生长素和赤霉素对离体水仙花茎切段伸长的影响

以离体水仙(Narcissustazettavar.chinensis)花茎切段为材料,通过外源吲哚-3-乙酸(Indole-3-aceticacid,IAA)和赤霉素A3(GA3)处理,结合内源激素分析,研究了这两种激素对水仙花茎切段伸长的影响,以及它们之间的相互作用。结果表明:外源50μmol/LIAA和30μmol/LGA3均能促进花茎切段的伸长,其中IAA的促进作用大于GA3。200μmol/L生长素运输抑制剂2,3,5-三碘苯甲酸(2,3,5-Triiodobenzoicacid,TIBA)和65μmol/L赤霉素合成抑制剂烯效唑(Uniconazole,S-3307)均显著抑制花茎切段的伸长。外源50μmol/LIAA处理明显增加内源GA1 3的含量,是对照的3.40倍;外源30μmol/LGA3处理对内源IAA含量影响不明显,说明IAA对维持花茎切段内源活性GA水平起重要作用,IAA和活性GA共同发挥调控花茎切段伸长的作用。     

桃果实成熟前后细胞壁成分和降解酶活性的变化及其与果实硬度的关系

比较桃品种‘双久红’和‘川中岛白桃’果实成熟前后20 d内果肉硬度、细胞壁成分和细胞壁降解酶活性变化的结果表明,桃果实成熟5 d后,‘双久红’桃果实的硬度、纤维素含量和原果胶含量均极显著高于‘川中岛白桃’:从成熟前15 d开始,‘双久红’的水溶性果胶含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性和纤维素酶活性均极显著低于‘川中岛白桃’;整个成熟期间,‘双久红’的果胶甲酯酶活性明显低于‘川中岛白桃’。相关分析表明,果实硬度与原果胶、纤维素含量呈极显著正相关,而与可溶性果胶含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性和纤维素酶活性呈极显著负相关。     

外源绿原酸对大豆下胚轴不定根形成的影响

以大豆下胚轴为试验材料,研究了绿原酸(CGA)及其与植物生长调节剂(IAA、IBA)共同作用对大豆下胚轴不定根发生的影响。结果表明,当CGA施用量达到200μmol/L及400μmol/L时,大豆下胚轴生根率分别显著降低了17.8%和26.7%,平均根长分别显著降低了18.7%和35.4%;当植物生长调节剂施用量为2μmol/L时,可显著缓解CGA(100μmol/L)对大豆不定根的抑制作用,使其生根率分别提高12.5%和20.0%,随着生长素施用量的进一步增加(10~50μmol/L),其生根率显著下降;大豆不定根培养24 h内,对照下胚轴基部木质素相对含量降低,CGA处理大豆的木质素相对含量升高。高浓度CGA对大豆不定根形成具有抑制作用,其通过与木质素、生长素的共同作用,实现对大豆不定根发生的调控。     

赤霉素和萘乙酸对柿果实采后成熟软化生理指标的影响

以采后'富平尖柿'果实为试材,常温下用60 mg/L赤霉素(GA3)和20 mg/L α-萘乙酸(NAA)进行处理,考察柿果实成熟软化相关生理指标及果胶物质代谢在贮藏过程中的变化,以明确GA3和NAA处理对柿果实贮藏效果的影响.结果显示:GA3、NAA处理果实的贮藏时间分别比对照延长了4 d和10 d;GA3和NAA处理可显著延缓果实硬度的下降进程,有效降低果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,且呼吸高峰和乙烯高峰的出现明显迟于对照;果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性的升高受到抑制,从而延缓了原果胶的降解以及水溶性果胶含量的增加,阻碍了果实的软化进程.试验表明,GA3和NAA处理可有效延缓柿果实的后熟软化,延长其贮藏期限, 并以GA3的效果尤为明显.     

外源茉莉酸甲酯对小麦幼苗低温耐受性的影响北大核心CSCD

以矮抗58小麦为材料,探究在冷驯化条件下,外源茉莉酸甲酯对小麦幼苗生理生化特性及抗冻应答因子表达的影响。实验设置两组小麦幼苗,分别用双蒸水和100μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯溶液喷施4℃低温处理组,低温处理一周。生理生化结果表明,100μmol/L浓度外源茉莉酸甲酯喷施处理的小麦幼苗存活率达91%,较低温处理组显著升高,细胞内SOD、CAT和POD活性分别较双蒸水喷施对照组活性升高34%、50%和14%,胞内可溶性蛋白含量增加30%,游离脯氨酸含量提高14%,MDA含量相对下降5%,实验组与对照组间具显著性差异;实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,100μmol/L外源茉莉酸甲酯处理可显著升高冷驯化条件下小麦幼苗中抗寒应答转录因子TaCBFⅣd-B4、TaCBFⅢd-B19、TaCBFⅢc-D3和TaCBFⅢd-D19表达量,其中TaCBFⅣd-B4抗冻应答转录因子表达量最高。结果表明,100μmol/L外源茉莉酸甲酯的喷施能够增强小麦对低温胁迫的耐受能力。     

外源茉莉酸甲酯对小麦幼苗低温耐受性的影响

以矮抗58小麦为材料,探究在冷驯化条件下,外源茉莉酸甲酯对小麦幼苗生理生化特性及抗冻应答因子表达的影响。实验设置两组小麦幼苗,分别用双蒸水和100μmol/L茉莉酸甲酯溶液喷施4℃低温处理组,低温处理一周。生理生化结果表明,100μmol/L浓度外源茉莉酸甲酯喷施处理的小麦幼苗存活率达91%,较低温处理组显著升高,细胞内SOD、CAT和POD活性分别较双蒸水喷施对照组活性升高34%、50%和14%,胞内可溶性蛋白含量增加30%,游离脯氨酸含量提高14%,MDA含量相对下降5%,实验组与对照组间具显著性差异;实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,100μmol/L外源茉莉酸甲酯处理可显著升高冷驯化条件下小麦幼苗中抗寒应答转录因子TaCBFⅣd-B4、TaCBFⅢd-B19、TaCBFⅢc-D3和TaCBFⅢd-D19表达量,其中TaCBFⅣd-B4抗冻应答转录因子表达量最高。结果表明,100μmol/L外源茉莉酸甲酯的喷施能够增强小麦对低温胁迫的耐受能力。     

茉莉酸类物质在草莓果实发育中的作用及其分子机理分析

该研究以草莓‘红颜’(Fragaria ananassa Duch.‘Benihoppe’)为试材,于草莓花后15d采用注射法开始注射茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA,浓度为400μmol/L),分析MeJA对草莓果实发育进程的影响及其相关基因的表达,以揭示MeJA在草莓果实发育和成熟调控中的作用及其分子机理。结果表明:(1)MeJA处理草莓果实后,果实变红成熟期比对照显著提前,平均提前4d;(2)随着草莓果实发育成熟,MeJA处理的茉莉酸(JA)合成基因FaOPDA1的表达量迅速升高;(3)FaOPDA1基因在草莓果实中的超表达能够促进草莓果实提前成熟3~5d,且FaOPDA1基因的超表达能够诱导与草莓果实成熟相关的一系列基因的表达量升高,从而促进草莓果实提前成熟。     

外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸对设施番茄果实发育及糖酸品质的影响北大核心CSCD

番茄果实糖酸类物质的含量及比例直接影响其风味品质,前期研究表明,适宜浓度的外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)能够促进果实的成熟并提高其芳香品质。该试验为探究外源ALA对番茄果实发育及其糖酸品质的影响,以番茄‘原味1号’(Solanum lycopersicum cv.Yuanwei No.1)品种为试材,于第4穗果授粉后10 d果实表面喷施0、100和200 mg·L^(-1)的ALA溶液,分析ALA对番茄果实形态、果皮色泽及果实不同部位组织中糖、酸类物质组分及含量的影响。结果表明:(1)外源ALA溶液能显著促进番茄果实横径、纵径的增加,提高果实单果重,还显著降低果实硬度,促进果实软化,提升果实口感,并提高了果实V_(C)和可溶性固形物含量。(2)果实不同部位组织(包括果肉、小柱和隔膜)糖类物质组分含量测定结果显示,外源ALA处理能够显著提高果实可溶性总糖含量(包括果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖),并有利于糖类物质向果肉中积累。(3)在有机酸类物质中,除酒石酸含量增加外,外源ALA处理均能不同程度地降低果实各部位组织中酸类物质含量,从而显著提高番茄果实果肉部位糖酸比,提升果实糖酸品质。研究发现,在番茄果实发育过程中外源施用200 mg·L^(-1) ALA不仅能够促进果实发育及着色,提高单果重,提升果实的外观品质,还有利于果实糖酸品质的形成。     

柑橘果实生长发育过程中果实不同部位的4种内源激素含量变化的研究

以单性结实的国庆1号温州蜜柑和自花结实的华农本地早橘为材料,研究了果实生长发育过程中果实不同部位的吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA1/3)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量的变化。结果表明:(1)国庆1号果皮IAA、GA1/3和ZR含量在幼果阶段均相对较高,随后果皮和果肉IAA含量均趋下降,而在果实膨大期内果肉ABA和果皮、果肉GA1/3、ZR含量均出现上升峰值,果实成熟采收时果皮和果肉ABA含量均明显回升。(2)华农本地早种子、果皮和果肉IAA及其种子ABA含量均在果实膨大期内出现明显峰值,在幼果阶段至果实膨大初期内种子GA1/3和ZR含量均居较高并出现明显上升,对应的果皮、果肉4种内源激素水平均相对较低且变幅小。还就两结实类型柑橘果实生长发育与其内源IAA、ABA、GA1/3和ZR含量动态的关系进行了讨论。     

外源半胱氨酸对铜胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、铜积累量及抗氧化系统的影响

采用滤纸培养法,研究了不同浓度的L-半胱氨酸（L-Cys）对200μmol/L铜离子胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、铜积累量、和抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,（1）200μmol/L的铜离子可抑制小麦幼苗生长,使根长、生物量、总叶绿素含量极显著下降,可溶性蛋白和还原性谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和抗坏血酸氧化酶（APX）活性略微上升,丙二醛（MDA）含量和细胞膜透性极显著上升。（2）外源Cys在1.0—5.0mmol/L时,受铜胁迫的小麦幼苗生长势与对照无差异,在1.0和2.5mmol/L下,根长、生物量、叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量与对照无显著差异,与Cu处理组差异显著（P<0.01）。（3）高于1.0mmol/L的外源Cys可极显著增加铜胁迫下小麦叶片和根系中的铜积累量。（4）外源Cys极显著提高了铜胁迫下小麦幼苗可溶性蛋白和GSH含量,并使SOD和APX活性持续维持在较低水平;外源Cys浓度低于2.5mmol/L时,MDA含量极显著下降,低于5.0mmol/L时,细胞膜透性极显著升高;多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性先上升后下降,除Cys为0.5mmol/L处理外,其它各处理间PPO活性均无显著差异。综合来看,喷施1.0—2.5mmol/L的外源Cys可提高小麦幼苗对铜胁迫的耐受性。     

基于高光谱的苹果果期冠层光谱特征及其果量估测

苹果冠层光谱特征是苹果树遥感生理监测和生产管理的重要依据。对栖霞市苹果果期的冠层反射光谱进行实测,结合数码照相技术探明了苹果果期的反射光谱特性和敏感波段,并通过敏感波段与果树比指标建立回归模型,实现了对苹果冠层果量(果树比)的无损估测。结果表明:苹果树果期冠层光谱曲线总体表现为对蓝光和红光的吸收及对绿光的反射,在近红外750—1300nm之间表现为强烈的反射,且在1650nm和2200nm附近呈现两个反射峰。选择435、670、730、940、1140nm和1480nm等6个波段为苹果果期的敏感波段。利用这些波段分别构建了差值、比值及归一化植被指数,筛选了最佳光谱参数,进而构建了果量(果树比)估测模型,经筛选验证确定苹果果量的最佳估测模型为:y=0.0086[NDVI(940,730)]2-1.0934NDVI(940,730)+0.3209。模型为苹果果期果量的精确估测提供了比较快捷的方法途径。     

Variability in the developmental stage of apricot ovules at anthesis and its relationship with fruit set

The stage of ovule development at anthesis and its relationship with fruit set was studied in several apricot cultivars growing in Mediterranean climatic conditions. Although generally the ovule was immature at anthesis, a great variability was found in the stage of development of the ovules from different cultivars. Considering functional ovules to be those with an embryo sac with at least four nuclei at anthesis, the earliest flowering varieties frequently showed more than 50% of functional ovules. Though these results could suggest that there is an influence of the chilling requirement on the percentage of functional ovules at anthesis, data recorded from two cultivars, ‘Goldrich’ and ‘Colorao’, with high chilling requirements, contrast with this suggestion. These results indicate that in apricot flowers the development of the embryo sac at anthesis is genotype dependent. The fact that a high frequency of functional ovules at anthesis was found, in cultivars with more than 50% of fruit set, suggests that, to be fertilised, a certain level of development of the apricot ovules at this time is necessary.     

NaCl pre-treatment at the seedling stage enhances fruit yield of tomato plants irrigated with salt water

Although salt-adaptation seems to be a widespread property of plants, the adaptive response has been rarely differentiated to the tolerance response. We report on the adaptive response of tomato plants to growing under saline conditions following a 15 day pre-treatment with a lower NaCl concentration (half) than that used during the plant growth. After 20 days of salt treatment (100 mM NaCl), the biomass of the adapted plants increased significantly with respect to that of the unadapted plants when the pre-treatment was applied to five leaf seedlings, but not at the two leaf stage. The long-term adaptive response was determined in two tomato genotypes with different tolerance to moderate salt levels. At 70 mM NaCl, the adapted-plants of the more salt-sensitive genotype produced up to 29% more fruit yield than did the unadapted plants. However, no positive effect was observed to long-term in the adapted-plants of the more salt-tolerant genotype, which suggests that the stress level necessary to trigger the adaptive response is related to the tolerance degree of genotype. The physiological response of the plants showing a positive response to the adaptation was also modified to long-term. Thus, K⁺ concentrations increased in the young leaves of the adapted plants, with respect to unadapted plants, and moreover these differences increased with the salinization period. These results indicate that the changes in growth and physiological responses induced by NaCl pre-treatment at the seedling stage are maintained throughout plant life cycle and this is, therefore, an interesting strategy for increasing the salt tolerance in tomato plants.     

Chemical composition and antifungal effect of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) fruit oil at ripening stage

The composition of the essential oil ofPimpinella anisum L fruit is determined by GC and GC-MS. The volatile oil content obtained by hydrodistillation was 1.91%. Ten compounds representing 98.3% of the oil was identified. The main constituents of he oil obtained from dried fruits were trans-a nethole (93.9%) and estragole (2.4%). The olfactorially valuable constituents that were found with concentration higher than 0.06% were (E)-methyeugenol, α-cuparene, α-himachalene, β-bisabolene, p-anisaldehyde and cis-anethole. Also, the different concentrations of anise oil exerted varying levels of inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth off/ternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger andAspergillus parasiticus used in experimental. The results showed that the most effected fungus from anise oil wasA. parasiticus, which is followed byA. niger andA. alternata. Individual of this plant oil may provide a useful to achive adequate shelf-life of foods.     

Effect of day/night temperature difference on chlorophyll content,photosynthesis and fluorescence parameters of tomato at fruit stage

In order to investigate the effect of day/night temperature difference (DIF) on photosynthetic characteristics of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum, cv. Jinguan 5) at fruit stage, an experiment was carried out in climate chambers. Five day/night temperature regimes (16/34, 19/31, 25/25, 31/19, and 34/16°C) with respective DIFs of -18, -12, 0, +12, and +18 were used and measured at mean daily temperature of 25°C. The results showed that chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, net photosynthetic rate (P_N), stomatal conductance (g_s), maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m), effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (?_PSII), and photochemical quenching (qp) significantly increased under positive DIF, while they decreased with negative DIF. In contrast, the Chl a/b ratio and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) decreased under positive DIF, while increased with negative DIF. Chl a, Chl b, P_N, g_s, F_v/F_m, ?_PSII, and qp were larger under +12 DIF than those at +18 DIF, while Chl a/b and NPQ showed an opposite trend.     

No difference in the regulation pattern of calcium on ethylene biosynthesis between wild-type and never-ripe tomato fruit at mature green stage

This work investigated how calcium regulates the ethylene biosynthesis in the fruits of wild-type tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and their ethylene receptor never-ripe (Nr) mutants. In Nr tomato, the ethylene perception was blocked. When both materials were treated with calcium, the content of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)/malonyl-ACC and the activity of ACC oxidase (ACO) in tomato fruit discs increased, whereas the production of ethylene, content of malondialdehyde, and membrane permeability decreased. Calcium treatment did not affect the activity of ACC synthase, which is the first committed step in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. The expression of LeACO1 in mature green fruit was inhibited significantly by calcium treatment in wild-type and Nr tomatoes, but the expression of LeACS2, the key ACC synthase gene in ethylene synthesis during tomato fruit maturing, was not affected. These results revealed that the effect of calcium on ethylene biosynthesis in tomato mature green fruit was independent of ethylene perception. The results also revealed that the targeting step of calcium preventing ethylene production was located at the ACC conversion to ethylene, by means of inhibiting ACC availability for ACO through enhancing cell membrane integrity and by means of preventing LeACO1 gene expression. Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2006, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 60–67. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

外源脱落酸对富士苹果果实膨大后期光合产物向果实运输的影响

为了明确脱落酸(ABA)对苹果果实糖分积累的影响机理,本试验以5年生‘烟富3’/M26/平邑甜茶为试材,采用¹³C同位素标记技术,研究在果实膨大后期用不同浓度(0、50、100和150 mg·L^-1)脱落酸溶液及氟啶酮(ABA生物合成抑制剂)处理果实对光合产物向果实运输及糖代谢的影响.结果表明: 随着ABA浓度的增加,糖代谢相关酶活性、蔗糖转运蛋白基因MdSUT1、MdSUT2.2和山梨醇转运蛋白基因MdSUT3相对表达量呈先升高后降低趋势,均以100 mg·L^-1ABA处理时最高.氟啶酮处理显著抑制了糖代谢酶活性和糖转运蛋白基因相对表达量.与其他处理相比,100 mg·L^-1ABA处理显著减少了叶片¹³C含量,增加了果实¹³C含量,提升了光合产物由叶片向果实的运输速率.表明外源ABA通过增强果实库强,促进更多的光合产物向果实运输,提高了成熟期果实可溶性糖含量.     

杀菌剂对感染越冬桃小食心虫的白僵菌的抑制作用

【目的】桃小食心虫是我国果树上发生最普遍的食心类害虫,其室内人工饲养是综合防治研究的基础,但面临着田间越冬种群大量感染白僵菌死亡,给实验室种群的建立带来很大困难。因此筛选出对球孢白僵菌高效的杀菌剂用于解决桃小食心虫种群建立时感染白僵菌的问题。【方法】利用液体摇床振荡法和平皿十字交叉法测定16种常见杀菌剂对球孢白僵菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。【结果】筛选出9种杀菌剂,其中,腐霉利和中生菌素对孢子萌发的抑制效果好,常规用量抑制效果分别为97.88%±1.53%和93.22%±2.36%;抑霉唑和戊唑醇对菌丝生长的抑制效果明显,常规用量抑制效果分别达100.00%±0.00%和98.43%±0.99%;咪酰胺、丙环唑、噻菌灵、腈菌唑和吡唑醚菌酯对孢子萌发和菌丝生长的抑制效果都好。同时测定了这9种杀菌剂常规浓度及其5倍和10倍稀释液对桃小食心虫的毒力,结果表明有5种杀菌剂对桃小食心虫稍有不利影响。【结论】4种杀菌剂,中生菌素、戊唑醇、吡唑醚菌酯和噻菌灵可用于解决桃小食心虫种群建立时越冬幼虫的感染白僵菌问题。     

锌对苹果果实膨大期叶片13C光合产物合成及向果实转移分配的影响

为了探究锌对叶片光合产物向果实转移分配的影响机理,为苹果果实发育关键时期通过补锌措施提高果实品质奠定理论基础,以8年生‘寒富'/GM256/山定子为试材,采用¹³C同位素标记技术,研究苹果树叶片涂抹不同浓度锌(CK、Zn₁、Zn₂、Zn₃、Zn₄,分别代表浓度为0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%和0.4%的ZnSO₄·H₂O溶液)对果实膨大期叶片¹³C同化能力及¹³C光合产物向果实运输的影响。结果表明: 随着锌浓度的增加,苹果树叶片Rubisco酶活性、净光合速率、山梨醇和蔗糖含量、6-磷酸山梨醇脱氢酶和蔗糖磷酸合酶活性,以及¹³C同化能力呈现先升高后降低的趋势,且均在Zn₃处理下达到最高。与其他处理相比,Zn₃处理的¹³C自留量(标记叶片+标记枝条)最低,为61.2%,而输出量最高,为38.8%。果实¹³C吸收量表现为Zn₃＞Zn₂＞Zn₄＞Zn₁＞CK。这说明叶片涂抹适宜浓度锌(0.3%ZnSO₄·H₂O溶液)处理增强了叶片的光合作用,提高了叶片光合产物的合成能力,促进了光合产物由叶片向果实的定向运输。