Improvement of cloned alpha-amylase gene expression in fed-batch culture of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae by regulating both glucose and ethanol concentrations using a fuzzy controller

The effect of ethanol concentration on cloned gene expression in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 20B-12 containing one of two plasmids, pNA3 and pNA7, was investigated in batch cultures. Plasmids pNA3 and pNA7 contain the alpha-amylase gene under the control of the SUC2 or PGK promoter, respectively. When the ethanol concentration was controlled at 2 to 5 g/L, the gene expressions were two times higher than those at 20 g/L ethanol. The increase the gene expression by maintaining both the ethanol and glucose concentrations at low levels, a fuzzy ontroller was developed. The concentrations of glucose and ethanol were controlled simultaneously at 0.15 and 2 g/L, respectively, in the production phase using the fuzzy controller in fed-batch culture. The synthesis of alpha-amylase was induced by the low glucose concentration and maintained at a high level of activity by regulating the ethanol concentration at 2 g/L. The secretory alpha-amylase was induced by the low glucose concentration and maintained at a high level of activity by regulating the ethanol concentration at 2 g/L. The secretory alpha-amylase activities of cells harboring plasmids pNA3 and pNA7 in fed-batch culture were 175 and 395 U/mL, and their maximal specific activities 7.7 and 12.4 U/mg dry cells, respectively. These values are two to three times higher in activity and three to four times higher in specific activity than those obtained when glucose only was controlled. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

酵母ADH2—SUC2融合启动子的构建及其对基因表达的调控

将ＡＤＨ２基因的ＵＡＳ与带有不同长度缺失上游区的ＳＵＣ３基因融合,构建成４种具有不同融合启动子的ＳＵＣ２基因的表达质粒ＹＲＤ１１０１．ＹＦＤ１１０△９．ＹＦＤ１１０△１７、ＹＦＤ１１０△１１。将这些质粒及对照表达质粒ＹＦＤ２６△１．ＹＦＤ２５转化酵母菌Ｙ３３,在阻遏与去阻遏培养条件下,对各种转化子所产生的蔗糖酶进行了活性测定和组分分析。结果表明：在葡萄糖去阻遏生长条件下,ＹＦＤ１１０△１的启动子组合中ＵＡＳｓｕｃ２和ＵＡＳＡＤＨ２对ＳＵＣ２基因的表达有协同激活作用。在阻遏条件下Ｙ３３／ＹＦＤ１１０△１与Ｙ３３／ＹＦＤ１１０△９、Ｙ３３／ＹＦＤ２６△１、Ｙ３３／ＹＦＤ２５一样,均表达很低的糖基化蔗糖酶,３种去阻遏培养条件比较说明,在低糖培养基中对糖基化蔗糖酶表达的去阻遏效果最佳     

Application of a gratuitous induction system in Kluyveromyces lactis for the expression of intracellular and secreted proteins during fed-batch culture

A gratuitous induction system in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis was evaluated for the expression of intracellular and extracellular products during fed-batch culture. The Escherichia coli lacZ gene (beta-galactosidase; intracellular) and MFalpha1 leader-BPTI cassette (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor; extracellular) were placed under the control of the inducible K. lactis LAC4 promotor, inserted into partial-pKD1 plasmids, and transformed into a ga1-209 K. lactis strain. To obtain a high level of production, culture conditions for growth and expression were initially evaluated in tube cultures. A selective medium containing 5 g/L glucose (as carbon source) and 0.5 g/L galactose (as inducer) demonstrated the maximum activity of both beta-galactosidase and secreted BPTI. This level of expression had no significant effect on the growth of the recombinant cells; growth rate dropped by approximately 11%, whereas final biomass concentrations remained the same. In shake-flask culture, biomass concentration, beta-galactosidase activity, and BPTI secreted activity were 4 g/L, 7664 U/g dry cell, and 0.32 mg/L, respectively. Fed-batch culture (with a high glucose concentration and a low galactose [inducer] concentration feed) resulted in a 6.5-fold increase in biomass, a 23-fold increase in beta-galactosidase activity, and a 3-fold increase in BPTI secreted activity. The results demonstrate the success of gratuitous induction during high-cell-density fed-batch culture of K. lactis. A very low concentration of galactose feed was sufficient for a high production level.     

HBV影响XRN2基因在HepG2-H7细胞中表达的机制研究

目的利用稳定表达HBV的HepG2-H7细胞,研究HBV对XRN2基因表达的调控,并对其作用机制进行初步探讨。方法用RT—PCR和Real-time PCR的方法检测HepG2细胞及稳定表达HBV的HepG2-H7细胞中XRN2在mRNA水平的表达差异。构建XRN2启动子的萤火虫荧光素酶报告质粒,分别转染HepG2细胞及HepG2-H7细胞,检测HBV对XRN2启动子的影响。将XRN2启动子质粒与HBV4种蛋白的真核表达质粒共转染HepG2细胞,寻找对启动子影响较大的HBV蛋白。结果RT—PCR和Real-time PCR的结果显示XRN2在HepG2-H7细胞中的表达较HepG2细胞有所下降。荧光素酶活性分析显示HBV能抑制XRN2启动子的活性,且HBx和HBp蛋白在这一过程中起主要作用。结论HBV蛋白可以通过抑制XRN2启动子活性调节其在HepG2-H7细胞中的表达。     

Cloning of the thermostable alpha-amylase gene from Pyrococcus woesei in Escherichia coli: isolation and some properties of the enzyme

Pyrococcus woesei (DSM 3773) alpha-amylase gene was cloned into pET21d(+) and pYTB2 plasmids, and the pET21d(+)alpha-amyl and pYTB2alpha-amyl vectors obtained were used for expression of thermostable alpha-amylase or fusion of alpha-amylase and intein in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) or BL21(DE3)pLysS cells, respectively. As compared with other expression systems, the synthesis of alpha-amylase in fusion with intein in E. coli BL21(DE3)pLysS strain led to a lower level of inclusion bodies formation-they exhibit only 35% of total cell activity-and high productivity of the soluble enzyme form (195,000 U/L of the growth medium). The thermostable alpha-amylase can be purified free of most of the bacterial protein and released from fusion with intein by heat treatment at about 75 degrees C in the presence of thiol compounds. The recombinant enzyme has maximal activity at pH 5.6 and 95 degrees C. The half-life of this preparation in 0.05 M acetate buffer (pH 5.6) at 90 degrees C and 110 degrees C was 11 h and 3.5 h, respectively, and retained 24% of residual activity following incubation for 2 h at 120 degrees C. Maltose was the main end product of starch hydrolysis catalyzed by this alpha-amylase. However, small amounts of glucose and some residual unconverted oligosaccharides were also detected. Furthermore, this enzyme shows remarkable activity toward glycogen (49.9% of the value determined for starch hydrolysis) but not toward pullulan.     

Establishment of a yeast system that stably expresses human cytochrome P450 reductase: application for the study of drug metabolism of cytochrome P450s in vitro

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) hold a balance in studying pharmacokinetics, toxico-kinetics, drug metabolism, and drug-drug interactions, which require association with cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) to achieve optimal activity. A novel system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae useful for expression studies of mammalian microsomal CYPs was established. Human CPR (hCPR) was co-expressed with human CYP3A4 (hCYP3A4) in this system, and two expression plasmids pTpLC and pYeplac195-3A4 containing the cDNA of hCPR and hCYP3A4 were constructed, respectively. The two plasmids were applied first and controlled by phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) promoter. S. cerevisiae BWG1-7alpha transformed with the expression plasmids produced the respective proteins in the expected molecular sizes reactive with both anti-hCYP3A4 immunoglobulin (Ig) and anti-hCPR Ig. The activity of hCPR in yeast BWG-CPR was 443.2 nmol reduced cytochrome c/min/mg, which was about three times the CPR activity of the microsome prepared from the parental yeast. The protein amount of hCYP3A4 in BWG-CPR/3A4 was 35.53 pmol/mg, and the 6beta-hydroxylation testosterone formation activity of hCYP3A4 expressed was 7.5 nmol/min/nmol CYP, 30 times higher than the activity of hCYP3A4 expressed in the parental yeast, and almost two times the activity of hCYP3A4 from homologous human liver microsome. Meanwhile, BWG-CPR/3A4 retained 100 generations under nonselective culture conditions, indicating this yeast was a mitotically stable transformant. BWG-CPR was further tested daily by the PCR amplification of hCPR of yeast genome, Western blot analysis, and the activity assay of hCPR of yeast microsome. This special expression host for CYPs was validated to be stable and efficient for the expression of CYPs, applying as an effective selection model for the drug metabolism in vitro.     

Microencapsulation of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with invertase activity in liquid-core alginate capsules

As a means of integrating cell growth and immobilization, recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with invertase activity were immobilized in liquid-core alginate capsules and cultured to a high density. S. cerevisiae cells of SEY 2102 (MAT alpha ura3-52 leu2-3, 112 his4-519) harboring plasmid pRB58 with the SUC2 gene coding for invertase were grown to 83 g/L of liquid-core volume inside the capsule on a dry weight basis. The cloned invertase was expressed well in the immobilized cells with slightly higher activity than the free cells in a batch culture. Invertase in the immobilized cells showed slightly more improved thermal stability than in the free cells. Storage in a Na-acetate buffer at 4 degrees C and 10 degrees C for 1 month resulted in 7% and 8% loss in activity, respectively. The sucrose hydrolysis reaction was stably maintained for 25 repeated batches for 7 days at 30 degrees C. Continuous hydrolysis of 0.3 M sucrose was carried out in a packed bed reactor with a conversion of more than 90% at a maximum productivity of 55.5 g glucose/L per hour for 7 days. In a continuous stirred tank reactor, the maximum productivity of 80.8 g glucose/L per hour was achieved at a conversion of 59.1% using 1.0 M sucrose solution, and 0.5 M sucrose solution was hydrolyzed for 1 week with a 95% conversion at a productivity of 48.8 g/L per hour. (c) 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

棉铃虫细胞色素P450 CYP6B6基因启动子活性检测条件的优化

旨在用阳离子脂质体介导携带有pGL3-Basic报告基因的棉铃虫细胞色素P450 CYP6B6启动子pGL-CYP6B6-promoter重组质粒转染Sf9细胞,对启动子活性的检测条件进行优化。将长度为999 bp的棉铃虫CYP6B6基因启动子亚克隆至荧光素酶报告载体pGL3-Basic上,提取无细胞内毒素的质粒,转染处于对数生长期的昆虫细胞Sf9,通过检测荧光素酶的表达量验证启动子的活性。对转染后的检测时间、加入转染质粒的量,转染质粒与内对照质粒pRL-TK的比例分别进行了优化,进而确定检测的最优条件。结果表明,转染后的最适检测时间为24 h,转染质粒的最适用量为3.2μg,报告质粒与内对照质粒用量的比例为10 1时转染效率最高。     

Sequence of the nucleoprotein gene from a virulent British field isolate of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and its expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Subgenomic mRNA from a virulent isolate of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was used to produce cDNA which was sequenced. Two non-overlapping open reading frames (ORFs) were identified. The largest, encoding a polypeptide of 382 amino acids (relative molecular mass (Mr) 43,483), was shown to be the viral nucleoprotein gene. The second ORF, found 3' to the larger ORF, encodes a polypeptide of 78 amino acids (Mr 9068) which has yet to be assigned to a viral product. The nucleoprotein gene was expressed in yeast cells under the control of two types of yeast promoters: the constitutive PGK promoter, and the inducible GAL1 promoter. Yeast cells containing recombinant plasmids, with the nucleoprotein gene in the correct orientation, produced a polypeptide of Mr 47,000, identical to the viral product, that reacted with a specific monoclonal antibody.     

Stringent regulation and high-level expression of heterologous genes in Escherichia coli using T7 system controllable by the araBAD promoter

The recombinant Eschreichia coli strain BL21 (BAD) was constructed to carry a chromosomal copy of T7 gene 1 fused to the araBAD promoter. To further characterize this expression system, strain BL21 (BAD) was transformed with the plasmid containing the carbamoylase gene from Agrobacterium radiobacter driven by the T7 promoter. Upon induction with L-arabinose, recombinant cells produced 100-fold increase in carbamoylase activity in comparison with uninduced cells on M9 semidefined medium plus glycerol. This protein yield accounts for 30% of total cell protein content. In addition, it was found that after 100 generations the plasmid harboring the carbamoylase gene remained firmly stable in strain BL21 (BAD), but its stability dropped to only 20-30% in strain BL21 (DE3), a commercial strain bearing T7 gene 1 regulated by the lacUV5 promoter in its chromosome. In an attempt to enhance the total protein yield, fed-batch fermentation process was carried out using a two-stage feeding strategy to compartmentalize cell growth and protein synthesis. In the batch fermentation stage, the culture was grown on glucose to reach the stationary growth phase. Subsequently, glycerol was fed to the culture broth and L-arabinose was augmented to induce protein production when cells entered the late log growth phase. As a result, a carbamoylase yield corresponding to 5525 units was obtained, which amounts to a 337-fold increase over that achieved on a shake-flask scale. Taken together, these results illustrate the practical usefulness of T7 system under control of the araBAD promoter for heterologous protein production.     

Enhanced production of alpha-amylase in fed-batch cultures of Bacillus subtilis TN106[pAT5

Growth of Bacillus subtilis TN106[pAT5] and synthesis of plasmid-encoded protein (alpha-amylase) are investigated in batch, continuous, and fed-batch cultures using a defined medium containing glucose and/or starch as the carbohydrate source. The batch culture studies reveal that reduced availability of arginine hampers growth of recombinant cells (which lack an arginine synthesis gene) but promotes production of alpha-amylase and substitution of glucose by starch as the carbohydrate source leads to slower growth of recombinant cells and increased production of alpha-amylase per unit cell mass. Retention of recombinant cells over prolonged periods in continuous cultures is not possible without continuous application of antibiotic selection pressure owing to segregational plasmid instability. Fed-batch experiments with constant volumetric feed rate demonstrate that alpha-amylase production is enhanced at lower feed concentration of starch (sole carbohydrate source) and lower volumetric feed rate. Such slow addition of starch is however not conducive for growth of recombinant cells. The expression of the thermostable alpha-amylase gene carried on the recombinant plasmid pAT5 (derived from a plasmid isolated from a thermophilic bacterium) is promoted at higher temperatures, while growth of recombinant cells is depressed. In all batch and fed-batch experiments, production of alpha-amylase is observed to be inversely related to growth of recombinant cells. The efficacy of two-stage bioreactor operations, with growth of recombinant cells being promoted in the first stage and alpha-amylase production in the second stage, in attaining increased bulk alpha-amylase activity is demonstrated. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

具有a-淀粉酶分泌活性以及低双乙酰产量的啤酒酵母工程菌的构建

扣囊复膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera)因具有较强的a-淀粉酶以及葡聚糖酶活性, 使其在以淀粉为唯一碳源的培养基上能够良好的生长。从其基因组中克隆了a-淀粉酶的编码区, 构建了由酵母磷酸甘油酸激酶基因(PGK1)启动子、酿酒酵母a-因子信号序列以及扣囊复膜酵母a-淀粉酶基因编码序列组成的基因表达盒。将该表达盒插入到质粒pPLZ-2的ILV2基因序列内部, 使其两翼具有ILV2基因的同源区。将该表达盒通过同源重组的方式整合到啤酒酵母工业菌株YSF-5的a-乙酰乳酸合成酶(AHAS)基因ILV2内部。在以淀粉为唯一碳源的培养基上进行转化子的筛选。通过多对引物PCR、a-淀粉酶活性以及AHAS活性分析对转化子进行鉴定, 得到一株具有a-淀粉酶分泌表达活性、较低AHAS活性, 并且发酵液中双乙酰产量也相对较低的啤酒酵母工程菌。该菌株在非选择压力条件下连续培养50代后仍然保持其遗传稳定性。还对pH、温度以及金属离子对该转化菌株的a-淀粉酶活性的影响进行了研究。由于所构建的菌株不含有非酵母来源的DNA, 所以生物安全性相对较高, 对酵母育种以及啤酒生产工业都具有较为重要的意义。     

不同启动子在昆虫杆状病毒表达系统中的活性分析

为了比较不同启动子在杆状病毒/昆虫细胞中的活性, 利用对虾白斑综合症病毒(White spot syndrome virus, WSSV)的ie1启动子及其截短的mie1启动子、杆状病毒ETL启动子及其加长的mETL启动子以及杆状病毒多角体启动子PPH, 构建了含有不同启动子控制下的EGFP报告基因的重组杆状病毒, 分别感染Sf9昆虫细胞, 利用流式细胞术检测报告基因的表达水平。结果表明, WSSV的ie1启动子和杆状病毒的mETL启动子在昆虫细胞Sf9细胞中都具有较强而早的启动子活性, 能够控制报告基因早期高效表达, 而PPH在感染后期才表现较强活性。并且研究中发现, 杆状病毒同源重复区(hr1)可以增强ETL启动子的活性。     

不同启动子在昆虫杆状病毒表达系统中的活性分析

为了比较不同启动子在杆状病毒/昆虫细胞中的活性, 利用对虾白斑综合症病毒(White spot syndrome virus, WSSV)的ie1启动子及其截短的mie1启动子、杆状病毒ETL启动子及其加长的mETL启动子以及杆状病毒多角体启动子PPH, 构建了含有不同启动子控制下的EGFP报告基因的重组杆状病毒, 分别感染Sf9昆虫细胞, 利用流式细胞术检测报告基因的表达水平。结果表明, WSSV的ie1启动子和杆状病毒的mETL启动子在昆虫细胞Sf9细胞中都具有较强而早的启动子活性, 能够控制报告基因早期高效表达, 而PPH在感染后期才表现较强活性。并且研究中发现, 杆状病毒同源重复区(hr1)可以增强ETL启动子的活性。     

Starch fermentation by recombinant saccharomyces cerevisiae strains expressing the alpha-amylase and glucoamylase genes from lipomyces kononenkoae and saccharomycopsis fibuligera

Lipomyces kononenkoae and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera possess highly efficient alpha-amylase and/or glucoamylase activities that enable both of these yeasts to utilize raw starch as a carbon source. Eight constructs containing the L. kononenkoae alpha-amylase genes (LKA1 and LKA2), and the S. fibuligera alpha-amylase (SFA1) and glucoamylase (SFG1) genes were prepared. The first set of constructs comprised four single gene cassettes each containing one of the individual amylase coding sequences (LKA1, LKA2, SFA1 or SFG1) under the control of the phosphoglycerate kinase gene (PGK1) promoter and terminator, while the second set comprised two single cassettes containing SFA1 and SFG1 linked to their respective native promoters and terminators. The third set of constructs consisted of two double-gene cassettes, one containing LKA1 plus LKA2 under the control of the PGK1 promoter and terminator, and the other SFA1 plus SFG1 controlled by their respective native promoters and terminators. These constructs were transformed into a laboratory strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sigma1278b). Southern-blot analysis confirmed the stable integration of the different gene constructs into the S. cerevisiae genome and plate assays revealed amylolytic activity. The strain expressing LKA1 and LKA2 resulted in the highest levels of alpha-amylase activity in liquid media. This strain was also the most efficient at starch utilization in batch fermentations, utilizing 80% of the available starch and producing 0.61g/100 mL of ethanol after 6 days of fermentation. The strain expressing SFG1 under the control of the PGK1 expression cassette gave the highest levels of glucoamylase activity. It was shown that the co-expression of these heterologous alpha-amylase and glucoamylase genes enhance starch degradation additively in S. cerevisiae. This study has resulted in progress towards laying the foundation for the possible development of efficient starch-degrading S. cerevisiae strains that could eventually be used in consolidated bioprocessing, and in the brewing, whisky, and biofuel industries.