基于叶绿体基因组数据的芸香科属间系统发育初步分析（专题约稿）

该研究在人工控制水分条件下,设置3个干旱胁迫处理,选用3个主栽油菜品种‘陇油10号’、‘陇油2号’、‘青杂5号’幼苗进行盆栽试验,测定干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标,考察各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和隶属函数法评价品种的抗旱性及其主要响应因子,以揭示西北地区油菜幼苗响应干旱胁迫的光合调控机制。结果表明：(1)各品种油菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫程度的递增而逐渐降低,最大水分亏缺(WSD)却逐渐上升。(2)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总含量随着干旱胁迫程度的递增而先增加后递减,且同一种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(3)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株生物量、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著,而其叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)在干旱胁迫下无显著变化。(4)各品种油菜幼苗叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随着干旱胁迫程度的递增先增加后递减,最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(5)主成分分析结果表明,在油菜幼苗受到干旱胁迫时RWC、C_i、G_s、P_n、WUE、叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a含量和NPQ起主要调控作用;隶属函数法综合评价表明,3个品种油菜幼苗耐旱能力由高到低依次为‘陇油10号’＞‘陇油2号’＞‘青杂5号’。     

六个品种花椰菜花球的营养成分分析与评价

为评价花椰菜(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)的营养品质,测定了6个品种花球的10项营养指标,运用主成分分析和聚类分析方法对花椰菜品质进行综合评价。结果表明,6个品种的10项品质指标均存在不同程度的差异,变异幅度为12.22%~ 131.21%。维生素C (Vc)、总黄酮、总多酚、Fe、Ca、P、蛋白质含量间存在显著或极显著的关联性。系统聚类分析将6种花椰菜分为4类,黄色花椰菜‘209’、‘100’和‘217’各为1类,白色花椰菜‘210’、‘214’和‘218’聚为1类。主成分分析提取了花椰菜品质综合评价的3个主成分,获得6个营养评价指标：Vc、总黄酮、总多酚、Fe、Ca和P。通过建立评价函数模型: F= 0.5591Z₁+0.2189Z₂+0.1669Z₃,筛选出‘209’花椰菜的营养品质最高。这为挖掘及选育优良花椰菜品种提供了科学依据。     

苦瓜果实不同发育时期细胞壁组分及相关酶活性的差异分析

为了解苦瓜(Momordica charantia)果实品质差异的原因，以厚肉型种质‘LX1-3’和薄肉型种质‘ZK54’为材料，对果实发育过程中细胞壁组分含量及相关酶活性进行了分析。结果表明，花后17 d，‘LX1-3’果实的横径(FD)、腔径(FLD)、果肉厚度(PT)、单瓜鲜质量(FFW)和干质量(FDW)均超过‘ZK54’。细胞壁组分和酶活性表现品种间差异，水溶性果胶含量整体水平表现为厚肉型高于薄肉型，且与PT、FFW和FDW呈显著正相关；花后17~23 d ‘LX1-3’的半纤维素(HCE)和纤维素(CE)含量均高于‘ZK54’；花后3 d，两种质的β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)和β-木糖苷酶(β-Xyl)活性显著高于其他3个时期，多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、β-Gal和果胶酶变化趋势与离子型果胶和共价型果胶含量的变化一致。β-Gal、β-Xyl和纤维素酶活性与5个生长性状间呈极显著/显著负相关，PG与FD、FLD和PT呈极显著/显著负相关。因此，细胞壁组分和酶活性与果实发育密切相关，β-Xyl和β-Gal在苦瓜早期发育中发挥主要效应，而HCE和CE对果实中后期发育影响较大。     

不同苹果砧穗组合的生长及光合特性

以‘垂丝海棠’（Malus halliana）和‘平邑甜茶’（Malus hupehensis）为基砧,分别嫁接品种‘烟富6号’和‘长富2号’接穗,测定4种砧穗组合的嫁接亲和性、接穗生长量、光合与荧光参数及叶绿素含量（SPAD）,并用主成分分析法综合评价砧穗组合的优劣,探讨不同苹果砧穗组合嫁接苗的生长及光合特性,为西北盐碱地选择适宜的苹果砧木提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）4种砧穗组合中‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’的上下口粗度比最接近1,嫁接亲和性最好。（2）整个生长期内,以‘垂丝海棠’为基砧的2个组合嫁接苗的生长量、净光合速率（P_n）、最大荧光（F_m）、PSⅡ最大光能转化率（F_v/F_m）均显著大于‘平邑甜茶’为基砧的组合,但其胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）及初始荧光（F₀）显著低于‘平邑甜茶’为基砧的组合;光化学猝灭系数（qP）在4种砧穗组合中无显著差异。（3）在8月份光照强度较高时,‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’ 嫁接苗的气孔导度（G_s）高于其他砧穗组合;以‘垂丝海棠’为基砧的2个组合嫁接苗叶片的蒸腾速率（T_r）和相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）显著高于‘平邑甜茶’ 基砧组合。（4）根据主成分分析对各项指标进行综合评价,按照4个砧穗组合的综合得分由高到低依次为：‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’、‘垂丝海棠/长富2号’、‘平邑甜茶/长富2号’、‘平邑甜茶/烟富6号’。研究发现,基砧‘垂丝海棠’的适应性优于‘平邑甜茶’,且‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’砧穗组合的嫁接亲和性高,长势强,光合能力优,为甘肃中部地区适宜的砧穗组合。     

干旱胁迫对燕麦生长及叶片光系统Ⅱ活性的影响

以‘燕科2号’燕麦品种为试验材料,采用盆栽控水的方式分别设置正常供水(75%田间持水量)、中度干旱胁迫(60%田间持水量)、重度干旱胁迫(45%田间持水量)3个水分处理,利用叶绿素荧光技术研究了不同水分梯度下燕麦生长和叶片光反应系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)功能的变化,探讨干旱胁迫对燕麦叶片光合性能的影响。结果表明：(1)干旱胁迫导致燕麦株高变矮,叶片数、主茎数、穗数减少,叶片失绿发黄及籽粒产量显著下降。(2)与正常供水相比,重度干旱胁迫下燕麦叶片最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和光合性能指数(PI_ABS)显著降低。(3)重度干旱胁迫导致燕麦叶片单位反应中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)和单位反应中心耗散掉的能量(DI₀/RC)明显下降,单位反应中心用于电子传递的能量(ET₀/RC)和单位反应中心捕获的光能(TR₀/RC)明显升高;有活性反应中心的开放程度(Ψ₀)和电子传递链的量子产额(φ_E0)明显下降、非光化学淬灭最大量子产额(φ_D0)明显升高,V_J、V_K、V_L 3个位点的相对荧光强度明显升高,OJIP曲线初始斜率M_o明显升高。研究发现,燕麦叶片PSⅡ对中度干旱胁迫具有较强的适应能力,而重度干旱胁迫严重伤害其叶片PSⅡ反应中心,导致其反应中心能流分配失衡,电子传递受阻和PSⅡ稳固性减弱,进而影响燕麦光合作用,最终导致燕麦生长受到抑制。     

珍珠芦荟失绿突变体‘MT-1’的农艺性状、解剖结构、光合特性和代谢组特征分析

为阐明珍珠芦荟叶色突变的变异机制, 以珍珠芦荟(Aristaloe aristata)叶色失绿突变体‘MT-1’及其叶色正常种质‘WT-18’为试材,对其表型特征、叶片超微结构、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数、差异代谢产物等方面进行了对比研究。结果表明, 与‘WT-18’相比,突变体‘MT-1’从幼叶开始呈现出黄化条斑现象,且株型变小、生长缓慢;气孔数量少且小,形状由长方形变成正方形;叶绿体数量及内部片层数量变少、体积也明显变小;光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素)含量和叶绿素荧光动力参数(F_o、F_m、F_v/F_m、ФPSⅡ、qP、qN和ETR)均显著降低。‘MT-1’和‘WT-18’的代谢产物差异明显,KEGG代谢通路分析表明,大多数差异代谢物富集到氨基酸代谢、糖代谢、脂类代谢、核酸代谢、次级代谢产物生物合成等途径。因此,叶绿体相关基因的改变可能是发生叶色失绿突变的重要原因。     

低钾胁迫对谷子幼苗叶片光合作用的影响

为了探究低钾胁迫引起谷子幼苗光合作用改变的响应机制,以谷子品种‘晋谷21号’(钾敏感型)和 ‘龙谷25号’(钾非敏感型)为试验材料,设置正常供钾(5.0 mmol·L^-1, K₅)、低钾(1、0.1、0.01 mmol·L^-1, K₁、K_0.1、K_0.01)和无钾(0 mmol·L^-1,K₀)5个处理,通过营养液盆栽实验,分析不同程度低钾胁迫对谷子幼苗生长、光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光特性和碳同化关键酶活性的影响。结果表明：(1)低钾胁迫显著抑制了谷子幼苗的生长,株高、茎粗、叶面积及干物质显著降低,同时叶片钾含量减少,K₀处理‘晋谷21号’和‘龙谷25号’叶片钾含量较K₅处理分别显著降低了48.14%和37.85%。(2)K₀处理谷子幼苗光合色素含量较K₅处理显著降低,但K_0.1和K₁处理与K₅处理差异不显著。(3)低钾胁迫导致谷子幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_n)降低,与K₅处理相比,K₀、K_0.01、K_0.1处理P_n、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔限制值(L_s)显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)却显著增加,证明光合速率降低主要由非气孔限制引起。(4)低钾胁迫很易导致光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)和光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)光化学量子产量降低,K₁处理叶片的PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、PSⅠ光化学量子产量［Y(Ⅰ)］分别降低了5.32%~9.57%和2.38%~5.63%,K₀处理则分别显著降低了17.15%~20.15%和18.71%~21.28%。(5)K₀处理下‘晋谷21号’的 1,5 二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性较K₅处理分别显著降低了42.86%和42.71%,相应处理的‘龙谷25号’则分别显著降低了26.85%和42.77%。研究发现,低钾胁迫下‘龙谷25号’对钾素吸收利用能力较强,各生长生理参数变化幅度较小,表现出较强的低钾耐性;低钾胁迫导致谷子幼苗净光合速率降低,K₀和K_0.1处理下光合速率降低主要与气孔导度降低、光系统的电子传递与能量转换抑制以及碳同化关键酶Rubisco、PEPC活性下降等有关。     

秸秆覆盖与施磷对西南冬小麦叶肉导度和CO2同化效率的影响

为探究西南麦区冬小麦旗叶叶肉导度(g_m)与CO₂同化对土壤速效磷缺乏的响应。试验于2020-2022年在四川仁寿试验站进行秸秆覆盖和磷素水平的二因素裂区试验,以秸秆覆盖(SM)和不覆盖(NSM)为主区;三个磷水平0(P0)kg/hm²、75(P75)kg/hm²和120(P120)kg/hm²为裂区,分析小麦旗叶光响应曲线、叶肉导度和CO₂同化对旗叶磷素水平的响应。结果表明:与NSM相比,SM下旗叶比叶重(LMA)、单位面积磷含量(PA)、单位质量磷含量(PM)和净光合速率(P_n)分别提高4.1%、16.9%、12.2%和6.9%,且随着施磷量的增加,旗叶的LMA、PA、PM和P_n呈增加趋势。秸秆覆盖与施磷显著提高旗叶最大净光合速率(P_nmax)和表观量子效率(AQY),增加旗叶的光合潜能。施磷显著提高旗叶光系统II实际光化学效率(ΦPSII),最大羧化效率(V_cmax)、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(Rubisco)活力、胞间CO₂浓度(C_c)、叶绿体CO₂浓度(C_c)、气孔导度(g_s)和g_m,P75和P120较P0分别提高16.8%-23.8%、27.9%-35.3%、30.9%-61.7%、1.4%-3.6%、4.8%-13.1%、9.0%-10.2%和16.0%-16.9%,P75和P120无显著差异。秸秆覆盖与施磷降低旗叶的气孔限制(L_s)和叶肉限制(L_m),生化限制(L_b)是光合速率的主要限制因子。综上所述,秸秆覆盖配施75kg/hm²磷肥可提高西南冬小麦旗叶磷素含量、光系统II实际光化学效率、叶肉导度和CO₂同化效率,降低气孔限制和叶肉限制,从而提高旗叶净光合速率。     

干旱条件下外源蔗糖对高表达玉米C4型pepc水稻种子萌发的影响

为揭示外源蔗糖参与干旱胁迫下高表达转玉米C₄ 型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC)基因(C₄ pepc)水稻(简称：PC)种子萌发的生理机制,该研究以 PC及其未转基因野生型受体‘Kitaake’(简称：WT)的种子为材料,研究外施不同浓度蔗糖联合模拟干旱(10% PEG 6000)处理下,其种子发芽参数、总可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖非发酵1 (sucrose nonfermenting 1, SNF1)相关蛋白激酶(SNF1 related protein kinase 1s, SnRK1s)基因以及PEPC基因表达等参数的变化。结果表明：(1)PEG 6000模拟干旱处理均显著抑制两材料发芽,但明显促进胚根的生长;外施蔗糖则呈现浓度效应,高浓度蔗糖(>150 mmol·L^-1)进一步加剧了干旱对发芽的抑制效应,而低浓度(<30 mmol·L^-1)则可缓解干旱的抑制,但与WT(<30 mmol·L^-1)相比,促进PC水稻萌发的外施蔗糖浓度(<6 mmol·L^-1)更低,且各处理的发芽表现与其α 淀粉酶活性的动态表现一致。(2)与WT相比,外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖联合干旱处理下,显著提高了PC种子的发芽率,且伴随PC内源蔗糖含量、总可溶糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加;且外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖使PC中内源C₃ pepc基因表达下调,而外源导入C₄ pepc基因表达显著增加。(3)与WT相比,干旱处理下外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖,PC的糖信号相关基因SnRKs亚家族基因(包括SnRK1s：OsK1a OsK24 OsK35和SnRK2s:SAPK6)的表达也显著增加。研究发现,外施低浓度蔗糖通过上调PC水稻种子中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,增强SnRK1s亚家族基因和外源C₄ pepc基因的表达,提高了α 淀粉酶活性,从而缓解了干旱胁迫对PC种子萌发的抑制。     

带状采伐后不同时期毛竹林恢复和土壤养分特征

为研究带状采伐毛竹林对竹林恢复和土壤养分的影响,以福建省建瓯市毛竹林为研究对象,设置5 m(处理1,C₁)和7 m(处理2,C₂)2种采伐宽度,以不进行采伐处理为对照(CK),研究采伐后当年新鞭生长期(I时期,2018年10月)和采伐后次年新立竹生长期(Ⅱ时期,2019年6月)新竹生长相关指标和土壤养分变化特征。结果表明：(1)C₁、C₂、CK处理的出笋数量分别为2 227、2 650和1 955株·hm^-2,且C₂与C₁、CK差异显著(P<0.05);退笋率各处理之间无显著差异(P>0.05),表现为C₁2。(2)2种采伐处理的胸径(DBH)显著低于CK,表现为CK>C₂>C₁。(3)采伐后Ⅰ时期和Ⅱ时期相比,土壤全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)含量增加,全氮(TN)和全碳(TC)含量降低;采伐后I时期的C₁、C₂处理中土壤TN、TP、TK和TC含量均大于CK,但采伐后Ⅱ时期的土壤TC含量小于CK。研究认为,带状采伐能提高出笋量和立竹数,增加土壤氮磷钾养分含量;7 m带状采伐竹林恢复状况整体上优于5 m带状采伐。     

Facultative ripening in Hamelia patens (Rubiaceae): effects of fruit removal and rotting

Summary In Costa Rica individual Hamelia patens trees produce fruit throughout the year and experience dramatic changes in rates of fruit removal and rotting. During some moths, most fruits rot because they are not removed. Rotting fruits increase the probability that other fruits on the same infructescence will rot. When removal rates are high, fruits are taken as soon as their seeds become viable but before the fruit is completely ripe. Experimental removal of fruits produced significantly higher ripening rates than on control infructescences. This response allows Hamelia to ripen more fruit and increase the number of fruits taken when dispersers are abundant (e.g., during migration). The proximate mechanism of this response probably includes reallocation of energy conserved when partially ripe fruits are removed. Responding to fluctuating disperser populations likely increases dispersal success and may function as the ultimate cause.     

Maturation characteristics of Rubus pennsylvanicus fruit: are black and red the same?

Summary Fruit of the blackberry, Rubus pennsylvanicus Poir. (Rosaceae), were examined to determine variation in maturation characteristics. Maturation timing and rate varied greatly among individual fruits, resulting in a bi-colored fruiting display comprised largely of two maturation stages, pre-ripe (salmon and scarlet) and ripe (dark brown and black). While ripe fruit were generally larger and heavier than pre-ripe fruit, exhibiting greater fresh and dry fruit weight, diameter, water content, and total seed weight, no significant differences were found in energy content, i.e. numbers of calories per gram pulp, or in pulp:seed ratio. The differences between ripe and pre-ripe fruit appear to be due largely to an increase in water content and seed weight with maturity. The fact that little energetic benefit accrues to the preferential selection of ripe fruit suggests that bi-colored Rubus displays may be considered to be unicolored.     

Parthenocarpic fruit set in triploid watermelon induced by CPPUand 2,4-D applications

The localized application of the synthetic cytokinin CPPU ((2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenyl urea) to ovaries at flower opening was as effective as free pollination in setting parthenocarpic fruit in the triploid watermelon cultivar ‘Reina de Corazones’, and increased yield per unit land area by at least 50%, simply due to the lack of requirement for diploid pollen producing plants within the orchard. The application of the synthetic auxin 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) as a full coverage spray, was also effective in setting fruit; total yield was however 10% smaller than in the CPPU-treated plots, but the cost of application was much less expensive. These applications had no adverse effect on fruit quality, and their effectiveness in commercial watermelon production was evaluated over 4 years. Localized applications of 2,4-D to ovaries were less effective in setting fruit, and increased hollow fruit.     

谷氨酸和TDZ对荔枝果皮着色及果实品质的影响

为提前或延迟果实的成熟,改善果实品质,以荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)早熟品种‘三月红’和‘水东’为试验材料,在盛花后50 d用谷氨酸(Glu)和TDZ(Thidiazuron)进行处理,研究Glu和TDZ对果皮着色和果实品质的影响。结果表明,Glu能促进果皮转红,500~1500 mg L-1范围内随浓度增加果皮红色面积加大,果皮的花青苷含量增加。1500 mg L-1Glu处理的‘三月红’‘、水东’果皮花青苷含量分别达到8.62 U g-1、11.53 U g-1,分别比对照高出1.33、1.25倍。同时,Glu处理能促进‘三月红’总糖的积累,但对两品种果实大小和质量的影响不大。TDZ显著迟滞果实着色,果实转红延后,果皮花青苷含量降低。5.0 mg L-1TDZ处理的‘三月红’‘、水东’果皮花青苷仅为1.23和3.4 U g-1,显著低于对照。TDZ处理两品种果实的可溶性固形物、总糖含量均下降,但果实大小和质量均增加。因此,Glu能促进荔枝果实转色成熟,TDZ则抑制果实转色。     

Effect of the synthetic auxin 2,4-DP on fruit development of loquat

Application of the butylglycol ester of 2,4-DP increased final fruit size in loquat without causing fruit thinning. Its effectiveness depended on the concentration applied and treatment date. When applied at the onset of the cell enlargement fruit stage, 25 mg l^–1 was the most effective treatment. Fruit diameter distribution showed a significant shift to the larger size for treated trees; further, fruit colour break and maturation were encouraged and harvest time was earlier than in untreated trees.     

Parasitism of fruit fliesCeratitis capitata andAnastrepha SPP. [Diptera: Tephritidae] in Guatemala

In a 4-year surveyDoryctobracon crawfordi Viereck andBiosteres longicaudatus Ashmead were the most common parasitoids recovered from bothCeratitis capitata (Wiedemann) andAnastrepha spp. Other braconids recovered from both genera wereD. areolatus Szepligeti,Bracanastrepha anastrephae (Viereck), and a Cynipid. Combined parasitization in both generally by ranged from 0.04 to 7.95% (Av. 1.5%). The numbers were particularly low in economically important fruit crops such as coffee, orange, and peach. Combined parasitoid population was correlated with the combined fruit fly infestation at 5 elevation strata.      

Fruit diet of Alouatta guariba and Brachyteles arachnoides in Southeastern Brazil: comparison of fruit type, color, and seed size

Fruit is an important food resource for neotropical primates. In this study I compare the fruit diet of sympatric brown howlers (Alouatta guariba) and southern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides). Feeding behavior was studied over 12 months and fruit species consumed were identified and assigned to the categories fruit type, fruit color, and seed size. Observed-fruit feeding records were compared with expected records determined from local availability of the fruit of the tree species. I also determined dietary overlap. Fruit consumption occupied 8 and 12% of the feeding time of A. guariba and B. arachnoides, respectively. Fruit from eight tree species were consumed by the former and fruit from twenty-two species by the latter. Patterns of fruit selection of A. guariba and B. arachnoides varied widely. Although howlers and muriquis converge behaviorally by selecting fruit with common attributes (fleshy/unprotected, violet and brown/black-colored), unlike A. guariba, B. arachnoides fed on immature seeds of fleshy/protected and dry fruit. Large seeds were ingested, and defecated intact, by B. arachnoides only. There was little overlap of fruit diet even within categories that had been selected by both, suggesting that dietary divergence is occurring at the interspecific level. Different resource exploitation probably mediates the coexistence of A. guariba and B. arachnoides in low diversity, semideciduous forests, where the environment imposes narrow limits on primate food choices.     

Seed germination patterns of Salvia mellifera in fire-prone environments

Summary I examined the effects of pollen loads containing pollen from one, three and five donors on fruit production and fruit quality in Campsis radicans. Number of pollen donors had no significant effect on % fruit production, seed number, seed weight or seed germination. In singledonor pollinations the identity of the donor did have a strong effect on the above parameters. Furthermore, the best single donor sired fruits with more seeds and heavier seeds than any mixture containing this donor. This pattern indicates interference of pollens or preemption of some ovules by the inferior pollen. In Campsis, therefore, the number of pollen donors contributing to a pollen load is less important than the identity of these donors in determining fruit production and fruit quality. Seeds from fruits resulting from mixed pollination were slightly more variable than seeds from fruits resulting from single-donor pollinations.     

油茶果壳化学成分研究

为了解油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)果壳中的化学成分,从其95%乙醇提取物中分离得到10个化合物。经波谱数据分析分别鉴定为:3α-菠菜甾醇(1)、麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮(2)、(R)-de-O-metillasiodiplodin(3)、4′,5,7-三羟基二氢黄酮(4)、大黄素(5)、6-乙基-5-羟基-2,7-二甲氧基-1,4-萘醌(6)、ω-羟基大黄素(7)、macrophorin A(8)、negunfurol(9)、1-(3′,5′-二甲氧基)苯基-2-(4″-羟基)苯基乙烷(10)。化合物1~9为首次从油茶中分离得到,化合物2、3、5~9为首次从山茶属植物中分离得到。     

Ultrastructure of lycopene containing chromoplasts in fruits ofAglaonema commutatum schott (Araceae)

Summary The ripening process in fruits ofA. commutatum is characterized by clearly distinguishable developmental stages of their pericarp plastids. With respect to predominant pigments and ultrastructural features the following scheme is proposed: 1. The green stage with a tendency to thylakoid degeneration and plastoglobule formation leads to 2. the yellow stage. An increasing number of globules, mostly being membrane associated, are converted to tubules. In this stage, the main pigments are -carotene and cryptoxanthine. The development of membraneous invaginations from the inner plastid envelope leads to 3. the red stage. Concomitantly with lycopene synthesis and incorporation, these envelope-derived membranes expand and become electron dense (after KMnO₄ treatment), but maintain their triple-layered structure. Chromoplasts of deep red coloured fruits (1,400 g lycopene g^–1 dry wt) contain lycopene crystals within the lumina of membraneous sacs which are also derived from the inner envelope membrane. The molar ratio between the three main pigments -carotene, cryptoxanthine, and lycopene is about 1110 in this final state. GA/OsO₄ fixation is unable to stabilize the lycopenic structures (membranes as well as crystals).