The use of toxic polynitro derivatives in pest control III. The stability of dinitro-o-cresol in compounded products

Under certain conditions dinitro-o-cresol (D.N.C.) is easily decomposed to reduction products devoid of ovicidal properties to eggs of apple sucker, winter moth and fruit tree red spider.
Because of this, corrosion of containers in which D.N.C. products are stored may be accompanied by a deterioration of the product.
At the concentration normally used in winter washes (0.1%), D.N.C. is equally effective whether present as cresol or as the sodium cresylate against eggs of apple sucker and of winter modi, but against eggs of fruit tree red spider the cresol is more ovicidal than the cresylate.     

THE USE OF TOXIC POLYNITRO DERIVATIVES IN PEST CONTROL

3:5-Dinitro- ortho -cresol ( d.n.c. ) and stock emulsions of this substance in petroleum oil are available commercially and winter washes based on d.n.c. -petroleum are becoming increasingly popular with the fruit grower. These washes can replace the separate application of tar and of petroleum-oil emulsions, while the risk of bud injury which attends the use of combined tar-petroleum washes is avoided (Kearns & Martin, 1941). In view of the increasing importance of d.n.c. the chemistry of this substance becomes of interest and further, suitable methods of analysis, both for the compound itself and as a constituent of oil emulsions, are urgently required. In this paper a number of molecular compounds and derivatives of d.n.c. , and two simple methods of analysis are described. The application of the methods to the estimation of d.n.c. in compounded products will be communicated at a later date.     

Bacteria-induced de-emulsification of oil-in-water petroleum emulsions

Summary Nocardia amarae has been shown to be a potent biological de-emulsifier of model oil-in-water emulsions and petroleum water-in-oil field emulsions. N. amarae is reported here to de-emulsify petroleum oil-in-water field emulsions. Parameters affecting the growth and the de-emulsifying ability of this bacterium have been examined. Bacteria-induced de-emulsifying activity could be useful in clarifying tailings ponds and sludges.     

Acute Heinz-body anemia due to severe cresol poisoning: successful treatment with erythrocytapheresis.

A patient with massive intravascular Heinz-body hemolytic anemia associated with the presence of bizarre-looking erythrocytes following the oral ingestion of approximately 100 mL of "penetrating oil", a petroleum distillate containing 85% kerosene, 12% cresol and 2% surfactant, is described. He was treated successfully with immediate erythrocytapheresis and forced diuresis.     

Evaluation of Electrostatic Interaction between Lysolecithin and Chitosan in Two-Layer Tuna Oil Emulsions by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

The main objective of this work was to investigate the electrostatic interaction between lysolecithin and chitosan in two-layer tuna oil-in-water emulsions using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The influence of chitosan concentration on the stability and properties of these emulsions was also evaluated. The 5 wt% tuna oil one-layer emulsion (lysolecithin-stabilized oil droplets without chitosan) and two-layer emulsions (lysolecithin-chitosan stabilized oil droplets) containing 5 wt% tuna oil, 1 wt% lysolecithin and various chitosan concentrations (0.025–0.40 wt%) were prepared. The one-dimensional (1D) ³¹P and ¹H NMR spectra of emulsions were then recorded at 25 °C. The results showed that addition of chitosan affected the stability and properties of lysolecithin-stabilized one-layer emulsions. The ³¹P NMR peak of the choline head group on lysolecithin molecules disappeared when chitosan was added at concentrations above neutralization concentration (> 0.05 wt%). The ¹H NMR peak intensity monitoring free amino groups (?NH ₃ ⁺) of chitosan showed a strong positive linear relationship to the chitosan concentration with a high correlation coefficient (R² ≈ 0.99). This ¹H NMR peak in emulsions could not be detected for chitosan in emulsions lower than saturation concentration (< 0.15 wt%). These phenomena indicate an electrostatic interaction between lysolecithin and chitosan at droplet surface in emulsion and were consistent with the results from zeta-potential measurements. The T ₂* relaxation time of the choline head group (N-(CH ₃)₃) signal of lysolecithin also confirmed that lysolecithin-chitosan electrostatic interaction occurs at the surface of oil droplets in two-layer emulsions. The results suggest that NMR spectroscopy can be used as an alternative method for monitoring the electrostatic interaction between surfactant and oppositely charged electrolytes or biopolymers in two-layer emulsions.     

Stability of the oil-in-water type triacylglycerol emulsions

Lipid emulsions with saturated triacylglycerols (TAGs) with 4 to 10 carbons in each acyl chain were prepared to study how the oil component alters the stability of the lipid emulsions when phosphatidylcholines were used as emulsifiers. The average droplet size of the emulsions became smaller as the chain length of the TAG increased. For a given oil, emulsion with smaller droplets was formed with an emulsifier having higher HLB value. The influence of HLB values on the droplet size was biggest for the tributyrin (C4) emulsions. For the tricaprylin (C8) emulsions, droplet size was identical at given emulsifier concentrations regardless of HLB values. The HLB value and the concentration of the emulsifiers also affect the droplet size of the emulsions. The emulsions with smaller average droplet size were more stable than with bigger size for 20 days. The oil and water (o/w) interfacial tension is inversely proportional to the initial droplet size of the emulsion.     

Oviposition responses of Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) to mineral oil deposits on tomato fruit

Behavioural responses of wild and laboratory‐culture females of Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera: Tephritidae), to mineral oil deposits on tomato fruit dipped in aqueous oil emulsions were assessed in a no‐choice test and three choice tests. The oils were two commercial products used to manage plant pests and diseases, Ampol D‐C‐Tron NR and SK EnSpray 99, one distillation fraction of the base oil of the former, and four distillation fractions of the base oil of the latter. The initial and final boiling points of the fractions were equivalent to those of n‐alkanes with chain lengths of C20–22 (Ampol), and C21–C23, C22–23.5, C22–24, and C22–24.5 (SK). For both fly types in the no‐choice test, numbers of punctures and eggs per fruit declined strongly as concentrations of the nC20–22 Ampol fraction in emulsions rose from 0.25 to 2% (vol/vol). Fly type affected the extent of responses but there was no significant interaction for fly type*oil concentration. Responses of laboratory‐culture females in the choice tests also declined as concentrations of SK and the four fractions of its base oil in emulsions rose from 0 to 0.25%. The SK nC22–24 and nC22–24.5 fractions had least impact. Responses of laboratory‐culture flies to 0.5% emulsions of the nC20–22 Ampol fraction and the nC21–23 SK fraction in choice tests were not significantly different. Likewise, responses of laboratory‐culture flies to 0.5% emulsions of the two commercial products were not significantly different. Emulsifier type did not affect numbers of punctures or eggs per fruit in choice responses of laboratory‐culture flies to 0.5% emulsions of the Ampol nC20–22 fraction or 0.5% emulsions of the SK nC21–23 fraction. If the equivalence of no‐choice and choice responses in the laboratory were to hold in the field, then unsprayed ‘sacrificial’ plants would not be necessary and oil emulsions could be used as cover sprays.     

Effects of essential fatty acids and N and P-limited algae on the growth rate of tropical cladocerans

SUMMARY 1. In this study, the effects of nutrient (N and P) deficiency and the importance of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] to tropical cladocerans, growth and reproduction were determined in a growth bioassay.
2. The animals were fed N/P-sufficient, N-deficient and P-deficient algae, and also N and P-deficient algae supplemented with fish oil emulsions rich in EPA and DHA.
3. Cladocerans showed different responses to nutrient-deficient algae and also to supplements of fish oil emulsions. Moina micrura was most sensitive to P-deficient alga and, surprisingly, grew better and produced more eggs in N-deficient alga than in N/P sufficient alga. Ceriodaphnia cornuta was less sensitive, growing well in both N and P-deficient algae. This species, however, had a lower clutch size in N-deficient alga. On the other hand, Daphnia gessneri was the most sensitive to mineral limitation, showing decreased growth and clutch size in both nutrient-deficient algae.
4. The PUFA supplements to nutrient-deficient algae increased growth rates only for M. micrura and C. cornuta , suggesting that these fatty acids are important food requirements for these species.     

Triolein-cholesteryl oleate-cholesterol-lecithin emulsions: structural models of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins

The organization of lipids within emulsions composed of triolein (TO), cholesteryl oleate (CO), cholesterol (C), and egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (L) was examined. CO was substituted for TO in a series of emulsions to obtain TO:CO ratios comparable to the triglyceride:cholesterol ester ratios observed in subfractions of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The weight fraction of TO in the surface phase (0.02-0.05) was independent of the TO content of the emulsions. However, the weight fraction of CO in the surface phase depended upon the percentage of CO in the emulsions and was less than 0.004 even when 13.7% CO was present in the emulsion. When CO was substituted for TO, the percent of the total particle C which was carried in the droplet oil phase was increased. The interparticle equilibration of lipids was studied in subfractions of sonicated emulsions with particle sizes comparable to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The TO:CO ratios of the subfractions of a given emulsion were constant and independent of size, but the C:L ratio decreased in particles of smaller diameter. However, the surface C:L ratio was the same in all particles from a given emulsion. The size dependence of the C:L ratios was attributed to the partitioning of C into the oil cores of the emulsions. Because large droplets have the greatest core:surface mass ratios, more of their total particle C is carried in the core.     

Enumeration of petroleum-degrading marine and estuarine microorganisms by the most probable number method.

Several media designed for use in a most probable number (MPN) determination of petroleum-degrading microorganisms were compared. The best results, i.e., largest numbers, were obtained using a buffered (32 mM PO4=) liquid medium containing 1% hydrocarbon substrate. Of 104 presumptive oil degraders tested, 20 grew on oil agar medium but did not utilize oil or a mixture of pure paraffinic hydrocarbons (C10 to C16 n-alkanes) in liquid (MPN) medium. Visible turbidity in the liquid medium was correlated with hydrocarbon utilization. Counts of petroleum degraders obtained using liquid medium (MPN) were in most cases higher than those obtained on an oil-amended silica gel medium. Both procedures yield an estimation of oil degraders, and the oil-amended agar permits growth of organisms which do not degrade crude oil. All strains of oil-degrading microorganisms examined in this study were lipolytic, but the converse was not always true.     

Testing of microbial demulsifiers with heavy crude emulsions

Summary It has already been demonstrated that model water-in-kerosene systems and toluene diluted heavy crude oil emulsions can be broken by microbial agents. In this studyN. amarae andR. rhodochrous are used on undiluted, water-in-heavy crude oil emulsions. The high viscosity of the undiluted emulsions severely limits the demulsifying ability of the bacteria towards these field emulsions.     

Recent advances in petroleum microbiology.

Recent advances in molecular biology have extended our understanding of the metabolic processes related to microbial transformation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The physiological responses of microorganisms to the presence of hydrocarbons, including cell surface alterations and adaptive mechanisms for uptake and efflux of these substrates, have been characterized. New molecular techniques have enhanced our ability to investigate the dynamics of microbial communities in petroleum-impacted ecosystems. By establishing conditions which maximize rates and extents of microbial growth, hydrocarbon access, and transformation, highly accelerated and bioreactor-based petroleum waste degradation processes have been implemented. Biofilters capable of removing and biodegrading volatile petroleum contaminants in air streams with short substrate-microbe contact times (<60 s) are being used effectively. Microbes are being injected into partially spent petroleum reservoirs to enhance oil recovery. However, these microbial processes have not exhibited consistent and effective performance, primarily because of our inability to control conditions in the subsurface environment. Microbes may be exploited to break stable oilfield emulsions to produce pipeline quality oil. There is interest in replacing physical oil desulfurization processes with biodesulfurization methods through promotion of selective sulfur removal without degradation of associated carbon moieties. However, since microbes require an environment containing some water, a two-phase oil-water system must be established to optimize contact between the microbes and the hydrocarbon, and such an emulsion is not easily created with viscous crude oil. This challenge may be circumvented by application of the technology to more refined gasoline and diesel substrates, where aqueous-hydrocarbon emulsions are more easily generated. Molecular approaches are being used to broaden the substrate specificity and increase the rates and extents of desulfurization. Bacterial processes are being commercialized for removal of H(2)S and sulfoxides from petrochemical waste streams. Microbes also have potential for use in removal of nitrogen from crude oil leading to reduced nitric oxide emissions provided that technical problems similar to those experienced in biodesulfurization can be solved. Enzymes are being exploited to produce added-value products from petroleum substrates, and bacterial biosensors are being used to analyze petroleum-contaminated environments.     

Recent Advances in Petroleum Microbiology

Recent advances in molecular biology have extended our understanding of the metabolic processes related to microbial transformation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The physiological responses of microorganisms to the presence of hydrocarbons, including cell surface alterations and adaptive mechanisms for uptake and efflux of these substrates, have been characterized. New molecular techniques have enhanced our ability to investigate the dynamics of microbial communities in petroleum-impacted ecosystems. By establishing conditions which maximize rates and extents of microbial growth, hydrocarbon access, and transformation, highly accelerated and bioreactor-based petroleum waste degradation processes have been implemented. Biofilters capable of removing and biodegrading volatile petroleum contaminants in air streams with short substrate-microbe contact times (<60 s) are being used effectively. Microbes are being injected into partially spent petroleum reservoirs to enhance oil recovery. However, these microbial processes have not exhibited consistent and effective performance, primarily because of our inability to control conditions in the subsurface environment. Microbes may be exploited to break stable oilfield emulsions to produce pipeline quality oil. There is interest in replacing physical oil desulfurization processes with biodesulfurization methods through promotion of selective sulfur removal without degradation of associated carbon moieties. However, since microbes require an environment containing some water, a two-phase oil-water system must be established to optimize contact between the microbes and the hydrocarbon, and such an emulsion is not easily created with viscous crude oil. This challenge may be circumvented by application of the technology to more refined gasoline and diesel substrates, where aqueous-hydrocarbon emulsions are more easily generated. Molecular approaches are being used to broaden the substrate specificity and increase the rates and extents of desulfurization. Bacterial processes are being commercialized for removal of H₂S and sulfoxides from petrochemical waste streams. Microbes also have potential for use in removal of nitrogen from crude oil leading to reduced nitric oxide emissions provided that technical problems similar to those experienced in biodesulfurization can be solved. Enzymes are being exploited to produce added-value products from petroleum substrates, and bacterial biosensors are being used to analyze petroleum-contaminated environments.     

脉冲回波法研究微乳液体系的稳定性

本文主要以正庚炕（C71116）、水乳浊液（以span-80为表面活性剂）为模型体系,研究了脉冲回波法探测微乳体系结构稳定性的可能性,并进行了初步讨论。实验结果表明,超声衰减系数（a）与微乳体系配比、表面活性剂含量及微乳液制备时搅拌转速密切相关。微乳液体系在实验当中均出现了由油和水两相混合的状态到油和水分相的状态。微乳液体系的超声衰减系数在分相前后均保持着相对平稳的变化,但对应于不同条件下制备的溶液,分相时间都有所不同。且一般而言,当微乳液开始两相（水相和油相）分离时,超声衰减系数将发生明显变化。因此预计脉冲回波法有可能发展成为一种简单、可靠、非破环性的微乳体系稳定性检测新方法。     

In situ alkaline transesterification of cottonseed oil for production of biodiesel and nontoxic cottonseed meal

The production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by direct in situ alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of the triglycerides (TG) in cottonseeds was examined. The experimental results showed that the amount of cottonseed oil dissolved in methanol was approximately 99% of the total oil and the conversion of this oil could achieve 98% under the following conditions: less than 2% moisture content in cottonseed flours, 0.3-0.335mm particle size, 0.1mol/L NaOH concentration in methanol, 135:1 methanol/oil mole ratio, 40 degrees C reaction temperature and 3h reaction time. Further, the effects of co-solvent petroleum ether and methanol recycling on the cottonseed oil extraction and conversion were also investigated. The use of alkaline methanol as extraction and reaction solvent, which would be useful for extraction oil and gossypol, would reduce the gossypol content in the cottonseed meal. The free and total gossypol contents in the cottonseed meal obtained from in situ alkaline transesterification were far below the FAO standard. And the nontoxic cottonseed meal could be used as animal protein feed resources.     

Production of exopolysaccharides by Acinetobacter strains in a controlled fed-batch fermentation process using soap stock oil (SSO) as carbon source

The production of two extracellular capsular heteropolysaccharides by two different Acinetobacter strains has been studied in separate controlled fermentation processes with a view to their industrial applications as specific dispersing agents. The first, emulsan, is an extracellular polyanionic amphipathic heteropolysaccharide (MW 10(6) D) made by A. calcoaceticus RAG-1. It forms and stabilizes oil in water emulsions. The other, biodispersan (PS-A2), is another extracellular zwitterionic heteropolysaccharide (MW 51 kD) made by A. calcoaceticus A2. This polysaccharide disperses big solid limestone granules forming micron-size water suspension. Both polysaccharides are synthesized within the cells, exported to their outer surface to form an extracellular cell-associated capsule and released subsequently into the growth medium. The polymers were produced in a computer-controlled fed-batch intensively aerated fermentation process. A commercially available and cheap fatty acids mixture (soap stock oil) served as the carbon source, and was fed in coordination with the required nitrogen. The coordinated feed of carbon and nitrogen was operated on the basis of two metabolic correlations: The first correlation related the cell protein produced and the ammonium nitrogen consumed with the outcoming coeffients of 24 and 21 mM NH3/g protein for the emulsan and the biodispersan fermentations respectively. The second correlation linked the consumption of the fatty acids with that of the nitrogen source dictating the appropriate C/N ratio of the feed into the operating fermentor. These ratios were 7.7 g C/g N for the emulsan fermentation and 8.5 gC/g N in the case of the biodispersan production process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

辽河河口区湿地水体中石油类污染物净化能力优化与仿真

采用现场调查与系统模拟的方法,以辽河油田曙光地区湿地为研究对象,全面分析了研究区湿地水体石油污染程度及净化能力现状,提出了基于Monte Carlo模拟的湿地对石油类污染物净化效率估算模型,并根据研究区的自然特征,利用水量及氮磷营养等因子调控,对湿地不同区块的净化能力进行优化设计.结果表明: 研究区各区块对石油类污染物的净化能力存在差异,主要是由于区块间湿地结构与内在特征不同所致.湿地自然条件下石油类污染物的净化效率为5.4%,平均残留浓度为1.05 mg·L^-1,通过优化设计,湿地对石油类污染物净化效率达到约20%.本文建立的湿地净化能力优化设计与仿真调控方法,为辽河口湿地水体中石油类污染物的去除提供了重要的技术手段.     

The N-terminal 17% of apoB binds tightly and irreversibly to emulsions modeling nascent very low density lipoproteins

The N-terminal 17% of apolipoprotein B (apoB-17) readily associates with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) multilamellar vesicles (MLV) to form large (240-A diameter) discoidal particles. Because apoB is normally secreted with triacylglycerol (TAG)-rich lipoproteins, we studied the binding of apoB-17 to triolein-rich emulsions modeling nascent TAG-rich very low density-like lipoproteins. Emulsions with the following composition (by weight) were prepared: 85--89% triolein, 1.1--1.4% cholesterol, and 10--14% phosphatidylcholines (PC) including either egg yolk (EY)-, dimyristoyl (DM)-, or dipalmitoyl (DP)-PC representing (at 25 degrees C), respectively, a fluid surface, a surface at transition, and a mainly solid surface. The respective sizes were 1,260 +/- 500, 1,070 +/- 450, and 830 +/- 300 A mean diameter. The emulsions were incubated with conditioned medium containing apoB-17, and then reisolated by ultracentrifugation. Analysis of the emulsion-bound proteins by gel electrophoresis showed that all three emulsions bound primarily apoB-17. The DPPC emulsions bound more apoB-17 than EYPC or DMPC emulsions. Immunoaffinity-purified apoB-17 exhibited saturable, high affinity binding to EYPC and DPPC emulsions. The respective K(d) values were 32 +/- 23 and 85 +/- 27 nM and capacities (N) were 10 and 58 molecules of apoB-17 per particle. When apoB-17 bound to emulsions was incubated with DMPC MLV at 26 degrees C for 18 h, it remained bound to the emulsions, indicating that once bound to these emulsions it is unable to exchange off and solubilize DMPC into discs. In contrast, apoE-3 bound to emulsions dissociated from the emulsions when incubated with DMPC MLV and formed discs.Thus, apoB-17 binds strongly and irreversibly to emulsions modeling nascent lipoproteins. It therefore may play an important role in the stabilization of nascent VLDL and chylomicrons.- Herscovitz, H., A. Derksen, M. T. Walsh, C. J. McKnight, D. L. Gantz, M. Hadzopoulou-Cladaras, V. Zannis, C. Curry, and D. M. Small. The N-terminal 17% of apoB binds tightly and irreversibly to emulsions modeling nascent very low density lipoproteins. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 51;-59.     

An innovative and cost-effective way to estimate alkaline phosphatase activity in in vitro cellular model systems

Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme that converts para-nitrophenyl phosphate to para-nitrophenol (yellow coloured) in 2-amino, 2-methyl, 1-propanol buffer at pH 10.5. However, when this protocol is applied to the in vitro cellular model systems to estimate alkaline phosphatase activity, it tends to generate clumps of genomic DNA, leading to inaccurate pipetting for protein estimation. The aim of the study was to introduce minor modifications in the existing protocol to make it simple, cost-effective, with minimal labor-intensive procedures while estimating alkaline phosphatase activity in cellular model systems. The genomic DNA clumps were dissolved by depurination (adding 0.2 N HCl) and fragmentation (adding 0.2 N NaOH) during enzyme estimation. Moreover, these minor modifications have been standardized and optimized extensively by using serum samples (rich source of alkaline phosphatase), hFOB/ER9 (human Fetal osteoblastic cell) and HepG2 cells. Our results suggest that the modification incorporated in previously published method was robust enough to estimate ALP activity and protein concentration accurately. There was no significant variation in ALP activity estimated after modification (P > 0.05). This innovative approach could be beneficial for a researcher by providing an easy, cost effective and less labor-intensive solution for estimation of enzymatic activity in cellular model systems.     

Fabrication of Transparent Lemon Oil Loaded Microemulsions by Phase Inversion Temperature (PIT) Method: Effect of Oil Phase Composition and Stability after Dilution

This research was addressed to develop transparent microemulsions as delivery system of lemon oil. To this aim, phase inversion temperature (PIT) method was employed. The effect of the surfactant Tween 80 content as well as lipid phase type and concentration (lemon oil, peanut oil and their mixtures) on microemulsion characteristics was studied. Transparent emulsions were obtained up to 1.3 and 7.5% (w/w) of lemon oil and peanut oil, respectively. Only by considering as lipid phase a mixture of lemon oil and peanut oil, it was possible to increase the delivering capacity of emulsions up to 15% of lemon oil (total oil phase 20%). Therefore, blending peanut oil rich in long chain fatty acids with lemon oil expanded the lipid phase loading capacity of microemulsions while maintaining particle size lower than 30 nm and thus system transparency. Microemulsions showed good dilutability in aqueous solutions simulating beverage formulations with different pH values.