羟胺和肼对烟草光合放氧影响的差异

羟胺对Ｓ状态系统的还原作用比强，它可将水裂解的Ｓ状态系统从Ｓ０还原到Ｓ－２，肼只能将Ｓ０还原到Ｓ－１。肼对光合水裂解的抑制作用较羟胺强，在高浓度下（１０００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）它可完全抑制光合水裂解，使烟草叶绿体产生强烈的氧吸收，羟胺可使暗适应叶绿体的Ｓ状态系统的Ｓｉ（ｉ＝１～４）分布趋向稳态，高浓度羟胺（１０００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）仍不能完全抑制氧释放，并且对叶绿体氧吸收的诱导作用也很小。     

黄瓜花叶病毒对烟草叶片和叶绿体光合活性的影响

研究了烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔａｎａ ｔａｂａｃｕｍ Ｌ．）感染黄瓜花叶病毒后烟草植株不同部位（顶层、中层、下层）中片的光合速率和叶绿体光化学反应的变化。感病的叶片净光合速率减少,顶层叶砬少最多。病毒侵染抑制ＰＳⅡ活性比ＰＳⅠ活性更明显,特别是顶层叶。叶绿素ａ荧光测定表明还原态Ｑ库减少,ＣＯ２同化减少。从低温荧光发射光谱图变化中发现能量分配受干扰。     

镉对烟草光合特性的影响

烟草植株经镉处理后,其叶片光合速率和希尔反应活力受抑制,叶绿素含量、叶绿素α—荧光发射强度和光系统Ⅱ活力下降。     

烟草花叶病毒对烟草叶片光合特征和POD表达的影响

以烤烟(Nicotiana tabacum L.)品种'中烟5号'为实验材料,对烟草健康株与感染烟草花叶病毒(TMV)株的叶绿素、光合速率、光合速率对光强的响应曲线、光暗反应荧光特征、POD活性及其表达等进行研究,以探讨TMV感染对烟草植株生理生态特征的影响.结果显示:病株的叶绿素a(Chl a)和叶绿素b(Chl b)含量显著低于健康株,但Chl a/Chl b值基本相同;病株暗中初始荧光(F0)、暗中最大荧光(Fm)、暗中可变荧光(Fv)、光下初始荧光(F0′)、光下最大荧光(Fm′)、光下可变荧光(Fv′)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、PSⅡ捕光效率(Fv′/Fm′)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)及光饱和点显著低于健康株;净光合速率在光强较大(＞1 500 μmol·m-2·s-1)时病株比健康株低,光强适中(1 500 μmol·m-2·s-1左右)时两者相差不大,光强较弱(＜1 500 μmol·m-2·s-1左右)时病株比健康株高;病株叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著升高,POD同工酶中一些大分子量蛋白分子表达量加大.研究表明,感染TMV使烟草植株对光抑制更为敏感,叶片的荧光激发能力和热耗散能力下降,PSⅡ反应中心捕光效率和光化学反应效率降低,光合电子传递能力和碳同化能力受到抑制;POD活性提高和表达量增加可能是诱导烟草抗病性的一个关键生理过程.     

光胁迫对杂种杨无性系光合放氧,光化学能量贮藏的影响

以光声光谱技术对经不同光强预处理的 3个杂种杨无性系即三倍体无性系B34 2、二倍体无性系B1 1[(Populusalba×P .glandulosa)× (P .tomentosa×P .bolleana) ]和三倍体无性系B34 6 [(P .tomentosa×P .bolleana)×(P .alba×P .glandulosa) ]的光合放氧、光声热信号及光化学能量贮藏进行测定。叶圆片的光声放氧信号和光化学能量贮藏与预处理光强度成反比 ;而光声热信号与预处理光强度成正比。光化学能量贮藏分配到PSⅡ的份额要比分配到PSⅠ的多。在强光胁迫下PSⅠ的光化学能量贮藏要比PSⅡ的光化学能量贮藏稳定。 3种抑制剂 (strepto mycin ,dithiothreitol,sodiumfluoride)均对叶圆片的光声放氧信号有影响。无性系B1 1和B34 2抵抗光胁迫的能力比无性系B34 6高     

光合放氧系统的结构和放氧过程

对自然界从厌氧细菌的光合作用到放氧植物的光合作用作一简单介绍,并着重阐明光合放氧系统的结构和放氧的过程,以及锰、氯、钙与氧释放的关系。     

UV-B辐射对烟草光合色素和几种酶的影响

对UV-B胁迫条件下烟草叶片相关生理生化指标的变化进行研究.结果表明,UV-B辐照后,烟草叶片内光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)的含量均呈上升趋势,3种色素比对照分别上升了21%、10%、27%;可溶性蛋白含量呈先上升后下降趋势;过氧化物酶活性明显上升,同工酶图谱分析证实,有一种新的过氧化物酶同工酶表达;利用重组噬夏孢欧文氏菌(Erwinia uredovora)GGPP合成酶免疫家兔,制备了兔抗GGPP合成酶的抗血清.Western blot检测显示,UV-B辐照可使烟草叶片GGPP合成酶(GGPS)的表达量显著提高.     

光照或黑暗条件下野火病菌侵染对烟草光合机构的影响

烟草野火病菌(Pst)是一种兼性营养型的细菌致病菌,它可以引起烟草发生褐色病斑,名为野火病.近年来Pst受到很多关注,然而大多数对Pst的研究主要集中在寄主和非寄主植物对Pst侵染的防御机制和产自于野火病菌的野火毒素上,Pst侵染对烟草叶片光合性能的影响及其机理尚未见报道.研究Pst侵染后对光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的影响不仅可以帮助阐明烟草-Pst 相互作用的机制,还可以从生理角度加深对细菌致病菌病害的了解.本研究采用叶绿素荧光快速诱导动力学曲线分析、类囊体膜蛋白Western分析、活性氧(ROS)和叶绿素含量测定等方法,探讨光照(200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)或黑暗条件下Pst侵染对烟草光系统Ⅱ的影响.结果表明: 与未处理相比,Pst侵染3 d后在光照和黑暗条件下叶片侵染区域叶绿素含量均显著下降,出现萎黄病变,注射区域呈现出明显的野火病特征.光照和黑暗条件下,侵染3 d后烟草叶片过氧化氢含量明显升高,光照条件下要比黑暗条件下升高比例更大.Pst侵染3 d后,光照和黑暗条件下烟草叶片注射区域叶绿素荧光动力学曲线中K点和J点的相对可变荧光W_K和V_J逐渐增大,叶片最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和单位面积有活性反应中心的数目(RC/CSm)均显著下降.此外,相对于光照条件,Pst侵染后在黑暗条件下W_K和V_J的升高程度更大,说明对K点和J点的抑制程度更严重.Pst侵染3 d后,在光照和黑暗条件下放氧复合体(OEC)的核心组分PsaO、光系统Ⅱ反应中心核心蛋白D1蛋白均发生明显的降解,且在黑暗条件下降解更为严重.表明Pst侵染后,在光照和黑暗条件下均会使光合电子传递链Q_A到Q_B的电子传递受到限制,放氧复合体受到伤害,烟草叶片光系统Ⅱ供体侧、受体侧、反应中心的数目和活性均受到伤害,光系统Ⅱ发生光抑制或类似光抑制的伤害,且在黑暗条件下对光系统Ⅱ的伤害程度比光照条件下更为严重.     

硝酸羟胺对大鼠脑中Synaptobrevin和Syntaxin 的表达的影响

目的观察硝酸羟胺(HAN)对大鼠脑组织Synaptobrevin 2、Syntaxin的影响,探讨二者在HAN致脑损伤中的作用。方法应用免疫荧光双标记技术标记Synaptobrevin2和Syntaxin,用Hochest衬染细胞核,Radiance2100型激光共聚焦显微镜观察。结果Synaptobrevin 2及Syntaxin广泛分布在正常大脑皮质、海马及小脑,HAN注射后7d内,Synaptobrevin 2表达减弱,Syntaxin表达增强。结论Synaptobrevin 2和Syntaxin比例失调和相互作用减弱可能在HAN致脑损伤中发挥重要作用。     

根施甜菜碱对水分胁迫下烟草幼苗光合机构的保护

以烟草品种大黄金5210（抗旱性强）和中烟100（抗旱性弱）为材料,研究了水分胁迫对烟草叶片光合机构的影响,并通过根部施用甜菜碱的方法,探讨了甜菜碱对烟草光合机构的保护作用。结果表明：水分胁迫导致烟草幼苗光合机构损伤,表现在叶绿素含量、PSII光化学效率、希尔反应活力以及类囊体膜ATPase活性下降,且对抗旱性弱的中烟100损伤更加严重。外源甜菜碱处理减轻了水分胁迫对以上指标的降低程度,特别是对干旱敏感型烟草品种中烟100的效果更加明显。甜菜碱的这种保护作用可能与它能够维持叶片中各种抗氧化酶活性、减轻活性氧的积累、保护类囊体膜上各种色素蛋白的功能以及缓解水分胁迫对膜的破坏作用有关。     

铜色颤藻Oscillatoria chalybea的水裂解中心与肼光氧化之间关系的质谱分析

用质谱分析方法对铜色颤藻Ｏｓｃｉｌｌａｔｏｒｉａｃｈａｌｙｂｅａ的水裂解中心与肼光氧化之间的关系作了研究。结果表明,在一次闪光下铜色颤藻的肼光氧化与ＰＳⅡ相关。一次闪光的Ｎ２形成明显受ＤＣＭＵ的抑制。肼在１次和１０次闪光下释放的Ｎ２具有相同的来源。它们对Ｔｒｉｓ处理、ＤＣＭＵ和水裂解中心的光恢复处理等均具有一致的反应。Ｎ２的产量与水裂解中心的活性是正相关。在无氧条件下,水裂解中心失活,水裂解过程不能进行。与此同时,肼的光氧化过程也不发生检测不到Ｎ２的形成。Ｔｒｉｓ由于能游离水裂解中心的Ｍｎ,而破坏水裂解中心,使Ｏ２释放能力下降。铜色颤藻经Ｔｒｉｓ处理后,在Ｏ２释放能力下降的同时,肼光氧化释放Ｎ２的能力也同步下降。弱光照、Ｍｎ＋２、Ｃａ＋２可将Ｔｒｉｓ游离的Ｍｎ重新结合到水裂解中心,使水裂解中心重激活（ｐｈｏｔｏｒｅａｃｔｉｖａｔｉｏｎ）。激活后的颤藻水裂解中心,不仅恢复了水裂解中心的氧化水的能力,同时也恢复了氧化肼的能力。这表明,水裂解中心的水裂解催化活性与肼的充氧化有着直接的关系。     

Single Atoms and Clusters Based Nanomaterials for Hydrogen Evolution,Oxygen Evolution Reactions,and Full Water Splitting

The sustainable and scalable production of hydrogen through hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen through oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting demands efficient and robust electrocatalysts. Currently, state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalysts of Pt and IrO₂/RuO₂ exhibit the benchmark catalytic activity toward HER and OER, respectively. However, expanding their practical application is hindered by their exorbitant price and scarcity. Therefore, the development of alternative effective electrocatalysts for water splitting is crucial. In the last few decades, substantial effort has been devoted to the development of alternative HER/OER and water splitting catalysts based on various transition metals (including Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, and atomic Pt) which show promising catalytic activities and durability. In this review, after a brief introduction and basic mechanism of HER/OER, the authors systematically discuss the recent progress in design, synthesis, and application of single atom and cluster‐based HER/OER and water splitting catalysts. Moreover, the crucial factors that can tune the activity of catalysts toward HER/OER and water splitting such as morphology, crystal defects, hybridization of metals with nonmetals, heteroatom doping, alloying, and formation of metals inside graphitic layered materials are discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and future perspectives for improving the performance of electrocatalysts for water splitting are addressed.     

单半乳糖甘油二脂缺失对烟草光合特性的影响

以单半乳糖甘油二脂(MGDG)相对含量比野生烟草显著降低的突变体(M18)及野生型烟草为材料,通过对转基因烟草叶绿体类囊体膜的低温荧光、放氧活性以及叶片的叶绿素荧光分析,研究MGDG部分缺失对烟草叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,在低温下(77K)MGDG部分缺失并不影响烟草叶绿素荧光发射峰(F683和F730)的位置,但使光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)及光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)的荧光发射峰的强度减弱,F683/F730比值降低,直接影响激发能在PSⅡ和PSⅠ之间的均衡分配,使叶绿素a和叶绿素b之间的能量传递受阻,降低光能转化效率;MGDG部分缺失使PSⅡ放氧活性下降了72.9%;转基因烟草叶绿素荧光参数中最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、暗适应最大荧光(Fm)、实际光化学效率(Yield)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)比野生型烟草分别降低了7%、49%、32%和18%,并以Fm降幅最大。研究证明,MGDG在维持植物叶绿体类囊体膜的功能,特别是PSⅡ的功能方面起着重要的作用。     

Monolithic Photoassisted Water Splitting Device Using Anodized Ni‐Fe Oxygen Evolution Catalytic Substrate

Large‐scale industrial application of solar‐driven water splitting has called for the development of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts that deliver high catalytic activity and stability. Here it is shown that an efficient OER catalytic substrate can be developed by roll‐to‐roll fabrication of electrodeposited Ni‐Fe foils, followed by anodization. An amorphous oxyhydroxide layer directly formed on Ni‐Fe foils exhibits high catalytic activity toward water oxidation in 1 m KOH solution, which requires an overpotential of 0.251 V to reach current density of 10 mA cm^–2. The developed catalytic electrode shows the best OER activity among catalysts with film structure. The catalyst also shows prolonged stability at vigorous gas evolution condition for 36 h. To demonstrate the monolithic photoassisted water splitting device, an amorphous silicon solar cell is fabricated on Ni‐Fe catalytic substrate, resulting in lowering OER overpotential under light illumination. This monolithic device is the first demonstration that the OER catalytic substrates and the solar cells are integrated and can be easily applied for industrial scale solar‐driven water electrolysis.     

两个品种烟草叶片发育过程中几种光合参数变化的比较

比较烟草2个品种‘NC89’和‘JYH’叶片发育过程中几个光合参数变化的结果表明,烟草叶片发育过程中光合速率变化表现为上升期、高值持续期（APD）和速降期,叶绿素含量变化经历上升期、相对稳定期（RSP）和速降期。光合功能衰退过程中,核酮糖．1,5-二磷酸羧化酶（RuBPCase）活性比电子传递活性下降快。可逆衰退阶段的2个品种类囊体膜多肽组分和‘NC89’的核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶加氧酶（Rubisco）大亚基基本上无变化;不可逆衰退阶段的2个品种类囊体膜多肽组分、Rubisco大小亚基均快速降解,尤其是光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）复合体和Rubisco小亚基。‘JYH’的叶龄为10-40d的叶中各光合参数与‘NC89’的差别不大,但‘JYH’的光合功能期短,光合功能衰退过程中光合电子传递与碳同化失衡较严重,光合功能衰退比‘NC89’早而迅速。     

Amorphous Cobalt Boride (Co2B) as a Highly Efficient Nonprecious Catalyst for Electrochemical Water Splitting: Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution

It is demonstrated that amorphous cobalt boride (Co₂B) prepared by the chemical reduction of CoCl₂ using NaBH₄ is an exceptionally efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolytes and is simultaneously active for catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The catalyst achieves a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 at 1.61 V on an inert support and at 1.59 V when impregnated with nitrogen‐doped graphene. Stable performance is maintained at 10 mA cm^?2 for at least 60 h. The optimized catalyst, Co₂B annealed at 500 °C (Co₂B‐500) evolves oxygen more efficiently than RuO₂ and IrO₂, and its performance matches the best cobalt‐based catalysts reported to date. Co₂B is irreversibly oxidized at OER conditions to form a CoOOH surface layer. The active form of the catalyst is therefore represented as CoOOH/Co₂B. EXAFS observations indicate that boron induces lattice strain in the crystal structure of the metal, which potentially diminishes the thermodynamic and kinetic barrier of the hydroxylation reaction, formation of the OOH* intermediate, a key limiting step in the OER.     

Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution at Low Water Potential in Leaf Discs Lacking an Epidermis

Land plants encountering low water potentials (low _w) closetheir stomata, restricting CO₂ entry and potentially photosynthesis.To determine the impact of stomatal closure, photosyntheticO₂ evolution was investigated in leaf discs from sunflower (Helianthusannuus L.) plants after removing the lower epidermis at low_w. Wounding was minimal as evidenced by O₂ evolution nearlyas rapid as that in intact discs. O₂ evolution was maximal in1 % CO₂ in the peeled discs and was markedly inhibited when_w was below –1·1 MPa. CO₂ entered readily at all_w, as demonstrated by varying the CO₂ concentration. Resultswere the same whether the epidermis was removed before or afterlow _w was imposed. Due to the lack of an epidermis and readymovement of CO₂ through the mesophyll, the loss in O₂ evolvingactivity was attributed entirely to photosynthetic metabolism.Intact leaf discs showed a similar loss in activity when measuredat a CO₂ concentration of 5 %, which supported maximum O₂ evolutionat low _w. In 1 % CO₂, however, O₂ evolution at low _w was belowthe maximum, presumably because stomatal closure restrictedCO₂ uptake. The inhibition was larger than in peeled discs at_w between –1 and –1·5 MPa but became thesame as in peeled discs at lower _w. Therefore, as photosynthesisbegan to be inhibited by metabolism at low _w, stomatal closureadded to the inhibition. As _w became more negative, the inhibitionbecame entirely metabolic.     

Eutectic‐Derived Mesoporous Ni‐Fe‐O Nanowire Network Catalyzing Oxygen Evolution and Overall Water Splitting

The development of efficient and abundant water oxidation catalysts is essential for the large‐scale storage of renewable energy in the form of hydrogen fuel via electrolytic water splitting, but still remains challenging. Based upon eutectic reaction and dealloying inheritance effect, herein, novel Ni‐Fe‐O‐based composite with a unique mesoporous nanowire network structure is designed and synthesized. The composite exhibits exceptionally low overpotential (10 mA cm^?2 at an overpotential of 244 mV), low Tafel slope (39 mV dec^?1), and superior long‐term stability (remains 10 mA cm^?2 for over 60 h without degradation) toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in 1 m KOH. Moreover, an alkaline water electrolyzer is constructed with the Ni‐Fe‐O composite as catalyst for both anode and cathode. This electrolyzer displays superior electrolysis performance (affording 10 mA cm^?2 at 1.64 V) and long‐term durability. The remarkable features of the catalyst lie in its unique mesoporous nanowire network architecture and the synergistic effect of the metal core and the active metal oxide, giving rise to the strikingly enhanced active surface area, accelerated electron/ion transport, and further promoted reaction kinetics of OER.