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1.
真社会性昆虫是最具代表性的表型可塑性的研究对象之一,其个体之间分工协作的社会性生活方式增强了整个群体的环境适应性和繁殖力。真社会性昆虫虽然具有相同的遗传背景,个体之间却表现出明显的品级分化和个体分工,这是由环境和遗传共同影响的。表观遗传被认为是应对环境条件下重塑基因表达的主要机制,非编码RNA作为一类广泛参与机体生命活动的不编码蛋白的功能性RNA,在真社会性昆虫的品级分化、个体分工等方面起着重要的调控作用。本文从微小RNA、长链非编码RNA、环状RNA、与PIWI蛋白相作用的RNA等非编码RNA,对蜜蜂、蚂蚁及白蚁等真社会性昆虫的非编码RNA调控机制研究进展进行了综述,以加深对真社会性昆虫内在遗传分子基础的理解和认识,也为害虫防治领域提供新的研发视角。  相似文献   

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社会性昆虫级型和行为分化机制研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
张慧  刘倩  黄晓磊 《生物多样性》2021,29(4):507-4231
社会性的出现是生物演化过程中的重要革新, 理解社会性的演化和调控机制具有重要的理论和实际意义。社会性昆虫的个体间有着明显的级型分化和劳动分工, 这有利于它们适应复杂的环境变化。理解社会性昆虫如何产生不同的形态、行为和生活史特性, 一直是进化和发育生物学的重要目标。随着测序技术的不断更新及生物信息学的快速发展, 已经有众多关于社会性昆虫级型和行为分化机制的研究报道。本文通过整理社会性昆虫研究的已有成果, 从环境因素、生理调控和分子机制等方面对社会性昆虫级型和行为分化机制相关研究进展进行了综述, 并对未来的研究方向做出了展望。根据现有证据, 社会性昆虫所生活的生物环境(食物营养、信息素、表皮碳氢化合物)和非生物环境(温度、气候等)均能直接或间接影响社会性昆虫级型和行为的分化; 保幼激素、蜕皮激素、类胰岛素及生物胺等内分泌激素和神经激素对社会性昆虫的级型和行为分化也有重要的调控作用; 此外, 遗传因素、新基因等DNA序列或基因组结构上的变化以及表观遗传修饰、基因的差异表达等基因调控机制均能不同程度地影响社会性昆虫的行为分化。本文建议加强昆虫纲其他社会性类群如半翅目蚜虫和缨翅目蓟马等的社会性行为及其演化机制的研究, 以加深对社会性昆虫起源及其行为演化的理解和认识。  相似文献   

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表皮碳氢化合物(cuticular hydrocarbons, CHCs)是一类广泛分布于昆虫表皮的烃类混合物,具有防水、抵抗有害物质入侵和化学通讯等功能,为昆虫适应陆地的多种生活方式作出巨大贡献。相较于独(寡)居昆虫,社会性昆虫CHCs的组成和功能多样性将有益于探究社会性昆虫所特有的遗传结构、群体组成和行为模式。因此,本文对社会性昆虫CHCs的结构、性质及功能进行了总结,并对影响其组成多样化的内源和外源因子进行了讨论,同时对未来的研究方向进行了展望。社会性昆虫的CHCs能介导同巢个体识别、级型分化、社会分工、群体免疫、生殖状态识别及种间互作,甚至部分CHCs已经进化为功能高度专一的蜂王(蚁后)信息素。社会性昆虫可能需要较高的CHCs组分多样性以适应其功能分化,而多种内源(基因和激素水平)及外源因素(食物、肠道微生物、病原生物、温湿度、紫外辐射及巢穴材料等)均能影响CHCs的组成。未来,借助定量遗传框架、免疫组化定位、荧光原位杂交等多种新兴技术,对社会性昆虫及其他昆虫类群CHCs合成、转运、释放、功能多样性及其调控机制进行研究,将有助于深入理解CHCs对昆虫适应性进化的重要贡献,并为开发基于CHCs的重大入侵和农林害虫的防控新技术提供理论参考。  相似文献   

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社会性昆虫的组织及通讯行为   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
社会性昆虫在自然界有很重要的生物学意义,社会性昆虫具有3个主要特征,真社会性昆虫包括全部蚂蚁、白蚁及部分胡蜂、蜜蜂。它们具有明显的等级分化和个体分工。通过报警、集聚、化学招引、摇摆舞等方式,社会性昆虫在其内部做了很好的通讯交流从而使其社会组织得到了很好的发展。  相似文献   

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关于动物认知研究主要侧重于大脑相对较大的脊椎动物,如灵长类和鸟类。本文综述了社会性蜂类个体、群体水平认知相关的研究工作。研究表明蜂类昆虫也具有复杂的个体认知能力,包括联想学习、自我认知、工具使用和空间导航等。蜂类昆虫表现出基于多巴胺的情绪状态,这种情绪是由对食物的欲望和个体经历引起的。蜂类昆虫同样还具有复杂的社会认知行为,蜂群中不同个体间能够进行个体识别,这是蜂群内部进行社会互动的基础。此外,部分蜂类被证实通过训练之后能解决一些非自然任务的能力,这些行为可以通过社会学习在不同个体间传播,最终在整个种群中保留下来。本文最后讨论了蜂类昆虫认知行为的神经基础,越来越多的证据表明蜂类昆虫具备认知能力的神经细胞基础,这取决于神经元之间的复杂连接。本文回顾了蜂类昆虫认知行为的最新进展,这有助于为动物行为和认知演化提供独特的视野。  相似文献   

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黑胸散白蚁幼期不同品级的发育和分化   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
在黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis发育和分化过程中,发现有假工蚁、假若蚁两种虫态。假工蚁由6龄和7龄工蚁转化发育而来,假若蚁由4龄和5龄若蚁转化发育而来。显微测量结果表明,黑胸散白蚁的胚后发育主要包括2个龄期的幼蚁期、6个以上龄期的工蚁期、4个龄期的若蚁期和有翅成虫。在此基础上分析了其他虫态的分化来源,发现兵蚁由3~7龄工蚁分化发育而来,翅鳞型和长翅芽型补充生殖蚁由6龄若蚁转化发育而来,短翅芽型补充生殖蚁由4龄和5龄若蚁转化发育而来,微翅芽型补充生殖蚁既可由4~6龄工蚁转化发育而来,又可由假工蚁和假若蚁转化发育而来,无翅型补充生殖蚁由3~7龄工蚁转化发育而来。提出了黑胸散白蚁群体中不同品级个体的可能分化途径。  相似文献   

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黑胸散白蚁幼期不同品级的发育和分化   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1  
在黑胸散白蚁Reticulitermes chinensis发育和分化过程中,发现有假工蚁、假若蚁两种虫态。假工蚁由6龄和7龄工蚁转化发育而来,假若蚁由4龄和5龄若蚁转化发育而来。显微测量结果表明,黑胸散白蚁的胚后发育主要包括2个龄期的幼蚁期、6个以上龄期的工蚁期、4个龄期的若蚁期和有翅成虫。在此基础上分析了其他虫态的分化来源,发现兵蚁由3~7龄工蚁分化发育而来,翅鳞型和长翅芽型补充生殖蚁由6龄若蚁转化发育而来,短翅芽型补充生殖蚁由4龄和5龄若蚁转化发育而来,微翅芽型补充生殖蚁既可由4~6龄工蚁转化发育而来,又可由假工蚁和假若蚁转化发育而来,无翅型补充生殖蚁由3~7龄工蚁转化发育而来。提出了黑胸散白蚁群体中不同品级个体的可能分化途径。  相似文献   

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昆虫社会身份识别是指昆虫通过感知各种信息来辨别其他个体的身份,进而建立一定社会关系的生物学现象。社会身份识别对社会性昆虫的信息交流、天敌防御、社会分工、个体及群体生存和繁衍尤为重要。本文以蚂蚁、白蚁和蜜蜂等社会性昆虫为例,详细阐述了社会性昆虫的社会身份识别机制:社会性昆虫以信息素为关键线索,利用嗅觉实现社会身份的识别;社会性昆虫也通过其视觉观察同伴或天敌等个体的行为,实现社会身份的识别;社会性昆虫还能够识别特殊的声音信号和感知空气中的震波,并作为其社会身份识别的重要依据。此外,研究表明昆虫共生菌也参与调控社会性昆虫的身份识别。针对社会性昆虫身份识别是先天还是后天形成的这一争论,我们从基因、适应学习以及基因和环境互作等方面,阐述了昆虫可能通过先天遗传和后天学习相结合的方式实现社会身份识别的观点。社会性昆虫是研究人类和动物社会行为学的绝佳模式生物。社会身份识别的研究成果不仅可深入解析社会性昆虫的生物学特性,也对人类及其他动物的社会认知进化以及各类社会问题的研究提供重要参考。今后应加强以下两方面的研究:(1)探索社会性昆虫多样的识别方式,解码其更深层次的机制研究;(2)应用现代新型计算机技术,将社会性昆虫身份识别行为可视化分析。  相似文献   

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昆虫变态的激素与基因调控   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
昆虫变态是一个有趣而复杂的生物学现象,有不完全变态和完全变态。昆虫通过变态获得飞翔与生殖能力,扩大了生活范围,增强了适应能力。昆虫变态主要由咽侧体分泌的保幼激素和前胸腺分泌的蜕皮激素协同调控,众多基因参与。本文综合近几年的研究进展,重点介绍昆虫变态过程中保幼激素与蜕皮激素通过级联反应基因和microRNA调控的机制,以及保幼激素和蜕皮激素的合成调节机制。  相似文献   

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Phenotypic plasticity is a hallmark of the caste systems of social insects, expressed in their life history and morphological traits. These are best studied in bees. In their co-evolution with angiosperm plants, the females of corbiculate bees have acquired a specialized structure on their hind legs for collecting pollen. In the highly eusocial bees (Apini and Meliponini), this structure is however only present in workers and absent in queens. By means of histological sections and cell proliferation analysis we followed the developmental dynamics of the hind legs of queens and workers in the fourth and fifth larval instars. In parallel, we generated subtractive cDNA libraries for hind leg discs of queen and worker larvae by means of a Representational Difference Analysis (RDA). From the total of 135 unique sequences we selected 19 for RT-qPCR analysis, where six of these were confirmed as differing significantly in their expression between the two castes in the larval spinning stage. The development of complex structures such as the bees’ hind legs, requires diverse patterning mechanisms and signaling modules, as indicated by the set of differentially expressed genes related with cell adhesion and signaling pathways.  相似文献   

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To understand the developmental process of aphid soldier differentiation, we investigated the morphological characters of normal nymphs, soldier nymphs and developing embryos of Pseudoregma bambucicola. Results of morphometric analyses showed that normal and soldier nymphs formed discrete clusters on the basis of several morphological characters, although a small number of intermediate individuals, termed ‘intercaste nymphs’, were present. In late embryonic stages, normal and soldier embryos were morphologically distinguishable. The earlier the embryonic stage, the smaller the morphological differences between them. In early embryos less than 1000 µm in length, normal and soldier embryos were not morphologically distinguishable, suggesting that the onset of soldier differentiation occurs at an early embryonic stage. Throughout embryonic development, morphological differentiation of the soldier caste proceeded gradually. Notably, several morphological characters of soldiers grew remarkably upon larviposition. Observation of embryonic leg cuticle revealed a characteristic folding structure, indicating that some morphological traits of the soldier are exaggerated upon larviposition through expansion of the folded cuticle. We suggest that morphological differentiation of the soldier caste in P. bambucicola comprises two phases: gradual growth during embryogenesis and rapid growth upon larviposition.  相似文献   

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The effective communication of alarm can be critical for social animals so that they are able to deal with threats posed by predators and competitors. In the case of many of the most ecologically dominant, large‐colony ant species, these alarm responses are aggressive and coordinated by alarm pheromones, produced generally from the mandibular glands. In the present study, the alarm behaviour of two Neotropical army ant species is examined, the swarm raiding Eciton burchellii (Westwood) and the column raiding Eciton hamatum (Fabricius). Both species exhibit aggressive alarm responses in response to crushed heads, suggesting that the alarm pheromone is indeed produced by the mandibular glands in these ants. The most abundant component of the mandibular gland secretion, 4‐methyl‐3‐heptanone (10 µL on a rubber septum), stimulates a substantial alarm response, although this is less than the response to a single crushed head. This suggests that 4‐methyl‐3‐heptanone may be an alarm‐stimulating compound in Eciton. The alarm response of E. burchellii involves more workers than that of E. hamatum, although major workers play a much greater role in the response of the latter species. The differences in the alarm response of the two closely‐related species may relate to their foraging strategies, with E. burchellii relying more on quantity rather than the caste of ants responding and possibly using alarm pheromones for offensive as well as defensive functions.  相似文献   

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Caste polyphenism in social insects provides us with excellent opportunities to examine the plasticity and robustness underlying developmental pathways. Several ant species have evolved unusual castes showing intermediate morphologies between alate queens and wingless workers. In some low-temperature habitats, the ant Myrmecina nipponica produces such intermediate reproductives (i.e. ergatoids), which can mate and store sperm but cannot fly. To gain insight into the developmental and evolutionary aspects associated with ergatoid production, we conducted morphological and histological examinations of the post-embryonic development of compound eyes, gonads and wings during the process of caste differentiation. In compound eyes, both the queen-worker and ergatoid-worker differences were already recognized at the third larval instar. In gonads, queen-worker differentiation began at the larval stage, and ergatoid-worker differentiation began between the prepupal and pupal stages. Wing development in ergatoids was generally similar to that in workers throughout post-embryonic development. Our results showed that the developmental rate and timing of differentiation in body parts differed among castes and among body parts. These differences suggest that the rearrangement of modular body parts by heterochronic developmental regulation is responsible for the origination of novel castes, which are considered to be adaptations to specific ecological niches.  相似文献   

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Summary Polistes dominulus females were subjected to the following changes of social environment as soon as they emerged: females which emerged in young colonies (presumably most workers) were transferred to more mature colonies, and conversely, females which emerged in mature colonies (presumably mostly gynes) were transferred to younger colonies. The behavioural and biological data obtained here show that when exposed to the new social environment, females from young colonies were able to lengthen their life span and become gynes. Only the very first females to emerge from colonies were less able to survive hibernation. Conversely, females from mature colonies were able to become workers and, as a result of their participation in social tasks, had a shorter life span. This great plasticity in the roles which young adult females can adopt constitutes an important characteristic of primitively eusocial species.  相似文献   

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Body size and morphology are key fitness-determining traits that can vary genotypically. They are likely to be important in social insect queens, which mate in swarms and found colonies independently, but genetic influences on queen morphology have been little investigated. Here, we show that the body size and morphology of queens are influenced by their genotype in the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex echinatior, a species in which certain lineages (patrilines) bias their development towards reproductive queens rather than sterile workers. We found no relationship between the queen-worker skew of patrilines and the size or morphology of queens, but there was a significant relationship with fluctuating asymmetry, which was greater in more queen-biased patrilines. Our results suggest that queen-biased patrilines do not incur a fitness cost in terms of body size, but may face more subtle costs in developmental stability. Such costs may constrain the evolution of royal cheating in social insects.  相似文献   

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