平空间特征存在尺度效应,研究尺度越大,尺度效应的作用越大,需要在更大范围内维持生态系统功能的完整与可持续性的平衡。县域生态安全水平演化存在路径依赖现象,需创新发展模式摆脱路径依赖,实现路径突破。在经济发展的基础上维持生态系统相对稳定状态与人类社会经济持续发展之间的平衡,是促进区域生态安全水平提升,维持人与自然和谐相处的关键。     

甘肃省生态安全时空演变特征及影响因素解析

生态安全是维持经济社会与生态可持续发展的重要保障。西部大开发与"一带一路"倡议实施以来,西部城镇发展迅速,经济效益大幅提高,生态环境却面临极大挑战。因此,以西北地区重要生态屏障区甘肃省为研究对象,基于"省公顷"概念改进传统生态足迹模型,评价2005—2015年甘肃省生态环境演变特征和生态安全状况,定量解析其驱动因素。结果表明:(1)2005—2015年甘肃省人均生态足迹与人均生态承载力分别由0.51 hm²/人和0.22 hm²/人增加至0.69 hm²/人和0.47 hm²/人,生态承载力增加速度较快,但自然资源依旧呈"供小于求"的状态。(2)甘肃省人均生态赤字由-0.20 hm²/人变化至-0.33 hm²/人,生态恶化程度不断加深。生态压力也由2.07升至2.74,生态安全处于很不安全状态,总体"西北高、东南低"的格局与城镇化布局相一致。(3)各影响因素对生态安全变化的决定力存在明显差异,其中人均GDP对生态安全扰动最强,其余因素影响程度依次为"人均...     

黄河流域城市生态韧性时空演变及其影响因素

城市作为最复杂的社会生态系统,在经历经济快速积累、城镇化加快推进的同时,面临着资源短缺、环境污染、生物多样性锐减等生态环境挑战,增强城市生态韧性对城市可持续发展至关重要。从韧性的内涵角度评估城市生态韧性水平,探究城市防范内外生态风险能力的时空特征,剖析城市生态韧性差异的影响机制,对实施城市生态文明建设与风险防控具有指导意义。基于"演化韧性"视角从"抵抗-响应-转型"三个能力构建城市生态韧性指标体系,以黄河流域七大城市群59个地级市2011-2020年面板数据为例,运用熵权-逼近理想解排序法(熵权-TOPSIS法)、传统和空间马尔可夫链,在对黄河流域城市生态韧性进行定量测算的基础上,分析其时空特征。最后利用面板分位数回归深入探索黄河流域城市生态韧性影响因素的分段效应,提高对城市生态韧性影响机制的认识。结果表明:(1)2011-2020年,城市生态韧性均值在(0.092,0.125)范围内,呈现缓慢增长态势;离散程度呈倒"U"型变化特征趋势;空间上,城市生态韧性表现为"下游强、上中游弱",城市群内部以省会城市为核心向外围地级市递减,"中心-外围"的分布格局明显。(2)城市生态韧性主要在相邻等级之间进行递次转移,仍未实现跨等级转移,具有"路径依赖"和"自身锁定"特征;地理空间背景在城市生态韧性动态演变过程中发挥着重要作用,表现为"强强联合、低低临近"的集聚效应。(3)影响因素方面,经济发展水平、科技创新对城市生态韧性具有显著促进作用;产业结构对城市生态韧性表现为显著抑制作用,人口密度和环境规制对城市生态韧性不同分位点的影响作用存在显著的异质性。研究结果可为黄河流域全面推进生态保护与建设"韧性城市"提供一定的科学参考和理论依据。     

我国自然保护区地区分布特征及影响因素

自然保护区的建立与发展受自然和社会经济条件等诸多因素的影响,目前我国自然保护区的地区分布差异极大,为寻找影响我国自然保护区的地区分布特征及影响因素,采用主成分分析法(PCA)和回归分析法对影响我国自然保护区地区分布特征的因素进行了提取。结果表明,我国自然保护区的地区分布主要受城市发展状况综合因子、资源禀赋综合因子和农村发展状况综合因子的影响,农村发展状况对我国自然保护区数量分布的影响达到显著水平,而城市发展状况和资源禀赋对自然保护区面积和覆盖率的影响达到显著水平,据此对我国自然保护区发展趋势做出预测,并提出相关对策建议。     

京津冀特大城市群生态安全格局时空演变特征及其影响因素

京津冀特大城市群的快速发展显著提升了地区生活水平,但也对生态环境造成了负面影响。以2000—2015年京津冀城市群面板数据为研究样本,建立"压力-状态-响应(PSR)"城市群生态安全协同会诊指标体系,采用TOPSIS和灰色关联组合方法计量其生态安全综合指数(Comprehensive Index of Ecological Security,CIES),运用因子分析法提取关键因素,并通过多元线性回归方法计算上述因素对生态安全的影响程度。结果表明:(1)京津冀城市群生态安全指数已经达到了预警状态,呈现"北高南低,西高东低"的空间格局,亟需建立三地协同联防联控的生态安全防治机制;(2)2000—2015年京津冀城市群的生态安全指数呈小幅波动状态,规划与政策对城市群生态安全指数具有显著影响效应;(3)13地市生态安全指数的演变趋势存在显著的差异,承德、廊坊仍呈下降趋势;(4)城镇化、社会发展以及技术进步对京津冀城市群生态安全具有显著的正相关性,开发水平、经济发展以及生态病理度则呈负相关性。由此,需要划定并严守城市群生态保护红线,控制空间开发强度与速度,以遏制生态恶化;完善并落实京津冀城市群协同发展的规划体系与相应的配套政策支撑体系,以保障城市群生态安全稳定提升;控制经济发展速度,提升社会发展水平,构建城市群一体化社会服务保障体系;提升生态技术研发水平,加大生态空间保护与修复,以降低生态安全风险,保障城市群生态安全格局。     

Seed dormancy distribution: explanatory ecological factors

Background and Aims

Knowledge of those traits that vary with latitude should be helpful in predicting how they may evolve locally under climate change. In the sea beet Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, seed dormancy largely controls the timing of germination, is highly heritable and varies geographically; it is therefore thought to be selected by climate. The aim here was to characterize the variation in seed dormancy among sea beet populations across the French distribution area, as well as the ecological factors in situ that are correlated with and that could therefore select for seed dormancy. The relative importance of genetic inheritance vs. non-genetic variation is also evaluated.

Methods

The proportions of dormant seeds from 85 natural populations encompassing different climates over the whole French distribution area were measured under controlled conditions. Germination phenology was observed in a common garden experiment. Dormancy variation of seeds collected in situ was compared with that of seeds collected on plants grown in the greenhouse.

Key Results

The proportions of dormant seeds in the greenhouse were highly variable, covering almost the entire range from 0 to 1, and followed a geographical pattern from lower dormancy at high latitudes to high dormancy at low latitudes. The distribution of dormancy was positively correlated with yearly temperatures, especially summer temperatures. Minimum temperatures in winter did not significantly explain the trait variation. The genetic component of the total variation was significant and is probably completed by an important adjustment to the local conditions brought about by maternal adaptive phenotypic plasticity.

Conclusions

Dormancy in sea beet could be interpreted as a way to limit summer germination and spread germination over the first autumn and spring or following autumns. This highly heritable trait has the potential to evolve in the relatively near future because of climate change.     

川滇生态屏障区景观生态风险评价及影响因素

探究重点生态功能区景观生态风险时空演变特征,揭示人类活动对景观生态风险恶化的潜在影响,对防范和化解景观生态风险、促进区域可持续发展具有重要意义.以2000、2010、2020年土地覆被数据为基础,运用ArcGIS 10.8和Fragstats 4.2等软件,基于景观格局指数和脆弱度指数构建景观生态风险评价模型,借助空间...     

Environmental factors influencing diurnal distribution of zooplankton and ichthyoplankton

The diurnal vertical distribution of a large number of speciesof zooplankton, icbthyoplankton and micronekton were determinedin the top 150 m in three locations in the Shelf Water, on theNova Scotia Shelf, and Slope and on Georges Bank during springand fall periods. Species were categorized as to their trophiclevel and their type of diurnal migration behaviour. The influenceof temperature, salinity, and water density on the diurnal verticaldistribution of the species was examined. Temperature was foundto have the greatest influence on the distribution of the largestnumber of species. Diurnal migration behavior of the same speciesin Shelf and Slope water and at different times of the yearwas examined. Results showed that species changed their behaviorin the two water masses, while some species changed their migrationbehavior at different times of the year. During the night inApril the most abundant copepod species, Calanus finmarchicus,making up about 80% of the biomass, was found concentrated abovethe thermocline and the main chlorophyll layer. The majorityof the less abundant species of copepods were found below thethermocline and the chlorophyll layer. At night in August thetwo most abundant copepod species, Centropoger typicus and Paracalanusparvus, making up at least 80% of the zooplankton biomass, werealso concentrated above the thermocline and the main chlorophyllLayer. Three species of copepods were concentrated at the depthof the main chlorophyll layer and two species were concentratedbelow the chlorophyll layer and thermocline. The vertical distributionof other zooplankton and ichthyoplankton species was examinedin relation to the thermocline and chlorophyll layer. Relationshipsbetween concentrations of six species of fish larvae and allspecies of copepods in the same samples showed a general increasein the numbers of larvae m^–3 as the numbers of copepodsm^–3 increased in a range of 500–4000 m^–3.However, the concentration of Merluccius bilinearis decreasedas the concentration of copepods exceeded 4000 m^–3 suggestingthat high concentrations of copepods may not be a favourableenvironment for the larvae.     

Phylogenetic diversity and ecological features in the Egyptian flora

Until fairly recently, regional-scale ecological and evolutionarypatterns have tended to be ignored as conservation efforts have been concernedwith species and their habitats. Here we compare frequencies in the Egyptianflora of particular rank sizes (order, family and genus) with patterns ofspecies abundance (classified as very rare, rare, common, or very common) and anarray of life-history attributes. The angiosperm flora of Egypt is representedby 2446 taxa (2088 species), including taxa in 10 subclasses, 51 orders, 120families, and 742 genera. A high degree of monotypism was observed: four ordersare monotypic (each existing as single species), and have very rare overallabundances; 30 families are monotypic (17 of which are very rare or rare); and 354genera are monotypic (over 70% of which are very rare or rare). Fourteenfamilies (in particular the Resedaceae and Zygophyllaceae) have at leastone-fifth of their global species represented in the Egyptian flora. Introducedspecies in general, and tree, aquatic herb and liana life forms all are especially well represented among monotypic genera. Native taxa are highlyrepresented among rare and very rare abundance classes, while introduced taxadid not differ significantly in their abundance patterns, compared to overallflora values. Few large genera (>20 spp.) occur in the flora, with mostspecies concentrated in genera containing 8–19 species per genus.Similarly, few families were highly speciose. Annual and herbaceous species weresignificantly over-represented, mainly among large, speciose genera andfamilies. However, perennials, trees, shrubs, aquatic herbs, lianas and parasiticspecies were found mainly in families and genera having very few taxa.Life-history attributes may have important implications to speciation rates.Taxonomically based results, involving abundances and life-history attributes,are discussed in the context of biodiversity and conservation.     

Abiotic and biotic factors influencing the winter distribution of predatory insects

Summary Various environmental factors were investigated to analyse those involved in successful overwintering and possibly overwintering site selection for Tachyporus hypnorum and Demetrias atricapillus, both important coleopteran predators of cereal aphids. The results of the study indicated food supply to be important for both predator species during the winter period, although the role of biotic factors in site selection in the autumn could not be clearly demonstrated. The winter distribution of the two species could, however, be explained well in terms of abiotic factors. It is suggested that these and other similar predator species have well-defined overwintering requirements and that these can be exploited in the management of field boundary habitats.     

鄱阳湖水陆交错带生态韧性时空变化及影响因素

鄱阳湖水陆交错带是一典型水陆相复杂生态系统,其人地关系矛盾和冲突强烈改变了区域生态韧性格局。基于适应性循环理论框架"潜力-连通度-恢复力"三维综合评价体系,以乡镇为研究单元,对鄱阳湖水陆交错带2000年、2010年、2020年的生态韧性进行评估;并运用地理探测器分析各因素在不同时期对生态韧性的影响强度及其相互作用机制,从而为地区生态韧性提升策略的制定提供指导。结果表明：（1）2000-2020年鄱阳湖水陆交错带综合韧性指数先增后减,整体呈上升趋势,韧性低值区经历了"小集聚大分散→大集聚小分散→整体分散"的空间演化特征;（2）鄱阳湖水陆交错带大部分乡镇经历了"释放→重组→开发"的演化交替,其中2020年各乡镇韧性演化处于开发（r）、保护（K）、释放（Ω）、重组（α）阶段的乡镇数量分别占49.4%、28.3%、8.2%、14.1%;（3）2000-2020年内的不同时期,鄱阳湖水陆交错带生态韧性驱动因子的影响强度存在差异,其中植被覆盖、夜间灯光强度、建设用地距离以及夜间灯光强度变化趋势成为研究区韧性变化的主导驱动力,且影响强度出现较为明显的逐年增强趋势。本研究可以在一定程度上剖析研究区域的韧性发展现状和趋势,推动形成具有地域特色且可持续的人地耦合系统。